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10.1: Translators Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + What is a translator? A translator changes (translates) a program written in one language into another language (usually machine code ). There are three types of translator : Assembler An assembler converts low level assembly language into machine code . INP STA 33 INP STA 34 LDA 33 ADD OUT HLT Interpreter An interpreter converts high-level language one line at a time into machine code and executes it. PYT HON Compiler A compiler converts high-level language into machine code for execution at a later time. The entire program is converted at once . PYT HON 0010 1011 0101 0101 0110 0111 0101 0001 0101 0101 0010 1011 0101 0101 0110 0111 0101 0001 0101 0101 0010 1011 0101 0101 0110 0111 0101 0001 0101 0101 Differences between an interpreter and a Compiler: Interpreter Compiler Execution Method: An interpreter translates source code (high level code) into machine code one line at a time . ​ Execution Speed: An interpreter is slower than a compiler because the code must be reinterpreted each time the program is run. ​ Complexity: Interpreters are smaller, simpler programs . ​ Error Reporting: In error reporting, the interpreter would encounter the errors and report it to the user immediately and stops the program from running.​ ​ Repetition: Interpreted programs can be edited and run without translating the whole program . Interpreters must reinterpret the program every time it is run. Execution Method: A compiler translates all the source code (high level code) into machine code in one go . A compiler produces an executable file that will run on other machines without the compiler needing to be installed. ​ Execution Speed: Compilers can produce much more efficient code than interpreters making the compiled programs run faster . ​ Complexity: Compilers tend to be large complex programs . ​ ​ Error Reporting: The compiler would analyse the entire program , taking note of where errors have occurred and record them in an error file . ​ Repetition: Compilation requires analysis and the generation of the code only once , whereas interpreters must re-interpret each time. However, compiled programs have to be re-compiled after any changes have been made. x1 ∞ x1 Q uesto's Q uestions 10.1 - Translators: ​ 1. Briefly describe each type of translator : a. Assembler [ 1 ] b. Interpreter [ 2 ] c. Compiler [ 2 ] ​ 2. Compare interpreters and compilers for each of the following features : a. Execution Method b. Execution Speed c. Complexity d. Error Reporting e. Repetition [ 10 total ] 9.1 - IDE Tools Theory Topics 10.2 - Stages of Compilation

top Python 5d - COlorama What is Colorama? Colorama is a library that allows the colour of text to be changed. ​ Information about the library can be found on the Python Package Index (PyPi) website . Copyright of the library is held by Jonathan Hartley & Arnon Yaari. ​ Colorama can be imported when using some online editors like Replit . ​ Colorama is not available as a default library on the standard Python offline editor (IDLE) . Using Colorama The three main commands using Colorama are: ​ Fore to change the text colour. Back to change the highlight colour. Style to make the text appear dim or bright. from colorama import Fore print (Fore. GREEN + "Hello There" ) Hello There from colorama import Back print (Back.YELLOW + "Goodbye Now" ) Goodbye Now from colorama import Style print (Style.DIM + "Hi Again" ) Hi Again There are 8 possible colours to choose with the Fore and Back commands. You must write the colour name in CAPITAL LETTERS . ​ BLACK CYAN GREEN MAGENTA RED WHITE YELLOW There is also the RESET option, e.g. Fore.RESET The 2 options to choose with the Style command are DIM and BRIGHT . You can also use Style.RESET_ALL Colorama Task 1 ( Traffic Lights) Create a simple traffic light program . ​ The user is prompted for an input . Typing "GO " will output a suitable message in GREEN , typing "WAIT " will output a message in YELLOW and typing "STOP " will output a response in RED . Example solutions: What should the driver do? STOP You must stop your car. What should the driver do? GO It is safe to continue driving. ⬅ 5c - Date & Tim e 5e - M ore Libraries ➡

2.3 - Quality of Information Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 Information Characteristics Valid Information This is correct, up-to-date and complete information that fits its purpose . For example, detailed end-of-year financial data in the form of graphs. Biased Information This is technically correct, but slanted , information that presents a one-sided view . For example, end-of year financial data that focuses on profits and ignores significant losses. Relevant Information Information should be appropriate for the required purpose . Irrelevant information may get in the way of correct decision making. Accurate Information Information should be carefully selected and entirely correct , inaccurate information can lead to unwanted consequences such as higher costs and missed deadlines. Reliable Information Information from a source that can be verified and confirmed to be correct . For