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Learn about network forensics, penetration tests and methods of protection including anti-malware, firewalls, encryption and two-factor authentication. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 3.9: Protection Against Threats Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + Network Forensics & Penetration Testing What is network forensics? Network forensics is the monitoring of a network to identify unauthorised intrusions . Network forensics is used to record and analyse attacks on a network and to gather other information about how the network is performing. It is important for organisations to identify weaknesses in their networks so that they can fix them and be prepared for any type of attack or malware. Footprinting - Footprinting is one method of evaluating a network’s security . This is when a security team puts itself in the attacker’s shoes by obtaining all publicly available information about the organisation and its network . Footprinting allows the company to discover how much detail a potential attacker could find out about a system. The company can then limit the technical information about its systems that is publicly available . Penetration Tests Penetration tests are carried out as part of ethical hacking. Ethical hacking is when an organisation gives permission to specific 'good ' hackers to try and attack a system so that the weak points can be highlighted and then fixed. The purpose of a penetration test is to review the system's security to find any risks or weaknesses and to fix them . There are four main types of penetration tests : Internal tests are to see how much damage could be done by somebody within the company with a registered account. External tests are for white hat hackers to try and infiltrate a system from outside the company . Blind tests are done with no inside information , to simulate what a real attacker would have to do to infiltrate the system. + Targeted tests are conducted by the company's IT department and the penetration team cooperating together to find faults in the system. Anti-Malware & Firewalls Anti-Malware Software Anti-malware software is used to locate and delete malware, like viruses, on a computer system. The software scans each file on the computer and compares it against a database of known malware . Files with similar features to malware in the database are identified and deleted . There are thousands of known malware, but new forms are created each day by attackers, so anti-malware software must be regularly updated to keep systems secure. Other roles of anti-malware software: Checking all incoming and outgoing emails and their attachments . Checking files as they are downloaded . Scanning the hard drive for viruses and deleting them . Firewall A firewall manages incoming and outgoing network traffic . Each data packet is processed to check whether it should be given access to the network by examining the source and destination address . Unexpected data packets will be filtered out and not accepted to the network. Other roles of a firewall include: Blocking access to insecure / malicious web sites . Blocking certain programs from accessing the internet . Blocking unexpected / unauthorised downloads . Preventing specific users on a network accessing certain files . Other Methods of Protection Double Authentication Also known as two-factor authentication (2FA ), this is a method of confirming someone's identity by requiring two forms of authorisation , such as a password and a pin code sent to a mobile. 4392 Secure Passwords Usernames must be matched with a secure password to minimise the chances of unauthorised users accessing a system. Passwords should contain a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters , punctuation and numbers . Passwords should be of a substantial length (at least 8 characters) and should be regularly changed . ******** User Access Levels Access levels are used to only allow certain users to access and edit particular files. ' Read-Only ' access is when a user can only view a file and is not allowed to change any data . For example, a teacher might set homework instructions as read-only for students to view. ' Read and Write ' access allows a user to read and edit the data in a file. For example, a teacher might set an online workbook as read and write access for students to fill in. It is important to set access levels so that only authorised users can view and change data. The more users who have access to a file, the more likely it is to be compromised. Certain users may also have no access to a file - when they can't view or edit it. Encryption Encryption is the process of scrambling data into an unreadable format so that attackers cannot understand it if intercepted during transmission. The original data (known as plaintext ) is converted to scrambled ciphertext using an encryption key . Only at the correct destination will the encryption key be used to convert the ciphertext back into plaintext to be understood by the receiving computer. A very simple method of encryption is to use the XOR logical operator . XOR is used on the plaintext and key together to create the ciphertext . Using XOR again on the ciphertext and key will reverse the encryption to reveal the plaintext . Encryption using XOR Plaintext = 00110100 Key = 10100110 XOR Ciphertext = 10010010 Decryption using XOR Ciphertext = 10010010 / Key = 10100110 XOR Plaintext = 00110100 Q uesto's Q uestions 3.9 - Protection Against Threats: 1a. What is network forensics ? Why is it important ? [ 3 ] 1b. Explain what is meant by footprinting and why companies do it . [ 2 ] 2. What is an ethical hacker ? [2 ] 3a. Describe the purpose of penetration tests . [2 ] 3b. Describe each type of penetration test . [ 8 ] 4. Describe the purpose of anti-malware software and its different roles . [ 4 ] 5. Describe the purpose of a firewall and its different roles . [ 4 ] 6a. Describe double authentication . [2 ] 6b. State three rules for choosing a strong password . [ 3 ] 7. Describe the three types of access level . [6 ] 8a. Describe the purpose of encryption . [ 2 ] 8b. Explain how encryption works, using the terms plaintext , key and ciphertext . [ 4 ] 3.8 - Cyber Threats Theory Topics 4.1 - Number Systems

