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Learn about key computing laws including the Data Protection Act (2018) (GDPR), Computer Misuse Act (1990), Copyright Designs and Patents Act (1988), Creative Commons and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 11.2: Legislation Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 Data Protection Act (2018) In 2018 the European Union introduced GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation ) to protect the privacy of data for people in the EU. The UK matched this by updating the Data Protection Act introduced in 1998 to become the Data Protection Act (2018) . This act protects the data of individuals that is stored on computers and processed by organisations. How the Data Protection Act works: Each person who has their data stored is known as a data subject . An employee within an organisation must be appointed as a data controller and it is they who are responsible for registering with the Information Commissioner . The Information Commissioner is the person in the UK who is responsible for managing several laws , most significantly the Data Protection Act. When registering with the Information Commissioner, the organisation's data controller must be clear on exactly: What information they are collecting, Why it is being collected, What the data will be used for . The six principles of the Data Protection Act state that data must be: 1. Collected lawfully and processed fairly. 2. Only used for the reasons specified. 3. Data must be relevant and not excessive. 4. Data must be accurate and up-to-date. 5. Data must not be stored for longer than necessary, 6. Data must be stored and processed securely. Computer Misuse Act (1990) This act was introduced as computers became cheaper and more common at home and work . The act attempts to stop and punish those who use computers inappropriately . Breaking any of the three principles could result in fines and a jail sentence but only if it can be proved it was done on purpose and not by accident. The Computer Misuse Act (1990 ) includes three main principles : 1. No unauthorised access to data. Example: Hacking a computer system. 2. No unauthorised access to data that could be used for further illegal activities. Example: Accessing personal data to use as blackmail or identity theft. 3. No unauthorised modification of data. Example: Spreading a virus to change data. Freedom of Information Act (2000) This act allows people to request public authorities to release information . Public authorities include local councils , government departments , universities and hospitals . A freedom of information request must be formally submitted in a letter or email and a reply from the organisation is required within twenty days of receiving the request. A simple freedom of information request might be the average response times of the local ambulance service in the past year. Certain requests will not be accepted , such as if processing the request would be too expensive or if it involves sensitive information protected by the Data Protection Act (2018 ). Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (2000) This act (often shortened to RIPA ) was introduced in response to the increase in both criminal and terrorist activities on the internet, it is used to monitor and access online communication of suspected criminals . If criminal activity is suspected by an individual then this act grants the following powers : Internet Service Providers (ISPs) must provide access to the suspect's online communication , such as emails or social media. Locked or encrypted data may be accessed such as online messages. ISPs could install surveillance equipment or software to track the suspect's online activity . Surveillance may take place to physically track the suspect , e.g. in private vans or by undercover officers in public spaces. Access must be granted to personal information . This act became controversial as its use widened and local councils were using it for minor offences - a Scottish council used the act to monitor dog barking and a council in Cumbria gathered video evidence about who was feeding pigeons . The act has since been changed to only allow the surveillance of crime suspects . Copyright, Designs & Patents Act (1988) This act makes it a criminal offence to copy work that is not your own without the permission of the creator or the copyright holder. This can refer to text, images, music, videos or software. Owning the copyright of an image might not prevent others from copying and using it but this act means that the owner can bring legal proceedings in court to those who have stolen their work . However, it is difficult to trace who has stolen work once it has been uploaded to the internet and copies can easily spread, especially television shows and movies. This act specifically prohibits the following actions: Making copies of copyrighted material to sell to others . Importing and downloading illegally copied material (except for personal use). Distributing enough copyrighted material to have a noticeable effect on the copyright holder . Possessing equipment used to copy copyrighted material , as part of a business. Creative Commons (CC) Licensing A CC licence allows people to share their copyrighted work while still retaining rights to the material . There are different types of licence that specify exactly what can and can't be done to the copyrighted material. For example: An attribution licence allows copyrighted material to be edited and distributed but the original owner must be credited . A non-commercial licence