example, BBC News is a more reliable information source than social media posts. Information Quality The quality of information that an organisation uses will have a significant impact on further processes and decisions. ​ Good quality information that is accurate , valid or reliable can lead to better strategic decisions , meeting deadlines and innovation . ​ Poor quality information that is biased , inaccurate or out of date may lead to negative consequences such as loss of customer trust , fines and legal challenges . Positive Effects of Good Quality Information Reliable information received by the management team . Good quality research information. Good quality sales information. Accurate cost projection information. Informed decisions with a higher chance of success . Can lead to innovation and better understanding . Strategic decisions and planning ahead . Projects will stay within their budget . Accurate time expectations . Projects will be completed on time . Negative Effects of Poor Quality Information Biased survey with inaccurate results . Inaccurate stock information. Out of date information received by management . Inaccurate data has led to poor reviews online . Inaccurate time expectations. Misinformed decisions , not responding to customers needs . ??? Inaccurate delivery times , customers unhappy . Too much / little stock. Miss out on opportunities , possible fall in profits . Loss of customer trust , loss of customers and reputation . Financial issues . Projects take longer , cost more , stakeholders unhappy . Possible project failure . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.3 - Quality of Information: ​ 1. Describe 5 characteristics of information . [10 ] ​ 2. Explain 5 positive impacts of good quality information . [10 ] ​ 3. Explain 5 negative impacts of poor quality information . [10 ] 2.2 - Information Classification 2.4 - Information Management Topic List

1.7 - Units of Measurement Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 All computer systems communicate, process and store data using binary . ​ Binary is a number system consisting entirely of 0s and 1s. ​ A single binary value (a 0 or a 1) is called a bit . 4 bits is called a nibble (e.g. 0101 or 1100). 8 bits is called a byte (e.g. 10101001 01011100). ​ There are two main measurement systems : Metric Units of Measurement The metric system is also known as the decimal system . Metric values (usually) have a prefix ending in ‘a’ such as mega byte or giga byte. ​ The gap between units is always 1,000 . For example, 1,000 bytes in a kilobyte and 1,000 kilobytes in 1 megabyte. Binary Units of Measurement Bi nary values have a prefix ending in ‘bi’ such as kibi byte or mebi byte. ​ The gap between units is always 1,024 . For example, 1,024 bytes in a kibibyte and 1,024 kibibytes in 1 mebibyte. ​ Computer scientists use the binary system of measurement because the storage size is technically more accurate . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.7 - Units of Measurement: ​ 1. a. How many bits in a nibble? b. Put the following values in order from largest to smallest: MiB, TiB, PiB, KiB, GiB c. How many gigabytes make a terabyte? d. How many tebibytes make a pebibyte? 1.6 - Hardware Troubleshooting 1.8 & 1.9 - Number Systems Topic List

1.6: Additional Hardware Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + 1.6a - Internal Hardware Motherboard The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer , unique for each device. It holds and connects the different components together , allowing data to be transferred between them. Components such as the CPU and ROM are directly attached to the motherboard. The motherboard has expansion slots for additional cards (i.e. sound cards) and ports (i.e. USB). Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Sound Card A GPU is a microprocessor that performs complex calculations to generate graphical images to be displayed on a monitor . ​ There are two types of GPU, integrated GPUs within the motherboard circuitry or dedicated GPUs on an additional card (known as a 'graphics card'). ​ An integrated GPU is cheaper and generates less power because it uses the RAM of the computer . Integrated GPUs are used in tablets and laptops as they generate less heat and are optimal for general computing uses (e.g. web browsing or watching movies). ​ A dedicated GPU is more expensive and generates more heat, often requiring a fan because it contains its own memory . Dedicated cards are used by animation professionals and professional gamers who require the best graphics. Sound cards convert analogue sound waves into digital data (binary) when inputting audio through a microphone.​ 0010 1011 0101 0101 0110 0111 0101 0001 0101 0010 1011 0101 0101 0110 0111 0101 0001 0101 Sound cards also convert digital data (binary) into analogue sound waves to output audio through speakers or headphones. 1.6b - Embedded Systems Example: A washing machine has a control chip that manages the different program cycles. An embedded system is a computer system built into a larger machine to provide a means of control . ​ Embedded systems perform a specific pre-programmed task which is stored in ROM . ​ An embedded system uses a combination of hardware and software . Example: A traffic light has a control chip that determines when to change to a green or red light. 