Test your ability to create a more complex program in Python based on a given scenario. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Extended Task 2 Lottery 17 8 4 13 20 Create a program to simulate a lottery draw. First, create an appropriate print line to welcome the user to your lottery draw. Then let the user enter five numbers between 1 and 20. Next, randomise five numbers between 1 and 20. Check to see how many numbers match and output an appropriate response for each scenario (e.g. “You have not matched any numbers, better luck next time!”) Once you have made the base program implement subroutines and lists . Make it as efficient as possible and professional-looking. Use pauses to reveal each number one at a time like a real lottery draw to build suspense. For this task, you will need to create a document and include the following sections (with screenshots where appropriate): An introduction to explain the Purpose of your program . A List of Requirements for a successful program. Screenshots of your code (with comments in your code to show understanding). Testing – Create a plan to show how you will test your program and then explanations of any errors that you found and how they were fixed . An Evaluation of what worked, what didn’t, and how you met each of your requirements from your original list. Also, discuss further improvements that you could have made to improve your program. Example solution: Helpful reminders for this task: Inputting Numbers Random Numbers Logical Operators Subroutines ⬅ Extended Task 1 (Pork Pies) Extended Task 3 (Blackjack) ➡

Learn about application software installation methods, including clean, remote, cloud, mobile and network installation. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 5.2 - Application Software Installation Watch on YouTube : Application installation You need to know how different installation processes (e.g. clean , remote , cloud , network and mobile installs) work as well as their advantages , disadvantages and appropriate uses . What You Need to Know Application Installation ? YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's Q uestions 5.2 - Application Software Installation: 1. What? [2 ] 2. What? [1 ] 3. What? [1 ] 4. What? [1 ] ? D id Y ou K now? 5.1 - Testing Topic List 5.3 - Policies

