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5.1 - Ethical Issues Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What is ethics? Ethics refers to what is right and wrong . The following issues are often linked to or backed up by legislation. Whistle Blowing Definition: When a member of staff reveals that the organisation they work for are engaging in unlawful practices . This could include breaking privacy laws, threatening staff and environmental damage. ​ In some countries, like the UK, whistleblowers are protected by law. Whistleblowers are protected from being fired or not being considered for promotion as a result of their actions. ​ A famous whistleblower is Edward Snowden , who revealed in 2013 that many governments, including the USA and the UK, were spying on their civilians with widespread undocumented surveillance. Should Martin reveal that his company is dumping old computers into a lake or just stay quiet? Graham feels that, because of his disability, he is being ignored for a promotion that he deserves. Discrimination Definition: When an employee is treated unfairly because of a personal or physical characteristic over which they have no control . ​ The Equality Act (2010) ensures equal treatment for all people irrespective of: race sexuality gender disability marital status (and many more) Examples of discrimination include offensive talk, harassment, unequal pay and being ignored for promotion. Use of Information Definition: Laws such as GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation ) and specifically the Data Protection Act (2018) ensure that organisations must responsibly process personal data. Organisations have a legal obligation to keep their employee and customer personal data secure and out of reach from unauthorised viewers. Considerations should be made about how the information is ethically collected , stored and processed . DataDyne backs up customer information on cloud storage - what if this data is compromised ? As part of quality assurance, Selside Bank double check performance reviews before submission. Codes of Practice Definition: A set of rules which explains how people working in certain professions are required to behave . Organisations may have a code of practice for: ​ Confidentiality (rules on what data can and cannot be shared with others), Quality assurance (ensuring high quality is maintained for all products/services), Behaviour (setting out how employees are expected to behave at work and in communication with each other and customers), Equality and discrimination (being understanding and providing fair access to all employees). ​ Employees must agree to the codes of practice so they are clear on their expectations of what is and isn't acceptable at work. The organisation can then discipline employees that broke the codes of practice they formerly agreed to. Online Safety Definition: Often companies will provide an induction (training ) to new employees about the organisation’s code of practice for using the internet whilst at work . If an individual does not behave safely online or breaks the organisation's codes of practice (by gambling at work for example) then they may be punished (e.g. fined or fired). ​ Employees can ensure that they are safe online by using secure passwords that are regularly updated and preventing web browsers from remembering login details . Miriam changes her password each month to minimise the chance of hackers accessing her account. The CEO of Honey Media apologies in public after biased information led to a lawsuit and loss of reputation. Bias Definition: This is technically correct, but slanted , information that presents a one-sided view . For example, end-of year financial data that focuses on profits and ignores significant losses. ​ Poor quality information may lead to an organisation being misinformed and not sufficiently responding to their customers' needs - for example if a survey was only completed by a small number of people it could generate biased results. ​ As a result of poor quality information, organisations may suffer from damage to their reputation due to negative feedback and reviews from customers, possibly posted online. A lack of trust can occur if customers feel neglected because of decisions made using biased information of a poor quality, therefore reputational damage may lead to loss of customers . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1 - Ethical Issues: ​ 1. Describe what whistleblowing is and give 3 examples . [4 ] ​ 2. Describe what discrimination is and give 4 examples . [5 ] ​ 3. Which law relates to the use of information ? [1 ] ​ 4a. Describe 2 things that may be included in an organisation's codes of practice . [4 ] 4b. Explain why employees must agree to their company's codes of practice [4 ]. ​ 5. Describe 2 things an employee should do to stay safe online . [2 ] ​ 6a. What is biased information ? [2 ] 6b. Describe 3 possible effects to a company if they use biased information . [6 ] 4.6 & 4.7 - Bodies & Certification 5.2 - Operational Issues Topic List