1.6c - Input & Output Devices Input devices are used by humans to interact with a computer system , through methods such as text , voice or touch . ​ Output devices show the result of computer processing , such as sound , printed text or a visual display on a monitor. ​ Storage devices , such as a USB stick or an external hard drive, are neither input nor output devices - see 1.4 . Input Devices These are just some of the more common input devices . A mouse and a keyboard have been described in further detail. Are there any devices below you haven't heard of before? Mouse Benefits: Easy to navigate a graphical user interface. A wireless mouse takes up less space . Faster to select options (e.g. in a video game). Drawbacks: Difficult to use for people with restricted hand movement . Difficult to use on some surfaces . Other input devices: ​ Scanner Controller Microphone Webcam Chip Reader OCR Scanner OMR Scanner Barcode Scanner Graphics Tablet Sensors (e.g. light or temperature) Touch Screen Remote Control Biometric Scanner (e.g. fingerprint or iris) Concept Keyboard Sip / Puff Switch Keyboard Benefits: Quick to input text . Easy to use with a familiar layout on most keyboards. Keys can be customised and shortcuts can be used . Drawbacks: Takes up a large amount of space on a desk. Difficult for people to use with restricted hand movement or poor eyesight . Output Devices Monitor These are just some of the more common output devices . ​ A monitor and a printer have been described in further detail. Are there any devices below you haven't heard of before? Other output devices: ​ ​ Plotter Speakers Projector Alarm Light Headphones Touch Screen Braille Terminal What is it? A monitor is required to see the result of human input and computer processing . Monitors can be bought in different sizes and resolutions for a range of purposes such as video editing or playing games . Monitors settings can be changed to alter the brightness or contrast . Printer What is it? A printer uses ink or toner to print a document (such as text or images) onto paper . Inkjet printers use ink cartridges , are generally slower and print in a lower quality . Laser printers use toner cartridges and are generally quicker and print to a higher quality . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.6 - Additional Hardware: 1.6a - Internal Hardware 1. What is the purpose of the motherboard ? [2 ] ​ 2a. What is the purpose of the GPU ? [ 2 ] 2b. Describe two differences between integrated and dedicated expansion cards . [ 4 ] ​ 3. Explain how a sound card works. [ 4 ] ​ 1.6b - Embedded Systems 1. What is an embedded system ? [3 ] ​ 2a. Give two examples of an embedded system. [ 2 ] 2b. Research and describe another example of an embedded system. [ 2 ] ​ 1.6c - Input & Out[ut Devices 1. Choose four input devices and describe at least two benefits and two drawbacks of using each one. [ 8 ] ​ 2. Describe three output devices . [ 3 ] ​ 3. Justify which input and output devices would be most suitable in the following scenarios: a. A teacher needs to take the class register . [ 4 ] b. A family want to communicate with their cousins in Australia. [ 4 ] c. The school movie club wants to play Star Wars in the assembly hall. [ 4 ] d. An e-sports player is taking part in an online multiplayer tournament . [ 4 ] e. A laboratory needs security so that only registered scientists can enter. [ 4 ] 1.5 - Performance 2.1 - Logical Operators Theory Topics

10.3: Programming Errors Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + Syntax Error A syntax error is a mistake in the grammar or spelling of the program. ​ A syntax error will prevent the program from being compiled . ​ Examples: Incorrect Spelling: pront ( "hello" ) Incorrect punctuation: print ( "hello" ( Execution (Runtime) Error An execution error is when the program unexpectedly stops as a result of an operation during execution . ​ Examples: Dividing by zero: 400 / 0 Reading too far in a file: #There are 50 lines in the file line = file.readlines( ) print ( line [100] ) Logical Error Linking Error A logical error is a mistake made by the programmer - the program still works but displays the wrong output . ​ Examples: Truncation Error Rounding Error A linking error occurs when a compiler can’t find a sub procedure (e.g. the random library in Python) that has been used. The programmer might have declared it incorrectly or forgotten to link (import) it . ​ Examples: Spelling an import command incorrectly: import ramdon number = random.randint(1,10) Requesting a function without linking: number = random.randint(1,10) Incorrect calculation: total = num1 - num2 print (total) Incorrect variable printed: age = 16 name = "Steve" print ( "Nice to meet you" , age) A rounding error is when the program rounds a real number to a fixed number of decimal places. This results in losing some value as the number becomes less accurate . ​ Examples: Rounding up: 80.87 = 80.9 (Inaccurate by 0.03) Rounding down: 63.4 = 63 (Inaccurate by 0.4) A truncation