allows copyrighted material to be shared and edited but no profit must be gained through its distribution. CC licences are not automatically given , they must be granted by the copyright owner . To ensure you are not illegally using copyrighted work change the Tools and Licence setting when using Google Images to filter work with CC licenses applied . Telecommunications Regulation Act (2000) This act allows organisations to lawfully monitor communications made online and on the phone by employees while at work . All users of the network should be aware that their communication is being monitored when they are using emails , the internet or telephone calls . The act was introduced to ensure that employees are using the computer systems for the correct purpose , to prevent illegal activity and to monitor staff performance . Codes of Conduct One way that organisations try to ensure that staff are held to professional standards and display appropriate behaviour is to create a code of conduct . This is a set of rules or requirements that employees must follow or they may be punished, such as a temporary ban from the network or being fired. There are two types of codes of conduct: Formal codes of conduct are a set of written rules that clearly state expected behaviour , such as what employees can access online at work . Schools may have this too, and you might have to sign a document at the start of the year before you can use the computers. Informal codes of conduct are used by small organisations where there might not be a written set of rules , but newer employees follow the habits and expectations of senior members of staff. This is harder to monitor but provides a more relaxed working environment. Q uesto's Q uestions 11.2 - Legislation: 1a. State the 6 principles of the Data Protection Act (2018) . [ 6 ] 1b. Explain how the Data Protection Act works . In your answer, you should include definitions of a data subject , the data controller and the Data Commissioner . [ 6 ] 2. Describe the 4 principles of the Computer Misuse Act (1990) . [3 ] 3. Describe the purpose of the Freedom of Information Act (1990) and state an example of a freedom request . [ 3 ] 4a. What is the purpose of RIPA (2000) ? [ 2 ] 4b. Describe 3 actions that RIPA (2000) allows the government / police to do . [ 3 ] 5a. What is the purpose of the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act (1988) ? [ 2 ] 5b. Describe 3 actions that CDPA (1988) prohibits . [ 3 ] 6a. What is a Creative Commons ( CC ) licence ? [ 2 ] 6b. Describe 2 types of CC licence . [ 4 ] 7a. What is the purpose of the Telecommunications Regulation Act (2003) ? [ 2 ] 7b. Describe 3 reasons why this act was introduced . [ 3 ] 8a. What is the purpose of a code of conduct ? [ 2 ] 8b. Describe the difference between formal and informal codes of conduct . [ 2 ] 11.1 - Impacts of Technology Theory Topics

Learn about different methods of wired and wireless connection methods including Bluetooth, satellite and microwave. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 1.4 - Connectivity Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 For computers to communicate with other devices and share data a form of connection is required. Wired Connections Copper Cables Copper cables are a cheaper type of wired internet connection that may be poorly insulated and therefore susceptible to electromagnetic interference . Copper cables are more likely to suffer from attenuation (network distortion ). However, they are malleable (easier to bend) and less likely to break than other cables such as fibre optic. They have a lower bandwidth - cannot transmit as much data at once - than fibre optic cables. Fibre Optic Cables Fibre optic cables are a very fast but expensive type of wired internet connection. Signals are transmitted as waves of light through a glass rod . Because of this fibre optic cables are not affected by electromagnetic interference and suffer less from attenuation . Fibre optic cables have a higher bandwidth - they can transfer more data at one time over a long distance than copper cables but they are more fragile . Wireless Connections Bluetooth Bluetooth is a temporary short-range communication between two 'paired ' devices within a limit of about 10 metres . The required close proximity is a disadvantage , however a plus is that no other hardware is required for a connection. An example is the pairing of headphones to a smartphone to listen to music. Infrared Infrared networks have largely been replaced by Bluetooth or WiFi connections because infrared networks require devices to be in direct line of sight . Infrared is still used by some devices, such as remote controls , to transmit signals to a TV, but it only works across short distances . Microwave Microwave connections use radio waves to send signals across a large area via microwave towers . It can transmit a large amount of data but antennas must be in the line of sight of each other with no obstructions . Microwave connections are affected by bad weather , leading to higher chances of attenuation (network distortion ). Laser Satellite GSM / 5G Although not common, laser connections can send data between devices that are in the line of sight of each other as long as there are no barriers . Laser connections can transmit data up to 2km but bad weather severely affects the transmission rate. Laser connections can be used in space as there are fewer barriers between the satellites. Satellite networks use point-to-multipoint communication by using satellites above the Earth's atmosphere that receive a transmission and rebroadcast them back to Earth. Because of the distance between the communication device and the satellite (roughly 35,000km), there is a delay between data transmission and it being received. See 3.4 for more information on satellite networks . GSM (Global System for Mobile communications ) is a technology for allowing mobile phones to connect to a network for calls and text messages. Advances in mobile technology are classified by generations such as 4G and 5G (the current generation). Each generation is generally faster, more secure and allows for new opportunities. See 3.4 for more information on cellular networks . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.4 - Connection Methods: 1. Compare the differences between copper and fibre optic cables (possibly in a table) by the following features: a. Price b. Bandwidth c. Inteference d. Attenuation e. Malleability / Fragility [2 each ] 2. Describe each of the different types of wireless connection . Try to list 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using each type. a. Bluetooth b. Infrared c. Microwave d. Laser e. Satellite f. GSM / 5G [5 each ] 1.3 - Computer System Types Topic List 1.5 - Communication Hardware

Learn about 7 key threats to avoid on the internet, including virus, worm, trojan interception, social engineering and eavesdropping. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 5.3 - Threats Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What are the 7 threats to computer systems? Phishing Misleading individuals or organisations into giving up sensitive information (such as passwords or bank details), often through the use of emails . Hacking Exploiting weaknesses in a system or network to create, view, modify or delete files without permission. Similar to data theft - illegally removing copies of personal or company data from computer systems. :( Trojan Appears to be a useful or well-known program but when downloaded and installed it secretly gives the attacker a ' backdoor ' to your system. Through this backdoor the attacker can access data without the user knowing. Football 2020 FREE Interception Data packets on a network are intercepted by a third party (e.g. hacker) and copied, edited or transferred to a different location than the intended destination. Eavesdropping Intercepting , in real-time , private communication traffic such as instant messages or video calls . Social Engineering Tricking individuals into giving sensitive information , e.g. by claiming to be from the IT department and asking for their password and username to check for viruses. Virus A virus can replicate itself and spread from system to system by attaching itself to infected files that are then downloaded and opened. Once activated, a virus can modify data or corrupt a system so that it stops working. Q uesto's Q uestions 5.3 - Threats: 1. An IT company is making an information booklet about the different types of online threats . Describe each type of threat: a. Phishing b. Hacking / Data Theft c. Trojan d. Interception e. Eavesdropping f. Social Engineering g. Virus [2 each ] 5.2 - Operational Issues Topic List 5.4 - Physical Security

Learn about computational methods including problem recognition, decomposition, divide and conquer, abstraction, backtracking, data mining, heuristics, performance modelling, pipelining and visualisation. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level Specification: Computer Science H446 2.2 - Computational Methods Watch on YouTube : Problem recognition Decomposition Divide and conquer Abstraction Backtracking Data mining Heuristics Performance modelling Pipelining Visualisation Computational methods are techniques to analyse problems and design efficient , effective solutions . Problem Recognition Problem recognition is the process of identifying that a problem exists and understanding its nature before attempting to solve it. It involves determining the aims of the task , identifying constraints and requirements , and clarifying what inputs , outputs and processes are expected from the solution . Effective problem recognition ensures the developer understands the real-world context and avoids solving the wrong problem or missing key details . It is the essential first step that guides all later stages of computational thinking and system design . YouTube video uploading soon Decomposition Decomposition involves breaking a complex system or task into smaller , more manageable components that are easier to design , implement and test . Each sub-problem should ideally be independent and solve a specific part of the overall task , which helps reduce complexity and supports modular program design . This approach enables different developers to work on different components simultaneously and simplifies debugging , maintenance and future updates . By working through smaller logical parts , the full problem becomes far more approachable and structured . YouTube video uploading soon Divide and Conquer Divide and conquer is a technique that splits a problem into smaller sub-problems of the same type , solves them (often using recursion ), and then combines the solutions to produce the final answer . This approach can significantly improve efficiency by reducing large input sizes into more manageable chunks , as seen in algorithms like quicksort . Divide and conquer algorithms include a binary search and a merge sort . The time complexity of divide and conquer algorithms is logarithmic - O(log n) - allowing complex problems to be solved much quicker than other algorithms . YouTube video uploading soon Abstraction Abstraction means removing unnecessary