6. The Counter Greenfoot Tutorial 1. Import the Counter The counter class can be imported into your Greenfoot world. ​ Select Edit in the main Greenfoot window then ' Import Class... ' and choose Counter . Watch on YouTube: The Counter class will appear in the Actor classes list . Right-click on the Counter, choose the ' new Counter() ' option and drag it into the world. ​ Now right-click on the background and select 'Save the World' once you have dragged the counter into the world. 2. Increase the Counter by 1 Two lines of code are required to increase the counter . ​ Add this code when your main character is removing the collectible object . This code allows your main character to access the 'add' method from the Counter class . ​ The method 'add ' just increases the value of the counter by the number in the brackets . ​ To decrease the counter , type a negative value in the brackets, such as -1 . < Part 5 - Play Sounds 3. Compile and Run Click the Compile button at the top of the code editor . ​ Then you can go back to the main Greenfoot window and click Run to test if your counter increases . Click on me if you've got an error that you're stuck with. Part 7 - Extension Ideas >

4.2 - Global Legislation Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 Data Protection Outside of the UK Personal data should not be transferred outside of the UK unless the country receiving the data has adequate data protection laws that match the Data Protection Act (2018) / GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation ). ​ GDPR was introduced in all European Union (EU ) countries in 2018. This set of regulations ensure that personal data is protected and can be sent between EU countries. However, many other countries only have partially adequate data protection laws (such as the USA and Canada) whilst many nations have inadequate or no laws regarding data protection. Click the map button to visit CNIL's website and see exactly which countries have adequate, inadequate and no data protection laws. UNCRPD UNCRPD stands for United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities . This is a United Nations human right that states disabled people should be able to 'access information systems' (article 9) and 'use digital means to express their opinion' (article 21). Methods of complying with this convention include:​ Personal data can be sent between European countries (such as the UK) and the United States because of a protection scheme which was known as the 'Safe Harbour ' scheme (between 2000 and 2015) and the 'EU-US Privacy Shield ' (between 2015 and 2020). ​ This provided protection to European data in the US and required both companies engaged in data transaction to sign up to the scheme before personal data could be transferred. The companies must have been assessed as responsible for the security of the data. ​ The scheme was stopped in July 2020 because the European Court of Justice argued it did not adequately protect the personal data of Europeans from government access. Using < alt> text on images so that text-to-speech software can describe the image aloud, for the visually impaired . The tag can be added to the HTML code of an image on a website and will be audibly spoken by specialist reading software. This image contains alt text that can't be seen by a typical viewer but will be read aloud by screen reading software. Accessibility settings . Websites could allow users to change the font size and style or change the background colour to make text easier to read . Wikipedia presents some articles to be listened to if the user is unable to read them. Example Text Example Text Example Text Example Text Q uesto's Q uestions 4.2 - Global Legislation: ​ 1a. What is the problem with transferring data outside of the UK ? [2 ] 1b. Why can personal data be transferred between European countries ? [2 ] ​ 2. Open the CNIL map (use the link on this page and click on a specific country to see its name) and state: Four countries in the EU Two countries with partially adequate protection Two countries with an authority and law (dark purple) Two countries with laws only (light purple) Four countries with no data protection laws [7 ] ​ 3a. What is UNCRPD and why is it important ? [3 ] 3b. Describe what alt text is used for. [2 ] 3c. State three accessibility settings that could affect how easy text is to read . [3 ] EU-US Privacy Shield 4.1 - UK Legislation Topic List 4.3 - Green IT

4. Remove Objects Greenfoot Tutorial 1. Removing Objects Watch on YouTube: Open the editor for your main character . ​ Underneath the if statements for using the arrow keys is where we type the removal code . ​ If you have chosen a different collectible object, type the exact name of that class instead of Orange (e.g. Apples or Ants). 2. Add Danger to your Game Use the same code as you did earlier but change the class (instead of Orange. class I have chosen Sheep. class ). Time to code your main character to be removed if they are touched by the enemy objects ! ​ Open the editor for your enemy class . ​ The removal code is placed beneath the code you have already written. ​ Check out the extension page if you want the game to stop when the main character is removed. < Part 3 - Random Movement Part 5 - Play Sounds >