error is when the program truncates a real number to a fixed number of decimal places . This results in losing some value as the number becomes less accurate . ​ Examples: Truncation to 2 decimal places: 92.13787 = 92.13 (Inaccurate by 0.00787) Truncation to 1 decimal place: 25.199876 = 25.1 (Inaccurate by 0.099876) Q uesto's Q uestions 10.3 - Programming Errors: ​ 1. Describe and give an example of each type of error: a. Syntax Error [ 3 ] b. Execution (Runtime) Error [ 3 ] c. Logical Error [ 3 ] d. Linking Error [ 3 ] e. Rounding Error [ 3 ] f. Truncation Error [ 3 ] ​ 2. State the error that will occur for each scenario: [1 each ] a. A command word (such as for or print) has been misspelt. b. The average speed is 120.3856 but only 120.3 is displayed. c. The cost of a meal is £47 but £40 is displayed. d. A program uses a subroutine that has not been imported. e. The height of a dog is 33.38cm but 33.4cm is displayed. f. The user wants to read line 9 of a file that only has 6 lines. g. The user's age is printed instead of their name. h. The programmer has typed print("hello"( i. A number is divided by 0. j. The program is asked to generate a random number but 'import random' has not be written. 10.2 - Stages of Compilation Theory Topics 11.1 - Impacts of Technology

top Python - Section 3 Practice Tasks Task One: Square Number Create a program that asks the user to input a number and then prints the square of that number - to do this, multiply the number by itself . ​ Remember: Break up variables and parts of a sentence in a print line by using commas. Example solutions: Enter a number: 12 The square of 12 is 144 Enter a number: 7 The square of 7 is 49 Task Two: Multiplying Numbers X Example solutions: Create a program that asks the user to input two numbers (num1 and num2 ). Multiply the two numbers together and print the total . Remember: Break up integer variables in a print line by using commas between each part of the sentence. Enter number one: 7 Enter number two: 9 7 x 9 = 63 Enter number one: 8 Enter number two: 12 8 x 12 = 96 Task Three: Turning 65 Example solutions: Create a program to input how old the user will turn this year and then print the year they will turn 65 . ​ You could do this in just two lines but before trying that work out on paper the steps to calculating your own age you will turn 65. What steps did you take? Try to recreate those steps in Python. You might need to create another variable to make it easier. How old will you turn this year? 15 You will turn 65 in 2073 How old will you turn this year? 42 You will turn 65 in 2046 Task Four: Multiplication Table Let the user enter a number then print the first five multiplications in its times table. ​ This can be done more simply when you learn about for loops but for now you will need to multiply the number by 1 , then multiply it by 2 etc. ​ Try to make this program better by displaying the number and the value it is multiplied by in your print statements. Simple example solution: Enter a number: 8 8 16 24 32 40 Better example solution: Enter a number: 7 7 x 1 = 7 7 x 2 = 14 7 x 3 = 21 7 x 4 = 28 7 x 5 = 35 ⬅ 3b - Simple Calculations 4a - If Statements ➡

2. Creating Essential Tags HTML Guide Watch on YouTube: What is a tag ? HTML uses tags to define the content of a webpage . ​ A tag uses angle brackets - they look just like my teeth... ​ Some examples of tags are and and ​ ​ ​ Most tags have a start tag and an end tag . The actual content is written in between the tags . For example : ​ The p tag is used to write a paragraph ​ Notice that the end tag uses a forward slash . < > Essential Tags There are three tags that are essential for every HTML web page : ​ - This tag declares the start and the end of your html web page. - The head is the part of the web page that the user will not see. - The body holds all of the content of the web page (text, images, video etc.) ​ Don't forget to use backslash for the end tags : / Use the image on the right to add the three essential tags (and their end tags) to your document. Now it is time to add something we can actually see! Text tags are up next. 1. Setup HTML Guide 3. Text Tags

1.3 - Access & Storage Devices Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 Handheld Devices Examples of handheld devices: Handheld devices are small, light and possibly can be worn on the human body. These devices are very portable and easy to transport but their small size restricts the space for a powerful processor or high memory capacity. Handheld devices are becoming more powerful over time with extra features, storage options and network connectivity. ​ Advantages: Light and portable so they can be easily carried on a person or in a pocket . Runs on battery power so do not need to be plugged into a power source (unless to charge) allowing for freedom of movement . ​ Disadvantages: Low processing power due to small size and no cooling system . Relies on battery power which may not last for long. More likely to be lost, damaged or stolen . Generally small memory / storage capacity and low versatility . Smartphone Small Tablet eReader Smartwatch Portable Devices Examples of portable devices: Portable devices