Learn about the different parts of computational thinking including thinking abstractly, ahead, procedurally, logically and concurrently. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level Specification: Computer Science H446 1.1 - Computational Thinking Watch on YouTube : Thinking Abstractly Thinking Ahead Thinking Procedurally Thinking Logically Thinking Concurrently Computational thinking is the process of approaching and solving problems in a logical , systematic way (like a computer would ) using techniques such as abstraction , decomposition , pattern recognition and algorithmic thinking . There are five categories of computational thinking you need to know. Thinking Abstractly Abstraction is the process of removing unnecessary detail so that a problem can be represented more simply . It helps programmers focus on the essential features of a task, reducing complexity and making solutions easier to design , understand and maintain . When programming , abstraction can be applied by simplifying real-world systems into models that contain only the information needed for solving the problem . Because abstractions leave out certain details , they always differ from reality , and it is important to understand which elements have been included , which have been excluded and why . YouTube video uploading soon Thinking Ahead Programs often make use of inputs and outputs to receive data from the user or another system and then return results or feedback. Many programs rely on preconditions - rules or requirements that must be met before a function or procedure runs correctly - to prevent errors and ensure reliable behaviour . Caching is a technique where previously calculated or frequently accessed data is stored temporarily so it can be retrieved more quickly . This improves performance but can use extra memory and risks becoming outdated if the cached data no longer matches the current state . Reusable program components , such as functions , procedures and modules , are important because they reduce duplication , make programs easier to maintain , and allow well-tested code to be used across multiple solutions . YouTube video uploading soon Thinking Procedurally Pseudocode , program code and flowcharts are ways of representing a sequence of steps in an algorithm , showing clearly the order in which instructions should be carried out . Sub-procedures (such as functions and procedures ) are used in programs to break complex tasks into smaller , reusable parts , making the code easier to understand , test , maintain and debug . A structure diagram is a visual representation that shows how a program is broken down into its main components and sub-components , helping programmers plan the overall design and understand how different parts of the program fit together . YouTube video uploading soon Thinking Logically Decisions are needed in computer programs so that the software can choose different actions based on the data it receives or the situation it is in , rather than always following the same sequence of instructions. These decisions are controlled by logical conditions - statements that evaluate to true or false - which determine which path the program will take; for example, if score > 100 might trigger a bonus feature only when the condition is true . Because decisions allow the program to branch , they directly affect the flow of execution , enabling different outcomes , repeated actions or alternative processes depending on the conditions met . YouTube video uploading soon Thinking Concurrently Concurrency means designing a program so that multiple tasks can be processed at the same time , rather than strictly one after another. Programmers need to identify which parts of a program can safely run concurrently - for example, independent calculations or background tasks - and which parts must wait for others to finish because they rely on shared data or sequential results . Concurrent processing can bring benefits such as faster performance , better use of multicore processors and improved responsiveness , but it also introduces drawbacks, including increased complexity and the need for careful coordination to avoid errors when tasks depend on one another . YouTube video uploading soon This page is under active development. Check here for the latest progress update. Q uesto's K ey T erms Computational Thinking: abstraction, thinking abstractly, thinking ahead, precondition, caching, reusable components, thinking procedurally, thinking logically, concurrency, thinking concurrently D id Y ou K now? Building a Lego set is a great example of both abstraction and decompostition . For example, the Eiffel Tower Lego set is an abstracted version of it is real-life counterpart condensed into 10,001 pieces . There are over 75 numbered bags inside the box to follow instructions step-by-step to construct the 4'11" model . A-Level Topics 2.1 - Programming Techniques

Learn about the tools of an integrated development environment (IDE) including the editor, debugger, library, trace, memory inspector and error diagnostics. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 9.1: IDE Tools Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + An IDE (Integrated Development Environment ) provides programmers with the following facilities (tools ) to help create programs : Editor The editor is software that allows a programmer to enter and edit source code . Editor features may include: Automatic formatting (e.g. automatic indentation). Automatic line numbering (this helps to identify exactly where an error has occurred). Automatic colour coding (e.g. Python turns loop commands orange and print commands purple). Statement completion (e.g. offering to auto-complete a command as the user is typing.) Libraries A library is a collection of commonly used functions and subprograms that can be linked to a program . For example, Python can import functions from its code library including random or time commands). Libraries must be linked to the main program using a linker . Linker Links together pre-compiled code from software libraries . For example, the import random command in Python links to the random library. Loader Pre-compiled code is loaded into RAM to be executed. Code Optimisation The code is optimised so it is fast , efficient and uses as little of the computer's resources as possible. Debugger Identifies errors in the code with the exact line of the error to help fix the problem . Break point The programmer selects a specific line and the program is paused once it reaches it. Variable values at that point are shown . Variable Watch cost Displays the current value of a selected variable . A variable can be watched line-by-line to see how the value changes . Trace Memory Inspector Logs the values of variables and outputs of the program a s the code is executed line by line . Displays the contents of a section of memory and how it is being used by the program . Error Diagnostics Displays information about an error when it occurs, such as the line it occurred on and the error type (e.g. syntax or runtime). This helps the programmer to fix the error . Specific errors can be detected such as a syntax error . See 10.3 . Compilers & Interpreters Both tools convert the source code written by a programmer into machine code to be executed by the CPU. A compiler converts the entire source code into executable machine code at once . After compilation, the program can be run again without having to recompile each time. An interpreter converts source code into machine code line by line . An interpreter must reinterpret the code each time the program is required to run . See 10.1 for both tools. Subroutines & Functions A subroutine is a section of code that can be re-used several times in the same program. There are two types of subroutines: A procedure just executes commands , such as printing something a certain number of times. A function can receive data from the main program (called a parameter ) and return a value upon completion. Subroutines (procedures and functions) are designed to be repeated and have three key benefits: Subroutines make programs easier to read and design . They reduce the duplication of code . Makes it is easier to debug a program. Q uesto's Q uestions 9.1 - IDE Tools: 1. Describe the purpose of each type of IDE facility : a. Editor b. Interpreter c. Compiler d. Linker e. Loader f. Debugger g. Break point h. Variable Watch i. Trace j. Memory Inspector k. Error Diagnostics [ 2 each ] 8.5 - Validation & Verification Theory Topics 10.1 - Translators