3.2 - Virtualisation Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What is virtualisation? Virtualisation describes the creation of a virtual version of a device, software or server. Storage virtualisation combines multiple storage devices so that they appear to be just one device. Server virtualisation allows one physical server to host multiple virtual machines, each running separately. Virtual Client Think back to the hypervisor from 3.1 . A virtual client is a full desktop environment where the processing happens remotely . For example, where an operating system is managed and hosted centrally but displayed locally on a different computer (dumb client). ​ A problem with virtual clients is that users will be unable to work if network connectivity is lost, and an increased load on the server might result in poor performance for each client. ​ A common use of virtualisation is in testing applications within a secure environment before they are used with the main system. Virtual Clients Benefits & Drawbacks of Virtualisation Benefits of virtualisation: ​ Costs are cheaper in the long-term because money is saved by not purchasing multiple physical devices . Money is also saved due to less cabling and lower power consumption . ​ If set up efficiently, it can be used for higher performance at a lower cost - "Do more with less" . ​ Programs can be tested in a secure environment before main-system deployment. ​ Simplified response to recover after a disaster because only the server needs to be fixed. Drawbacks of virtualisation: ​ If not set up efficiently, users could face serious performance issues , as fewer servers do more work. ​ If a single physical system fails , the impact will be greater . ​ Initial set up is complex , requires technical knowledge and can cost a lot. ​ Easier for hackers to take more information at once as the data is stored in the same place. Cloud Technology 'The cloud' is storage that is accessed through a network , primarily the internet. A cloud server is an example of storage virtualisation as data may be stored across multiple physical devices. There are three different types of cloud storage: Private cloud is where a business will have its own data centre that can be accessed by employees. This allows for flexible and convenient data storage and gives the business control over data management and security . Users of the private cloud will not usually have to pay individually for access - but the company will need to spend a lot of money on set up and maintenance . Public cloud uses third-party service providers such as Google Drive or DropBox to provide storage over the internet . Public cloud is usually a pay-for-use service , where businesses will pay for specific amounts that they need. Data management and data security is maintained by the cloud provider and the business is dependent on them providing constant access and deploying effective security measures. Hybrid cloud uses a mix of on-site storage (private cloud) and third-party (public cloud) services . Organisations can move workloads between private and public clouds as their specific needs and costs change . A benefit of hybrid cloud is that it gives an organisation more flexibility and data storage options. As an example, a company could use on-site or private cloud storage to hold sensitive information and third-party, public cloud services to hold less important data . Q uesto's Q uestions 3.2 - Virtualisation: 1. What is the difference between server and storage virtualisation ? [ 2 ] 2. What is a virtual client ? [ 1 ] ​ 3. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using virtualisation. [16 ] ​ 4. Describe the differences between private , public and hybrid cloud storage. [6 ] 3.1 - Server Types Topic List 3.3 - Network Characteristics

top Python 1a - Printing Printing in Python To output a message onto the screen, use the print command. Then place your message within brackets and speech marks . For example: print ( "Welcome to Python!" ) When you run the program, the text will print to the Python console: Welcome to Python! Printing Task 1 (Full Name & To Your Left) On the first line, print your first name and surname. ​ On the next line, write another print statement to print t he name of the person (or thing) to your left. Example solution: Elsie Parker pencil case Printing over Several Lines One way of writing across multiple lines is to write several print commands like this: print ( "Welcome to...." ) print ( "Computer Science " ) print ( "Newbies!!! " ) = Welcome to .... Computer Science Newbies!!! However, when we program, we always want to make our code the most efficient it can be by using as few lines as possible . ​ Therefore you can write \n within a printed statement to move it to the next line. ​ Make sure you use \ and not / otherwise it will print the slash and not make a new line! print ( "Welcome to....\n Computer Science\n Newbies!!! " ) = Welcome to .... Computer Science Newbies!!! Both pieces of code display the same thing, but the second one is more efficient because it only uses one line. Printing Task 2 (Name, Colour, Movie) Use \n to write your name, favourite colour and favourite movie in only one line of code. Example solution: Matthew yellow Interstellar ⬅ Setting Up Python 1b - Comments ➡