are larger and more powerful than handheld devices and can be carried easily in a bag. Laptops and larger tablets are the main examples of portable devices. ​ ​ Advantages: Light and portable so they can be easily transported in a laptop bag or small rucksack. Runs on battery power so they can work without a power outlet , such as to complete work on a train or in a library. More powerful and versatile than handheld devices. ​ Disadvantages: Lower processing power and smaller memory / storage capacity than fixed devices like desktops. Reliant on their battery power which may only be a few hours. Laptop Large Tablet Fixed Devices Examples of fixed devices: Fixed devices are bulky devices that require a constant power connection . The most common example of a fixed device is a desktop computer which has a higher processing power and storage capacity than handheld and portable devices. ​ Advantages: Desktop computers have the highest processing power of commercially available home / work computers and contain sufficient cooling systems to maintain temperature. Desktops and games consoles have large storage capacities and can be upgraded / expanded to even larger sizes. Desktop computers are very versatile and are powerful enough to be used for thousands of different purposes, from basic word processing and web browsing to server roles and data mining. ​ Disadvantages: Reliant on a power outlet and cannot be transported whilst on. Heavy and difficult to move . May require additional components like a monitor. Typically more expensive than handheld and portable devices. Desktop Games Console Smart TV Shared Devices A shared device allows multiple users to access data at the same time . Cloud storage is the most common example of a shared device and is used by individuals, schools and businesses around the world through services such as Google Drive, Apple's iCloud and Microsoft's One Drive. A data centre is a dedicated building that contains computer systems - Facebook uses data centres across the globe so that their social media service can be available to users every second of the day. Database servers were explained in Unit 1 section 3.1 . ​ Advantages: A ccessible by multiple users at the same time . For example, the database server can be accessed by employees of a bank simultaneously. Data centres allow online services to run all hours of the day and year . For example, Google uses data centres across the world to ensure their services can be accessed all of the time. Cloud storage frees up physical space for users as the storage is located (usually) on third-party servers. Cloud storage devices allow authorised users such as clients or staff members to access information or work remotely (outside of the office). ​ Disadvantages: Shared devices are reliant on stable network connections . If a connection is lost, access to the device will be affected . Setting up shared devices within an organisation requires technical knowledge , especially for companies establishing their own cloud storage or data centre. Examples of shared devices: Cloud Storage Data Centre Database Server Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3 - Access & Storage Devices: ​ 1. Identify the type of device that the following devices fit into: a. Laptop b. Cloud storage c. Desktop computer d. Smartphone [4 ] ​ 2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using each of the 4 types of storage devices. a. Handheld devices [6 ] b. Portable devices [6 ] c. Fixed devices [6 ] d. Shared devices [6 ] ​ 3. For the following scenarios explain which specific device (not type) which would be suitable. You must also justify your choice . a. Working on a spreadsheet on a train before work. [4 ] b. Taking a video of a penalty in a football match to upload to Twitter. [4 ] c. Working on a file with team members located across the country. [4 ] d. Playing Civilization VI on highest settings whilst listening to rock climbing podcasts in a separate tab. [4 ] 1.2 - Storage Media Topic List 1.4 - Internet Connections

top Python - Section 8 Practice Tasks Task One Write a program with a blank list. ​ Use the .append() command to add your three favourite ice-cream flavours to this list and then print the list. Example solution: Task Two Write a program with a list of any 5 numbers. ​ Print the list. ​ Delete the first and third numbers. Print the list. Example solution: Task Three Write a program with a list of three different animals. ​ Write an input line that lets the user type an animal. ​ Add what the user has written to the list and print the list. Example solution: Task Four Sort your list from task two into order. Then print the list. Example solution: Task Five Copy the text on the right and put it into a list named countries. ​ Count the number of countries in the list. ​ Print the longest country. ​ Use a for loop to work out the length of each country. "Egypt", "Angola", " Eritrea " , "Mozambique" , "Ghana" , "Chad" , "Somalia" , "Namibia" , "Sudan" , "Libya" , "Algeria", "Morocco" , "Cameroon" Example solution: Task Six Create a dictionary (see 8c ) that asks users questions about yourself, such as first name, favourite colour or birthday. ​ Let the user answer each question and display the answer if they get it correct. Use the 'Using a Dictionary to Make a Game ' section of 8c to help you. Example solution: ⬅ 8c - Dictionar ies 9a - String Handling ➡