Learn how to input numbers in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 2B - Inputting Numbers Inputting Whole Numbers in Python To enter whole numbers then you must use the int command. int stands for integer (a whole number ) and is typed before input – don’t forget the double brackets at the end . age = int ( input ( "How old are you? " )) print ( "Have you really lived for " , age , "years?" ) = How old are you? 99 Have you really lived for 99 years? Inputting Numbers Task 1 ( Zoo) Type an input line (with int ) to ask the user how many times they’ve been to the zoo . Print a reply that uses the zoo variable (their answer). Example solution: How many times have you been to the zoo? 3 You've been to the zoo 3 times? I love animals! Inputting Decimal Numbers in Python Using float instead of int allows a decimal number to be entered instead. Again, don’t forget the double brackets at the end . miles = float ( input ( "How far have you walked today? " )) print ( "You really walked for " , miles , "miles? Wow!" ) = How far have you walked today? 5.6 You really walked for 5.6 miles? Wow! Inputting Numbers Task 2 ( Height ) Type an input line (with float ) to ask the user their height in metres. Print a reply that uses the height variable (their answer). Example solution: What is your height in metres? 1.82 You are 1.82 metres tall? Wow! ⬅ 2a - Inputting Text Sect ion 2 Practice Tasks ➡

Learn about policies related to application development, including a user guide, acceptable use policy (AUP), backup, codes of practice, staying safe online and the use of information. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 5.3 - Policies Watch on YouTube : Policies You need to know the purpose , content and application of each policy to be considered when related to developing application platforms . What You Need to Know Policies ? YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's Q uestions 5.3 - Policies: 1. What? [2 ] 2. What? [1 ] 3. What? [1 ] 4. What? [1 ] ? D id Y ou K now? 5.2 - Application Installation Topic List 6.1 - Legal Considerations

Learn about the importance of testing applications, test plan structure, test types and test data. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 5.1 - Testing Watch on YouTube : Purpose of testing Test plan structure Test data Types of testing You need to know the purpose , importance , advantages and disadvantages of testing applications , as well as the impacts of not carrying out testing . You must understand the structure and contents of test plans and the importance of testing , remedial actions and retesting during application development. You need to know the role of each type of test data (normal , extreme and erroneous ). Finally, the purpose , advantages and disadvantages of each type of testing (technical and user ) must be known as well as when and how each type should take place . What You Need to Know Purpose of Testing ? YouTube video uploading soon Test Plan Structure ? YouTube video uploading soon Types of Test Data ? YouTube video uploading soon Types of Testing ? YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1 - Testing: 1. What? [2 ] 2. What? [1 ] 3. What? [1 ] 4. What? [1 ] ? D id Y ou K now? 4.1 - Security Considerations Topic List 5.2 - Application Installation