details to focus only on the most important features of a problem or system . It allows programmers to create simplified models that capture essential behaviour without becoming overwhelmed by irrelevant complexities . Abstraction enables generalisation , reusable designs and clearer reasoning about how components interact . In computational contexts, abstraction also highlights the difference between real-world systems and their simplified computational models . YouTube video uploading soon Backtracking Backtracking is used to explore possible solutions to a problem by building a partial solution and abandoning it as soon as it becomes clear it cannot succeed . It works by trying an option , checking whether it leads towards a valid solution , and backtracking to try a different path if a dead end is reached . This approach is used in constraint-based problems such as maze solving . While powerful , backtracking can be computationally expensive , so it often benefits from heuristics or pruning strategies . YouTube video uploading soon Data Mining Data mining is the process of extracting useful patterns , trends and relationships from large datasets . It enables organisations to identify hidden insights , predict behaviours and support data-driven decision-making , particularly in fields such as marketing , healthcare , finance and security . Data mining can lead to enhanced decision-making that can result in innovation , a competitive advantage against similar organisations and increased revenue . It can be used to identify anomalies or unused features . However, data mining doesn't explain the patterns it can identify and it requires powerful computers with a lot of processing power to handle huge amounts of data . YouTube video uploading soon Heuristics Heuristics are approximate problem-solving strategies that aim to produce good solutions quickly when exact , optimal methods are too slow or computationally impractical . They rely on rules of thumb to guide searches through very large solution spaces efficiently . Heuristics are widely used in artificial intelligence , optimisation tasks and complex search algorithms such as A* , where perfect accuracy is less important than fast , practical solutions . The trade-off is that heuristic methods are not guaranteed to produce the optimal answer , but they dramatically reduce processing time . YouTube video uploading soon Performance Modelling Performance modelling is the process of predicting how a system or algorithm will behave under different workloads , input sizes or hardware environments . It uses tools such as mathematical analysis , simulation and Big O notation to estimate required resources such as processing time or memory use . Performance modelling offers a cheaper , quicker and often safer way to test applications . For example, when a company beta tests an online game , it can trial the system with a smaller group of players and then apply performance modelling to predict how much server capacity will be needed when the game is fully released . YouTube video uploading soon Pipelining Pipelining is a technique in which different stages of a process are overlapped so that multiple instructions or operations are being processed simultaneously at different stages . In CPU architecture , for example, one instruction might be fetched while another is decoded and a third is executed , increasing overall throughput without increasing clock speed . Pipelining can also be used in algorithms or data-processing systems to prevent idle time in stages that operate independently . However, pipelining introduces complexity because dependencies or branch mispredictions may require a pipeline to be flushed - interrupting flow and reducing efficiency . YouTube video uploading soon Visualisation Visualisation supports the understanding of a problem by presenting information in a clearer and more accessible form than text alone . It is useful for explaining complex ideas or identifying patterns . Data can be shown visually through diagrams , graphs , trees , flowcharts or tables . The advantages of visualisation include helping to model , represent , analyse or summarise complex concepts . It allows information to be communicated more clearly and in a way that is easier to interpret . It can also provide different perspectives on how a problem might be solved . YouTube video uploading soon This page is under active development. Check here for the latest progress update. Q uesto's K ey T erms Computational Methods: problem recognition, decomposition, divide and conquer, abstraction, backtracking, data mining, heuristics, performance modelling, pipelining, visualisation D id Y ou K now? Real-time location services like Google Maps use heuristics to guess travel times using heuristics such as estimated speeds , traffic history and shortcuts to make fast but approximate route suggestions . 2.1 - Programming Techniques A-Level Topics 3.1a-d - Algorithm Complexity