A Tutorial to Creating a Greenfoot Game Greenfoot Home Greenfoot is software that uses the programming language Java to make simple games. ​ This is called object-orientated programming (OOP ) because objects are coded to interact in a visual environment. ​ Work your way through the following tutorial to create a game similar to one required in the WJEC/Eduqas 2016 specification Component 2 exam . ​ ​ Topic Links: Starting from Scratch & Populating the World Move with Arrow Keys Move Randomly & Bounce on Edge Remove Objects Play Sounds The Counter Extension Ideas According to the 2016 specification, in the Eduqas exam, you will use Greenfoot version 2.4.2 , despite the fact that Greenfoot is now on version 3.6.1 . ​ This means that some newer code won't work! This guide here will work on version 2.4.2 . ​ Just make sure you are also using version 2.4.2 - see the download page for help. Watch on YouTube:

Exam Board: OCR 3.1e - Sorting Algorithms Specification: A-Level 2015 An instruction set is a list of all the instructions that a CPU can process as part of the FDE cycle . ​ CPUs can have different sets of instructions that they can perform based on their function. The two most common instruction sets are the simpler RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer ) and more complicated CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer ). Instruction Sets This page is still being updated. Graphical Processing Unit What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Multicore & Parallel Systems What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Multicore & Parallel Systems What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Q uesto's Q uestions 3.1e - Sorting Algorithms: ​ 1. What is cache memory ? [ 2 ] ​ 3.1d - Trees & Graphs Theory Topics 3.1f - Searching Algorithms

3.7: The Internet Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + What is the internet? The internet is a global network of interconnected networks . ​ The world wide web (WWW ) is not the same as the internet. It is a way of accessing information , using protocols such as HTTPS to view web pages . What is a web browser? A web browser is software that uses the HTTP or HTTPS protocol to access and display web pages . ​ Popular web browsers include Google Chrome , Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft Edge . What is a URL? URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator . ​ Web pages are accessed by typing a URL (a web address) into the address bar of a web browser . The URL is the complete address that matches an IP address where the website is stored. ​ We use URLs because they are easier to remember than IP addresses, for example, 'twitter.com' is simpler than '199.59.149.165'. What is the structure of a URL? A URL is structured into different segments: What is a DNS Server? ​A DNS ( Domain Name System ) server stores a list of domain names and a list of corresponding IP addresses where the website is stored. ​ The first thing to understand is that every web page has a domain name that is easy for humans to remember and type in (such as www.csnewbs.com ) as well as a related IP address (such as 65.14.202.32) which is a unique address for the device that the web page is stored on. The steps taken to display a web page: 1. A domain name is typed into the address bar of a browser . 2. The browser checks a local (cached) host file to check if it already holds the IP address, but if it doesn't... 3. A query is sent to the local DNS server for the corresponding IP address of the domain name . www.facebook.com 4. The local DNS server will check if it holds an IP address corresponding to that domain name. If it does it passes the IP address to your browser . 66.220.144.0 5. The browser then connects to the IP address of the server and accesses the web site . If the local DNS server does not hold the IP address then the query is passed to another DNS server at a higher level until the IP address is resolved. If the IP address is found, the address is passed on to DNS servers lower in the hierarchy until it is passed to your local DNS server and then to your browser. Q uesto's Q uestions 3.7 - The Internet: ​ 1a. Describe the difference between the internet and the world wide web ( WWW ). [ 2 ] 1b. What is the purpose of a web browser ? [ 2 ] 1c. Why do humans use URLs instead of IP addresses? [ 1 ] 1d. Write out the following URL and label each section: https://www.skynews.co.uk/worldnews/ukstockmarket [ 6 ] ​ 2a. What is a DNS server ? [ 2 ] 2b. Describe, using a mix of text and icons / images , how a DNS server is used to display a web page . [5 ] 2c. Describe how a DNS server searches for an IP address if it is not found on the local DNS server . [ 2 ] 3.6 - 7-Layer OSI Model Theory Topics 3.8 - Cyber Threats