An overview of what desktop publishing (DTP) is, considerations designer must take and common forms such as posters, leaflets and business cards. Desktop Publishing (DTP) What is DTP? Desktop Publishing (DTP) software allows people to create documents with a mixture of graphics and text . Examples of desktop publishing software are Microsoft Publisher and Serif PagePlus . Desktop publishers can be used to produce documents such as business cards, leaflets, brochures, newspapers, magazines and newsletters . DTP software can be cheap and printers at home are more common these days so people can design and print their own documents. Professional-looking documents can be made simply and without an extensive knowledge of graphic design. The biggest advantage of using DTP is that it is frame based . Text and picture frames can be laid out on the page, and rotated, moved or resized as necessary. It is easy to import images from clip art or the web. The view of the page is known as WYSIWYG (W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G et) because the view on the computer will be very similar to what you get when it is printed. What to consider when using DTP Orientation Will your document be landscape or portrait ? Some document types are more commonly one orientation than the other. For example, business cards are generally landscape but newsletters are more often portrait. Size The size of a typical piece of paper is A4. But that is too large for most DTP documents. The larger the number, the smaller the piece of paper . A5 is half the size of A4 and A3 is twice the size of A4. Documents can also be measured in millimetres, for example, an appropriate business card size is 85mm wide and 55mm high. House Style A house style is a set of rules to ensure that each document made by a person or company is part of an identity . To be consistent , each document should use the same logo, titles, colours, graphics and layout . For example, the NHS always uses a blue colour, the same logo and similar layout on each of its documents. Some companies have perfected their house style so that they are synonymous with a single colour - e.g. McDonald's use yellow and Coca-Cola use red and white . DTP Documents Business Cards A business card is a small piece of card that must be simple and stylish . The purpose of a business card is to clearly state the contact details of a person or company. Sharing your business card with other people is one way to promote your business or skills to attract new business partners or customers. A business card must be uncluttered and clearly display relevant contact information, such as an email address, phone number or physical address. Today, business cards may also state social media contacts, such as Facebook pages or Twitter accounts. Flyers A flyer is a small handout that advertises an event or new product. The purpose of a flyer is to clearly and quickly promote an event . It must be eye-catching and to-the-point so that people can immediately understand what it is about. Flyers are often handed out in the street or posted through letterboxes so if it is not clear people will just ignore it. A flyer should use a large title to promote the event, as well as appropriate graphics and information about the date, location and time. It should also contain contact details including a telephone number, website and email address. Posters A poster is a large piece of paper that is put up to advertise an event and display more information than a flyer . Posters should promote an event by using large titles and graphics to clearly describe where the event is taking place, when it is and why people should go. Because there is much more space on a poster than a flyer, additional information can be added and some kind of persuasion to entice passers by to attend. Leaflets A leaflet is a small folded handout that provides more information about an event or new product. The purpose of a leaflet is to give additional details about an event . It can be used before an event to describe the different parts, such as the different acts in a circus or different bands at a festival. It can also be used during an event, such as at a school fair to list the different stalls. Because it is folded over it can display a large amount of information, with both text and graphics . The front of the leaflet should clearly display the purpose of it and the text inside must be readable with images to break up the words. There may also be contact information inside the leaflet, such as directions to a website or social media page .

Learn about the purpose, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, examples and client requirements of application software types, including off-the-shelf, custom off-the-shelf and bespoke software. Resources based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 1.3.3 - Application Software Types Watch on YouTube : Off-the-Shelf Software Custom Off-the-Shelf Software Bespoke Software There are three application software types you need to know : Off-the-shelf software Custom off-the-shelf software Bespoke software For each software type , you need to know : Its purpose and common characteristics . The advantages and disadvantages of using the software. How client requirements affect the selection of that software. Application Software Types Off-the-Shelf Software Off-the-shelf software is pre-made and available for anyone to buy and use . It is designed for general users and common tasks . It is pre-developed and ready-made with standard features for a wide audience , not custom-built for a specific user. Its purpose is to provide a cost-effective , quick-to-deploy solution for popular applications . Custom Off-the-Shelf Software Custom off-the-shelf software is pre-built like regular off-the-shelf software , but can be slightly customised to meet specific user needs . It offers a balance between quick setup and limited personalisation . It supports configurable features such as add-ons , plugins or modules to extend or adapt functionality while the base software remains maintained and updated by the original developer . Bespoke Software Bespoke software is designed and built specifically for one organisation or user . It fits their exact needs but usually costs more and takes longer to develop . An example is a bespoke system developed for a specific bank with custom software to handle financial regulations , unique products and security needs . Other examples include government systems , hospital patient management and air traffic control . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3.3 - Application Software Types: 1. Explain the differences in purpose and characteristics between off-the-shelf and custom off-the-shelf software. [4 ] 2. A dental surgery needs new software to manage its customer bookings . Justify which application software type they should use and why . [4 ] 3. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of the three application software types on this page. [ 12 ] Off-the-shelf software gets its name from the days when software like Microsoft Word was sold on physical discs in shops , for customers to take off the shelf and install at home . D id Y ou K now? 1.3.2 - Software Categories Topic List 2.1 - Software Development Models