Learn how to create and use functions in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 7b - Functions What is a Function? A function is a subroutine that takes one or more values from the main program and returns a value back. For example, transferring over a sphere’s radius from the main program for the function to calculate a surface area and then return that value to the main program. The two key differences between procedures and functions are: A function uses parameters to transfer data from the main program into the function. A function returns a value to the main program. Writing Functions A function is written the same way as a procedure but it uses parameters . In the example below the parameters are num1 and num2 which are sent from the main program to be used in the function . The return command is used to send a value back to the main program . Below is another example of a function that takes the radius of a sphere and works out the area in a separate function . The area is returned to the main program and printed. Subroutines can be reused and called with different parameters . The program below repeatedly takes an integer input and adds it to a total in a function that is then returned and printed. Practice Task Create a program similar to the sphere example above, this time to work out the volume of a cylinder. In the main program ask the user to enter the cylinder's radius and then its height. The actual calculation should be done in a function and returned to the main program. The calculation for a cylinder's volume is: pi x (radius x radius) x height Extension: Use the round command from section 9b to round the number to 2 decimal places. Example solution: Using Subroutines as a Menu Subroutines are often used to split programs up and give users a selection of options . Subroutines are used for this purpose because they are separate , making it easier to code and manage a program . The example below for a simplified online banking system uses separate subroutines accessible within a while true loop . Depending on the option chosen by the user, the appropriate subroutine will be called . Instead of a further practice task here, Task 4 of the Section 7 Practice tasks page challenges you to make a similar program using multiple subroutines. ⬅ 7a - Proced ures Section 7 Practice Tasks ➡

Learn about software development methodologies such as the waterfall lifecycle, agile methodologies, extreme programming, the spiral model and rapid application development (RAD). Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level 2.3 - Software Development Specification: Computer Science H446 Watch on YouTube : Waterfall Lifecycle Extreme Programming Spiral Model Rapid Application Development Software development models are step-by-step methods for creating and maintaining software . They are used to keep projects organised , reduce mistakes and make sure the finished program meets the user’s needs . Different models suit different types of projects . Waterfall Lifecycle The waterfall model is a linear and structured approach where each phase is completed one at a time in order . It needs all requirements to be clearly defined at the start , with little to no changes allowed once a phase is finished . This model is best suited for projects with fixed requirements and minimal risk of change . Extreme Programming Extreme Programming ( XP ) is a type of agile methodology that uses an iterative and flexible approach, progressing in small , usable chunks called iterations (or sprints ). It relies on frequent collaboration with stakeholders and user feedback to adapt to changing requirements . This model is ideal for dynamic projects where quick delivery and frequent updates are important. Spiral Model The spiral model combines iterative development and risk management , progressing through repeated cycles of planning , risk assessment , engineering ( development and testing ) and evaluation . Each loop focuses on identifying and addressing risks early in the project. It is ideal for complex and high-risk projects where requirements may change over time . Rapid Application Development The rapid application development ( RAD ) model focuses on quickly building software through iterative development and frequent user feedback . It uses reusable components , time-boxing and constant feedback to speed up the delivery of an effective final product . RAD is best suited for projects that need to be completed quickly and where requirements can evolve during development . Q uesto's K ey T erms Software Development: waterfall lifecycle, agile methodology, extreme programming (XP), spiral model, rapid application development (RAD) D id Y ou K now? Agile development is named after the ' Agile Manifesto ' - a set of principles for software development agreed by a group of developers at a ski resort in Utah , USA in 2001 . 2.2 - Applications Generation A-Level Topics 2.4 - Programming Languages

Learn about the five data types - character, string, integer, real and Boolean. Also learn about casting. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 2.2: Data Types Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Data Types What are the different data types? When programming, variables should be given appropriate data types . Character A single character , such as a letter, number or punctuation symbol. Examples: T 8 ? String A sequence of characters , including letters, numbers and punctuation. Examples: Harry Waters 14:50pm Ice Age 4 Integer A whole number . Examples: 475 -8432 56732 Real Boolean A decimal number . Examples: 65.3 -321.1234 909.135 An answer that only has two possible values . Examples: True / False Yes / No 0 / 1 Telephone numbers are always stored as a string , not an integer. Casting Converting the value of a variable from one data type into another is known as casting . Python automatically assumes an input is a string so the int() command is used to cast an input into an integer . Other Python commands for casting include str() and float() . For example: age = int(input("Enter your age: ")) Q uesto's Q uestions 2.2 - Data Types: 1. List the five data types , giving an example of each . [ 5 ] 2. State which data type is most suitable for the following variables: a. Age [ 1 ] b. Surname [ 1 ] c. Height (in metres) [ 1 ] d. First Initial [ 1 ] e. Phone number [ 1 ] f. Right-Handed? [ 1 ] 3. Explain what casting is and give a programming situation in which it would be used . [ 2 ] 2.1 - Programming Fundamentals Theory Topics 2.3 - Additional Techniques