6.1 - Security Principles Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 There are three key principles of data security that are protected in legislation such as the Data Protection Act (2018 ). Organisations storing personal or sensitive information must ensure that these three principles are upheld at all times . Confidentiality What it means: Information should only be accessed by individuals or groups with the authorisation to do so. ​ How to uphold this principle: An organisation should use protection measures like usernames and passwords to ensure that only authorised people can access the sensitive data. Tiered levels of access or permissions can also limit who has access to the data. Integrity What it means: Information is maintained so that it is up-to-date , correct and fit for purpose . ​ How to uphold this principle: Organisations should carry out regular data maintenance to update information (e.g. confirm contact details once a year). If storing data in a spreadsheet or database, record-locking should be used so that only person can edit at a time, preventing the data from becoming incorrect. Availability What it means: Information is available to the individuals or groups that need to use it. It should only be available to those who are authorised . ​ How to uphold this principle: Staff should have the correct privileges so that they can easily access data when required. Data could be stored online , e.g. cloud storage so that it is available remotely using an internet connection. Data must also be kept safe from unauthorised access . Staff should not make additional copies of information which could be lost or stolen. Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1 - Security Principles: ​ 1a. Describe what is meant by ' confidentiality ' . [1 ] 1b. Explain two ways that an organisation can keep data confidential . [4 ] ​ 2a. Describe what is meant by ' integrity ' . [1 ] 2b. Explain two ways that an organisation can preserve the integrity of its data . [4 ] ​ 3a. Describe what is meant by ' availability ' . [2 ] 3b. Explain two ways that an organisation can keep its data available . [4 ] 5.2 - Data Flow Diagrams Topic List 6.2 - Risks

Exam Board: OCR 3.3d - Network Security & Threats Specification: A-Level 2015 An instruction set is a list of all the instructions that a CPU can process as part of the FDE cycle . ​ CPUs can have different sets of instructions that they can perform based on their function. The two most common instruction sets are the simpler RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer ) and more complicated CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer ). Instruction Sets This page is still being updated. Graphical Processing Unit What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Multicore & Parallel Systems What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Multicore & Parallel Systems What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Q uesto's Q uestions 3.3d - Network Security & Threats: ​ 1. What is cache memory ? [ 2 ] ​ 3.3c - Network Hardware & DNS Theory Topics 3.4a - Web Technologies

4.1 - Communication Skills Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Communication skills are vital for anybody working within the IT industry. Employees will need to communicate with other members of their team and with those who encounter issues with their computer systems. Interpersonal Skills Communication is not just through speaking to another person, behaviour is also important. Employees should sit up straight in their chairs to show interest and eye contact should be maintained when speaking to another person or listening in a meeting. It is important to speak clearly so that others can understand what you are trying to say. Verbal Communication Employees should know when to use informal and formal language appropriately. For example, formal language should be used in meetings as it is a work environment . ​ Employees should think carefully about when to use technical terms . Technical terminology should be used when discussing issues with technicians but simplified explanations should be given to customers who may be inexperienced with their systems. Questioning Techniques Questioning is used to uncover problems in order to solve them . Closed questions will be direct and prompt a short, often one-word answer, such as "How many times have you tried to log in?". ​ Open questions don't have an obvious answer and may elicit an opinion , such as "Why are you using Internet Explorer instead of Google Chrome?". ​ Avoid leading questions - where you expect a certain response from the answerer, such as "Is the system always this slow?" Written Communication Again this form of communication can be formal - such as a letter to apply for a job - or informal - like sending a text or instant message to a team member. ​ There are a number of considerations to take before deciding whether communication should be formal or informal. For example, if the communication is between peers or external agencies (such as other companies or customers), any policies the organisation has in place and whether the communication will be legally recorded (such as saving all email correspondence). Barriers to Communication There are several reasons why a messages between people may be received incorrectly . ​ For example noise , language (not necessarily different languages but using technical terms) and physical barriers (i.e. learning difficulties or disabilities such as deafness). Another barrier is distraction - an email may be delayed because an employee is distracted by social media or other co-workers. Phones should also be turned off or to silent during meetings. Q uesto's Q uestions 4.1 - Communication Skills: 1. Describe 3 interpersonal actions that an employee should follow when speaking or listening to other team members. [ 3 ] 2. Explain when an employee should use technical terms and when they should simplify their explanations . [ 4 ] ​ 3. Describe the difference between closed , open and leading questions , giving an example of each. [6 ] ​ 4. Describe 3 things that should be considered when deciding between formal or informal written communication . [3 ] ​ 5. Describe 3 different barriers to successful communication . [3 ] 3.5 - Business Systems Topic List 4.2 - Communication Technology