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Learn about different types of human computer interaction (HCI) such as audio, movement / gesture, touch and visual (command line and graphical user interface (GUI)). Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 5.1.1 - Types of Human-Computer Interaction Watch on YouTube : Human-Computer Interaction Human-computer interaction (HCI) refers to the ways in which users engage with computers and is an important factor that must be considered when designing and developing an application . For each type of HCI you need to know its purpose , devices on which it is used , its advantages and disadvantages and how client requirements may affect its use . Human-Computer Interaction Types of User Interaction Audio allows users to interact with a system using voice commands . Body movements or gestures (e.g. hand waves or head turns ) can control or interact with applications . Touch allows users to interact by tapping , swiping , dragging or pinching directly on a screen . Graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) provide a visual interface using windows , icons , buttons and menus . Command-line interfaces ( CLIs ) only allow interaction with the system by typing text commands into a terminal or shell . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1.1 - Types of Human-Computer Interaction: 1. A company selling toys wants to create an app to advertise its latest products . Justify the suitability of each user interaction type for the company's app . [5 ] 2. Compare the GUI and CLI visual interaction methods, including their advantages and disadvantages . [8 ] 3. Explain when the audio interaction method would be appropriate . [ 3 ] In 2012 Milwaukee County Zoo started giving iPads to orangutans so they could use the touchscreen to draw pictures . D id Y ou K now? 4.3 - Decomposition Methods Topic List 5.1.2 - Types of Device

Learn how to use the style tags in an HTML document to edit the background colour and font text and colour. 9. Style (Colours & Fonts) HTML Guide Watch on YouTube: Before you add any colours or font styles, you need to add tags. The style tags must be written within your head of your HTML document! Add them below your title tags: Add the

Learn about how sounds are represented in a computer system including how analogue sound waves are converted into binary. Also, learn about sample rate, bit depth, bit rate and metadata. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 2.4e: Sound Storage Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Sample Rate Bit Depth Sound File Size Converting Analogue Sound to Binary Analogue sound waves must be digitally recorded and stored in binary . To record the sound, the amplitude (height ) of the analogue sound wave is measured and recorded in binary at specific intervals . 0010 1011 0101 0101 Analog sound wave ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Binary sample Sampling an Analogue Sound Wave Digital sampling is discrete (separate) and not continuous like analogue waves. To get the highest quality sound, many samples are taken to recreate the analogue wave as closely as possible . Sample Rate The sample rate (sampling frequency) is the number of times per second the amplitude of the sound wave is measured . It is measured in kilohertz (kHz), for example CD quality is 44.1kHz (44,100 samples per second). The higher the sample rate , the better the audio quality as the digital data more closely resembles an analogue wave . However, higher sample rates result in larger file sizes because more data is stored for each individual sample. A low sample rate will result in a low-quality sound because the digital data does not closely resemble the original analog wave . A higher sample rate will result in a higher-quality sound because the digital data more closely resembles the original analog wave . Bit Depth The bit depth is the number of bits available to represent each sample . For example, a sample with a bit depth of 4 could be 0101 or 0111 or 1010. A sample with a bit depth of 8 could be 01010110 or 1010110 or 11001111. A common bit depth is 16 bits . The higher the bit depth , the more bits are available to be used for each sample. Therefore the quality is often higher as the wave more closely resembles an analog wave . The file size will also be larger if the bit depth is higher, as each sample stores additional bits . low bit rate = lower quality high bit rate = higher quality sound file size = sample rate x bit depth x duration Example: A short audio sample has a bit depth of 4 and a sample rate of 10 samples per second . The clip is 15 seconds long . 4 bits x 10 = 40 bits per second. 40 x 15 = 600 bits . To convert the answer from bits to bytes , divide by 8 . 600 bits ÷ 8 = 75 bytes . Calculating File Size Q uesto's Q uestions 2.4e - Sound Storage: 1. Explain how an analogue sound wave is converted into a binary sample . [ 2 ] 2a. What is a sample rate ? [2 ] 2b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the sample rate is increased . [4 ] 3a. What is bit depth ? [2 ] 3b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the bit depth is increased . [4 ] 4 . An audio sample has a bit depth of 8 , a sample rate of 10 and it is 12 seconds long . What is the file size in bytes ? [ 2 ] 2.4d Image Storage Theory Topics 2.5 - Compression