Learn about the different methods of communication using physical and digital ways of transferring data. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 2.5 & 4.2: Communication Methods Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Sections 2.5 and 4.2 are very similar so both are mixed within this page. There are many ways that employees of a business can communicate between staff members or with their customers . Text-based Communication Letter ✓ It is a traditional method of communication that can be used for formal occasions such as job offers or resignations . ✓ It can be kept and stored for physical evidence - e.g. keeping an applicant's CV in case an opportunity arises in the future. X Requires postage costs to be sent in the mail (a first-class stamp is now £1.65 ). Overseas delivery is even more expensive . X Takes several days time to be received in the post and may be lost . X A letter can't include certain formats like video. Text Message (SMS) ✓ Can reach a large audience at once with one batch message . ✓ Good for short messages - e.g. appointment reminders or confirmation codes for two-factor authentication . ✓ Doesn't require an internet connection to receive messages. X Limited to short messages (160 characters ) with no multimedia . X Text messages can cost to send each message. SMS stands for Short Message Service . Email ✓ Easily send information to many people at once, instantly . ✓ Can include documents , multimedia attachments and links . ✓ Can send targeted emails to customers on a mailing list with new products or sales promotions . X Important messages may be lost in the spam folder. X Phishing scams can spread malware via email attachments. Instant Messaging ✓ Works in real-time - messages are sent and received instantly . ✓ Attachments and hyperlinks can be sent. ✓ Can be used by support staff to help customers in real-time. X Quick speed means it's less suitable for formal conversations like interviews. X Internet access issues will disrupt any conversations . Voice-based Communication Cellular ✓ Can hear how something is said , unlike text responses. ✓ Fastest method of communication - also allows reactive conversations that can quickly change based on previous responses. X Impacted by cellular reception - won't work in remote areas / underground. X Can't see the other person's body language, presentation or facial expressions. Teleconferences ✓ Allows for groups of people to communicate at once . ✓ Businesses can use teleconferencing to communicate between offices / individuals across the world . X The quality of the call may be affected by a group's poor reception . X Because a group is communicating, people may speak over each other , especially if there is a time delay . VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) ✓ Allows a user to make calls over the internet (e.g. using WhatsApp). ✓ Cheaper (can also be free) to make calls rather than using a cellular network . X Relies on a good-quality internet connection . X Can potentially be less secure than cellular connections. hi there Personal Assistants ✓ Speeds up processes by making appointments, checking information or connecting to smart devices. ✓ Voice-activated - can be used whilst otherwise busy , such as typing, cooking or driving. ✓ The language can be changed to suit people's preferences. X Huge privacy concerns as companies store audio data for voice recognition and track all commands made to the device. X There may be recognition issues as sometimes the assistant doesn't understand a command . Online Communication Video Conferences ✓ Users can connect to the call (e.g. using Zoom, Skype, or Google Meet) remotely , saving time and money instead of all travelling to one location. ✓ Can be used for interviews as it allows the applicant and the interviewers to see each other and look for body language . ✓ Users can share information visually , such as designs. X A high-bandwidth connection is required to send and receive video data reliably . X A poor internet connection (e.g. a weak WiFi signal ) will result in low-quality video that may stutter or drop out , making it hard to communicate clearly . Social Media ✓ Businesses can quickly share information with a large online audience , including new potential customers . ✓ Posts can be in d i fferent formats such as text, images, videos or links to other websites. ✓ Direct messages sent on social media may be seen and responded to faster than alternatives like using email if push notifications are enabled on a phone. ✓ Some social media sites like Facebook allow for private , invite-only groups to communicate with like-minded users in a secure way. X Businesses must be cautious about what they post so as not to accidentally offend others and damage their reputation . X Social media posts and customer comments must be carefully managed , so a social media manager should be hired. Blog / Vlog ✓ Share information with followers in text , images and video formats . ✓ Blogs and vlogs can unite people with similar interests , such as a cookery blog or travel vlog. ✓ Companies can use a blog to promote new products and provide details of upcoming events to try and attract new customers . X Takes a lot of effort and time to create posts, especially editing videos for vlogs. X Bad behaviour or