Learn about the purpose, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, examples and client requirements of application software categories including open, closed, shareware, freeware and embedded software. Resources based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 1.3.2 - Application Software Categories Watch on YouTube : Open Software Closed Software Shareware Freeware Embedded Software There are five application software categories you need to know : Open Closed Shareware Freeware Embedded For each software category you need to know : Its purpose and common characteristics . The types of devices the software may be used on. The advantages and disadvantages of using the software. How client requirements affect the selection of that software. Application Categories Open Software Closed Software Open (usually known as open-source ) software is developed to be freely accessible and allow users to view , modify and distribute the source code . Its purpose is to promote collaboration and customisation when developing software . Closed (or closed-source or proprietary ) software is developed and distributed by a company or individual who owns the source code . The purpose is to maintain control , generate profit and ensure a consistent user experience . Shareware Shareware is closed software that is distributed for free on a trial basis , often with limited features or time restrictions . The purpose is to let users try before they buy , encouraging them to later purchase the full version . Freeware Freeware is closed software that is completely free to use , usually without restrictions like time limits or limited features , but still owned by a developer or company . The purpose is to provide software for free while retaining control over its code and distribution . Embedded Software Embedded software is designed to run on specific hardware and perform dedicated tasks . It is usually built into devices that are not traditional computers (like washing machines or microwaves ), allowing those devices to function efficiently and potentially automatically . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3.2 - Application Software Categories: 1. Summarise the five categories of application software in two sentences each . [5 ] 2. An independent video game company has made a short game with just three levels. Justify which application software category they should use and why . [4 ] 3. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using embedded software . [ 4 ] WinRAR is a shareware compression tool with a 40-day free trial , but it never actually locks users out. Since 1995 , WinRAR has been downloaded an estimated 500 million times . D id Y ou K now? 1.3.1 - Application Types Topic List 1.3.3 - Application Software Types

Learn about sorting algorithms - merge and bubble sort - and searching algorithms - linear and bubble search. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 8.4: Sorting & Searching Algorithms Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + Merge Sort Merge sort is a sorting algorithm based on the idea of ‘divide and conquer ’. A merge sort divides a list into half , again and again until each data item is separate . Then the items are combined in the same way as they were divided , but now in the correct order . When the individual lists are all merged together as one list again, then the data is in order and the algorithm will end . Bubble Sort This algorithm is based on the comparison of adjacent data elements . Data elements are swapped if they are not in the correct order . A bubble sort is not suitable for large sets of data. Linear Search A linear search is the most simple search algorithm. Each data item is searched in order from the first value to the last as if they were all laid out in a line . The list does not have to be in any order before it is searched . This search is also known as a sequential search because the list is searched in a sequence from start to end. For large lists , this search is not very efficient . Binary Search A binary search is a much more efficient searching algorithm as it generally searches through fewer data and is often much quicker - especially for large data sets. In a binary search, the middle point of the data is selected with each iteration and many data items can be ignored. However, the list of data must already be sorted in order before a binary search can take place. Q uesto's Q uestions 8.3 - Searching & Sorting Algorithms: Linear Search Explain step-by-step how the number 8 would be found in the following list using a linear search : 12, 5, 3, 2, 8, 19, 14, 6 [4 ] Binary Search Explain step-by-step how the number 2 would be found in the following list using a binary search : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 [6 ] Merge Sort Explain step-by-step how a merge sort would sort the following list of numbers: 4, 8, 5, 1, 3, 6, 7, 2 [6 ] Bubble Sort Explain step-by-step how a bubble sort would sort the following list of numbers: 3, 2, 6, 4, 1, 4 [6 ] Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube 8.3 - Writing Algorithms Theory Topics 8.5 - Validation & Verification