1.6 - Information Formats Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 The following formats are used to display information on the internet . Web Pages Web pages can be used for a diverse range of purposes including advertising products, reporting information , displaying images and eCommerce (online shopping). ​ There are two types of web page: Static web page Static web pages contain content that is pre-built and remains the same each time the page is loaded . ​ Static web pages are cheaper and easier to create and load quicker ; they use basic HTML. It can be changed by the site editor but will appear the same for everyone who has access to it, such as a classic promotional website for a small company. Dynamic web page Dynamic web pages are generated when they are loaded and can appear different to different users . Dynamic web pages are harder to code but they can be linked to databases to allow them to show personalised content to whoever is viewing the site; they are written in server-side languages like PHP. ​ The Amazon homepage is an example of a dynamic web page as personalised deals based on previous user history will be shown if you are logged in with an account. Blogs Blogs are used to share information with like-minded individuals, such as those who enjoy the same hobbies or beliefs . Charities , game developers and other businesses also use blogs as a way of updating their customer base with what they have done or what they are working on. Blogs can feature multimedia such as text, images, videos and links to other sites. Advantages of Blogs Disadvantages of Blogs ✓ Share information with followers in the format of text, images and video . ​ ✓ Blogs and vlogs can unite people with similar interests , such as a cookery blog or travel vlog. X Takes a lot of effort and time to create posts, especially if videos need to be edited before posting. Potential customers could be lost if blogs aren't updated regularly . ​ X It can be difficult to build up a customer base directly from a blog. Posts must be engaging , researched and correct . Podcasts A podcast is a downloadable audio file , usually on a certain topic such as sports or gaming that can be listened to when convenient for the user. Spotify and Apple Music have a wide library of podcasts. Advantages of Podcasts Disadvantages of Podcasts ✓ Podcasts are not (usually) recorded live , so they can be edited and uploaded at a certain time each week. ​ ✓ Podcasts can be listened to when convenient for the user, so they can't 'miss' it and can catch up when is best for them. ​ ✓ Podcasts are becoming more and more popular , so the possible audience base is growing each year. Celebrity guests are one way to entice more listeners. X Takes time to record a podcast, especially if they need to be edited to add in music or sound effects or to remove mistakes . ​ X It can be difficult to build up an audience directly from a podcast. Podcasts should be on a topic that interests people and spoken in an engaging way. Streamed Audio & Video Streaming is the process of receiving video / audio data in a continuous flow . This allows the user to access the video / audio immediately , without having to wait for the file to download entirely. For example, the BBC provide live radio streaming online for their radio shows and BBC iPlayer allows users to watch 'catch up' programs that previously aired. YouTube is a widely-used streamed video platform and Spotify is a popular streamed audio service. Advantages of Streamed Media Disadvantages of Streamed Media ✓ Streaming does not require data to be downloaded entirely before use - users can watch / listen as soon as the connection starts . ​ ✓ Streaming is harder for users to share than downloading a file . Netflix uses this as a form of piracy protection . X Streaming requires high bandwidth so users may suffer performance issues on slower devices and networks . ​ X Streaming requires a constant network connection compared to downloadable media which can be used when offline / outside. Social Media Channels Social media channels provide a huge amount of data on users in an informal space. Organisations can receive feedback through user posts and comments . Real-time statistics like views, likes and shares provide an insight to user opinion . ​ Social media channels include traditional sites such as Facebook and Twitter as well as business and recruitment platforms such as LinkedIn . Discussion boards and forums , such as Reddit , are increasingly popular for users to discuss similar hobbies and interests such as politics, gaming and healthy eating. Advantages of Social Media Disadvantages of Social Media ✓ Social media can increase a business' online presence as it is online 24/7 for users to comment and interact with posts. ​ ✓ Posts can be shared between users and their contacts, allowing a post to 'go viral' and be seen by potentially millions of viewers . ​ ✓ Posts can be shared in different