language in vlogs can bring punishment. Several YouTubers have lost their reputations following videos they have posted. Q uesto's Q uestions 2.5 & 4.2 - Communication Methods: 1. Describe three advantages and three disadvantages for each type of communication method . You will need to think of or research some more than the examples listed on this page. a. Letter b. SMS (Text Message) c. Email d. Instant Message e. Cellular Call f. Teleconference g. VoIP Call h. Personal Assistant i. Video Conference j. Social Media k. Blog / Vlog [6 each ] 2. Explain what VoIP stands for and what it allows a user to do. [ 2 ] 3. Describe which communication method would be most appropriate for the following scenarios and why : a. Informing your boss you are going to resign. b. Communicating with management about raising your pay. c. Chatting to team members about when the Christmas party is. d. Sending promotions to thousands of customers. e. Interviewing a potential new employee who is in a different country. f. Talking with a group of investors about the company's latest data. [2 each ] 2.6 - Software Troubleshooting 2.4 Operating Systems 4.1 Communication Skills 4.3 - Personal Attributes Topic List

Learn how to link to other websites by using the anchor tag. 4. Hyperlinks HTML Guide Watch on YouTube: A hyperlink is a link to another web page . In this section, you will link your page to a real website, like Wikipedia. Hyperlinks require the anchor tags and Copy a URL Firstly you need to copy the full web address of the web page that you would like to link your page to. Choose an appropriate web page that relates to your chosen topic. Create the Anchor Tag 4. Close the start of the tag . 1. Open the start of the tag . 2. Type href (stands for hypertext reference ). 3. Paste the URL inside speech marks . 5. Type the text you want the user to click on . 6. Time to close the tag . When you save your webpage and run it in a browser you will be able to click highlighted text to open the website you have chosen. Add at least three different hyperlinks to your webpage. Try to add the 2nd & 3rd links without looking at this page - practise makes perfect. Add a Hyperlink within a Sentence You can also create an anchor tag within a sentence. Hyperlinks are important to link webpages together. Next is time for adding pictures! Either change one of your previous hyperlinks to be in the middle of a sentence or create a new one. 3. Text Tags HTML Guide 5. Images

Test your ability to create a more complex program in Python based on a given scenario. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Extended Task 3 Hi, Susanna here, I want to make a blackjack-like program that I can play for fun at home in between revising for Computer Science. The aim of my blackjack game is to get as close to 21 as possible with the most number of cards, without going over. So... The user can choose whether to be hit with a new card (a number between 1 and 8) or fold and stop. Each number they are dealt adds up to their total . If the total goes over 21, then they lose . If they bust (when over 21) or folded then their final number and their number of cards is displayed . Blackjack For this task, you will need to create a document and include the following sections (with screenshots where appropriate): An introduction to explain the Purpose of your program . A List of Requirements for a successful program. Screenshots of your code (with comments in your code to show understanding). Testing – Create a plan to show how you will test your program and then explanations of any errors that you found and how they were fixed . An Evaluation of what worked, what didn’t, and how you met each of your requirements from your original list. Also, discuss further improvements that you could have made to improve your program. Example solution: Helpful reminders for this task: Think about the type of loop that you need. Will you need more than one loop? What variables will you need? Remember to use an input . What will you ask the user? How will you use their response? Remember to use ‘import random’ and randint to create a random number . What outputs do you need and when? What should you display… After each hand? At the beginning? At the end? ⬅ Extended Task 2 (Lottery) Extended Task 4 (Vet Surgery) ➡

Learn about how to perform binary addition and binary shifts. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 2.4b: Binary Addition & Shifts Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Binary Addition Overflow Errors Binary Shifts Issues with Shifts Binary Addition Binary addition is a method of adding binary values without having to convert them into denary. How to add binary numbers: What is an overflow error? An overflow error occurs when a binary value is too large to be stored in the bits available . With a byte (8 bits ) the largest number that can be held is 255 . Therefore any sum of two binary numbers that is greater than 255 will result in an overflow error as it is too large to be held in 8 bits . What is binary shift? Binary shift is used to multiply and divide binary numbers . The effect of shifting left is to multiply a binary number. The effect is doubled by each place that is shifted . x The effect of shifting right is to divide a binary number. ÷ Shifting by 1 has an effect of 2 . Shifting by 2 has an effect of 4 . Shifting by 3 has an effect of 8 . For example, shifting left by 2 places has an effect of multiplying by 4 . Another example: Shifting right by 3 places has an effect of diving by 8 . How to shift a binary number: Binary Shifts Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Q uesto's Q uestions Binary Addition: 1. Explain what an overflow error is. [ 2 ] 2. Add together the following binary values. If an overflow error occurs you must state one has occurred. a. 010110012 and 010001012 [2 ] b. 110110112 and 010111012 [2 ] c. 001101102 and 011010112 [2 ] d. 110110112 and 010101112 [2 ] e. 011011012 and 110101102 [2 ] Binary Shifts: 1a. Draw a diagram to show the effect of multiplying and dividing a binary number . [2 ] 1b. Draw a diagram or table to show the effect a shift has for each place from 1 to 4 . For example, a shift of 1 place has an effect of 2. [4 ] 2. State the effect of the following shifts: a. Shift right by 2 places. b. Shift left by 1 place. c. Shift left 3 places. d. Shift right by 4 places. [ 1 each ] 3. Shift the following binary numbers and state the effect of the shift: a. 10101011 : Shift left by 2 places. b. 11101100 : Shift right by 3 places. c. 00001011 : Shift right by 2 places. d. 01101110 : Shift left by 1 place. [ 2 each ] 2.4a - Number Systems Theory Topics 2.4c - Character Storage

Learn about how information can be classified into groups including private, public, sensitive and confidential. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 2.2 - Information Classification Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 Information can be classified into different groups . Some data may fall into more than one classification. Sensitive Information Description: Information that should be protected from being publicly released as it could harm the safety or privacy of an organisation or an individual . Examples: Medical data that could be embarrassing to an individual if released. Financial data that will negatively impact the company if made public to competitors. Non-Sensitive Information Description: Information that can be released publicly with no fear of negative consequence . Examples: Store information including shop addresses , opening hours and the names of senior managers. Product information including prices , online reviews and general availability . Private Information Description: Private information relates to an individual and it should not be shared with anyone else without the data subject's permission . Private information is protected by the Data Protection Act and would need to be stored securely so it cannot be accessed without authorisation. Examples: Home addresses, contact information, birth dates and banking details . Employee data such as linked bank accounts and addresses. Public Information Description: Released to the public and can therefore be seen by anyone . Public information is non-sensitive . Examples: Social media usernames, posts and shared images. Public business information including addresses, promotional material and opening times. A government report like the national census every ten years. Personal Information Description: Identifiable data about a specific individual . Examples: Full name , date of birth , gender , marital status, medical history, sexual orientation and voting history. Business Information Description: Any kind of data about a specific business. This information could be public or private. Examples: Address of its headquarters Financial data or employee details. Annual sales figures . Confidential Information Description: Private data that is more restricted than sensitive information , with access limited to only those who need to know. Examples: Doctor / therapist notes Business Profits and losses Trade secrets Classified Information Description: Highly sensitive information stored by a government institution , requiring the highest levels of restricted access . Access is usually restricted by law and only viewable by authorised individuals or groups. In the UK there are three levels of classified information: OFFICIAL , SECRET and TOP SECRET . Examples: Military data Terrorism precautions Crime scene reports Anonymised Information Description: Anonymisation removes personally identifiable data from information so that an individual cannot be identified . This allows the information to be used in much wider context without running the risk of legal action. Examples: Partially anonymised information - where some of the personal information has been removed and replaced by a symbol . Completely anonymised information - where all identifiable data has been removed . Bank details are often partially or completely anonymised. A partially anonymised credit card number might be listed as: **** - **** - **** - 7427 Problems with anonymising data include: If sensitive data is not anonymised enough and the person can be identified . Useful information could be lost if too much data is anonymised . The public could lose trust in an organisation if data is insufficiently anonymised . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.2 - Information Classification: 1. Describe each type of information classification and give at least two examples : a. Sensitive information [3 ] b. Non-Sensitive information [3 ] c. Private information [3 ] d. Public information [3 ] e. Business information [3 ] f. Confidential information [3 ] g. Classified information [3 ] h. Anonymised information (partial and complete) [6 ] 2. State which classification(s) the following pieces of information would be categorised as. It might fit into more than one category. a. Shop opening times [1 ] b. Medical history [1 ] c. Twitter username [1 ] d. Crime scene report [1 ] 3. Describe three problems that organisations should consider when anonymising data . [6 ] 2.1 - Information Styles Topic List 2.3 - Quality of Information