information styles such as text , images , video or hyperlinks to other websites. ​ ✓ Businesses can use social media to communicate with their customer s , such as direct messages on Facebook if a customer is unhappy. X Businesses may need to hire a social media manager to interact with customers , update posts and remove spam. ​ X Negative posts can be shared and spread very quickly , such as if a customer complains about how a business treated them poorly. ​ X Businesses must be cautious about what they post , to not accidentally offend others and damage their reputation . Emails Emails can be used to provide information to a large amount of people almost instantly . A company may use an email to advertise new products , inform potential customers of a marketing promotion or target specific users based on previous interactions. Advantages of Emails Disadvantages of Emails ✓ Faster (almost instant) and cheaper (usually free) to send an email compared to traditional letters . ​ ✓ Files can be attached to the email, such as images, videos or forms to complete. ​ ✓ An audit trail can be kept, recording communication between the company and its customers. ​ ✓ Emails can be sent, delivered and read at the user's convenience and to any internet-enabled device across the world . X An internet connection is required to open and read the email. Larger attachments may not open on mobile devices. ​ X Malware can spread through email attachments. Phishers use emails to gain access to personal information and account details . ​ X Some attachments sent via email may be unreadable on different devices / operating systems. ​ X Emails may automatically go into the spam / junk folder and be deleted without being read . Document Stores Document stores allow users to store online files in cloud storage . Common services are Google Drive , Dropbox and Microsoft's OneDrive . Storing documents in the cloud allows users to edit and access them from any location with an internet connection and opens up opportunities for collaboration . Many organisations offer cloud storage space for free up to a certain amount before charging customers for more data. ​ Document stores are very convenient for users and replace the need for portable storage devices like USB sticks. Teachers can use documents stores to share resources with other staff in a school . Documents stores can only be accessed with an internet connection so files will be unavailable during maintenance or network failure. Users rely on the cloud hosting provider, such as Microsoft and Google to keep the data secure and available . RSS Feeds RSS Feeds (short for Rich Site Summary ) allow users to subscribe to updates from their favourite websites. It is a web feed that updates whenever a subscribed site releases new information. For example, the BBC used to post updates for important news headlines which appeared in a subscribed user's RSS feed. As of 2020 most browsers no longer have built-in RSS functionality and it is rarely used . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.6 - Information Formats: ​ 1. Describe the difference between static and dynamic web pages . [4 ] ​ 2. For each type of information format describe its advantages and disadvantages . a. Blogs [8 ] b. Podcasts [8 ] c. Streamed Audio / Video [8 ] d. Social Media [8 ] e. Emails [8 ] ​ 3. Explain how document stores could be used by organisations and individuals . [4 ] ​ 4. Explain what an RSS feed is and how an organisation could use it . [3 ] 1.5 - WWW Technologies Topic List 1.7 & 1.8 - Internet Pros & Cons

top Python 8b - 2D Lists Creating a List with Multiple Dimensions Lists can be given another dimension to hold data that is related to each other . ​ A scenario: Three students have taken two Chemistry tests, and their teacher has recorded the results in a 2-dimensional array (note that Python does not use arrays but uses lists instead): To create this in Python: Printing a 2D List To print the whole list, use a for loop to cycle through each record. ​ I have altered the normal i variable to be 'record', so it is more descriptive: Use the index number to print a specific record . Look at the table above and remember that Python starts counting at 0 so Edward is record 0, Bella 1 and Jacob 2: To print a specific data value, you need to define the record number and then the data index . ​ When using 2D lists, the first value is the row, and the second value is the column . Use the table at the very top to help you visualise this: Practice Task 1 Use the introduction at the top to help you create a 2D list with three friends in the first column, their age in the second column and their favourite colour in the third column. ​ Print the whole list. ​ Then print just the second person's information. Example solution: Searching Through a 2D List To search through a multi-dimensional list then you need to search through each record and then each data element for a specific value: Practice Task 2 Use the 2D list that you created in the first practice task. ​ Ask the user to enter a name. ​ Search through the list and print the record of that person's name. Example solution: ⬅ 8a - Using Lists 8 c - Dictionaries ➡