Learn about the cultural, environmental, ethical and legal impacts of technology. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 11.1: Impacts of Technology Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + What are the issues created by technology? As the use of computers and technological devices continues to rise every year, this increase brings with it a range of different types of issues . Categories of issues described on this page include: Cultural issues Environmental issues Ethical issues Legal & Privacy issues Cultural Issues Culture relates to society and how different parts of the world vary in terms of computer and internet usage . The Digital Divide This term relates to the gap between those people who have access to modern digital technology (such as computers and the internet) and those who have limited access . 'Limited access' could be devices at home or shared devices or having lower-performance (cheaper) computers and low-speed internet connections. The digital divide can be seen in different ways , such as: People in cities vs. People in rural areas . Younger people vs. Elderly people. Developed countries vs. Developing countries. The digital divide is an important ethical issue because digital technologies have led to numerous international benefits including boosted growth , improved product delivery , enhanced communication and increased opportunities . However, this impact is uneven and these positive impacts are mostly occurring in technologically-advanced regions such as North America , Western Europe and Japan . Regions like some nations in Africa and Central Asia have limited digital infrastructure and government instability , leading to poor internet speeds , high costs and limited resources . Discussion Points: What do you think can be done to bridge the digital divide? Whose job is it to bridge the gap? Who will pay for the technology? Changes to Work The internet , the development of new technologies such as cloud storage and increased video communication have transformed the way that many businesses operate across the world. Staff may be able to work from home or access documents collaboratively outside of the traditional workplace, such as cafes or on public transport. Some jobs have moved abroad to save costs, such as help centres for online issues. Tasks can be outsourced to freelancers in other countries where people are content to be paid less for their time and services. For example, some companies will hire temporary web developers from countries such as India to work for them for a lower salary than local workers. Another change to work that technology has brought is the loss of jobs , especially low-skilled jobs such as factory workers that have seen their roles replaced by technology and automation . However, technology has also created millions of new jobs , including installing and maintaining the machines that replace other roles. Environmental Issues Environmental issues concern the natural world and the negative effects of producing , using and discarding computer systems and devices. Energy and Material Consumption In the past 30 years, the number of technological devices has increased astronomically and thousands of new devices are manufactured each day . These devices need to be assembled using a range of materials , including plastics , metals and some rarer elements and need a considerable amount of electrical power to run. Certain systems like web servers and data centres must be powered on all day , every day, which uses a large amount of energy . Pollution and Waste Generating the electricity to power computers creates pollution - an average PC could require up to 50% more energy per year than a fridge. Computers are difficult to recycle and discarded components can lead to land, water and air pollution due to harmful materials , such as lead and mercury , leaking into the environment. Smartphone trends are also negative for the environment as new devices are released yearly , with minor upgrades that people buy to appear fashionable and up-to-date. To lessen the environmental impact, people should reuse and recycle their devices. Ethical Issues Ethics relates to what is considered right or wrong . Often this is subjective - people may have differing opinions on the issue. Drones Uses of drones: Filming and photography for television, movies and special events. Monitoring pollution levels in the atmosphere. Tracking and monitoring wildlife , such as rhino populations in Africa. Disaster zone response , such as searching for survivors following an earthquake. Delivery companies are developing drones to quickly deliver goods across cities. Drones are used by the military to target sites in other countries, such as American soldiers deploying surveillance drones in Syria. Discussion Points: Should you need a licence to buy and fly a drone? Should drones be used to monitor the public? Like flying CCTV? Should drones be used to deliver items? Like Amazon packages? If a drone hits a plane and it crashes, what should the punishment be? A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV ) that is remotely operated and can be used for a wide range of purposes. Self-Driving Cars Self-driving cars (also known as autonomous vehicles ) are currently in the development and testing stage with companies like Tesla and Amazon. Benefits of self-driving cars include: In theory, driving will be safer because cars are less likely to make mistakes that humans do and they can’t become distracted or tired . Self-driving cars should be more fuel-efficient because they take the most direct route to destinations and do not get lost. ‘Drivers’ in the car can perform other tasks instead of driving, such as work or planning. Autonomous vehicles could include trucks and vans to automate the delivery and freight industries . Trucks could drive overnight to deliver goods whereas currently, human drivers must take breaks every few hours. Drawbacks of self-driving cars include: Cars could still crash as code and software processes may fail. The technology is still in development and will be very expensive for the first few years when self-driving cars are available to purchase. Jobs may be lost such as delivery and truck drivers whose vehicles are equipped with self-driving technology. Other industries like motorway services and hotels may also be affected. Discussion Points: Would you trust a car to drive itself? Who is to blame if a self-driving car crashes? The car maker? The people in the car? The software writers? What should happen to the people whose jobs are taken by self-driving vehicles? Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI ) is the act of computers replacing humans to analyse data and make decisions . In recent years AI has become more common in the home and on devices like smartphones; assistants such as Siri and Alexa are prime examples of modern home AI. The weather today is cloudy. Benefits of AI include: Processes are sped up as computers can analyse large amounts of data much quicker than a human. AI can be used when a human is unavailable , such as using a symptom checker on the internet for a minor illness rather than booking and waiting for a doctor. Repetitive or time-consuming tasks can instead be completed by a computer , such as searching and sorting scientific data. Drawbacks of AI include: AI can store and process a lot of personal data , especially personal assistants like Alexa which are always listening for ‘wake words’. This data can be viewed by the company that develops it and could be hacked by attackers. AI is programmed by humans and mistakes in code could have disastrous consequences if the AI is used to make important decisions , such as military deployment. Discussion Points: If a robot harms a human who is to blame? The robot? The programmer? The manufacturer? Us? Would you trust a walking, talking robot assistant in your home? Should AI make decisions for us? Legal & Privacy Issues Legal and privacy issues regard laws that have been introduced by the UK government to protect data, systems and networks from unauthorised access . See 11.2 for explanations about important computing legislation in the UK. Loss of Privacy & Hacking There has been a lot of criticism in the last few years about how internet companies and governments are using personal data to invade privacy and track civilians . Facebook was involved in a scandal with using personal data for reasons that were not the original intention. In reverse, WhatsApp and Apple have been criticised for encrypting messages sent by terrorists that police have been unable to track and read. Every week a new company seems to announce that its data has been hacked . Attackers are constantly using botnets and infected systems to crack poorly secured databases and attempting to phish individuals for usernames and passwords. In the past few years, major hacking breaches include Sony, Yahoo and TalkTalk. Discussion Points: Should the UK government be able to see the websites you have visited in the last year? What should happen if a major company is hacked and bank details are stolen? Should they be fined? Pay customers? Prison? Should WhatsApp allow authorities to access encrypted messages? What if they know a terrorist is using it to communicate? Should the UK debate privacy laws before they go into place? Online Crime Unlawfully obtaining personal information and using it for identity theft or fraud . Harassment and threatening others on social media or private messages; blackmail . Cyber attacks are more common - see 3.8 for information about DOS attacks , IP spoofing , SQL injection and more. Sharing copyrighted material such as television programmes, music and video games. Distributing prohibited material such as drugs or weapons on the dark web. See 11.2 for explanations about different laws that have been created to tackle online crime . The increased popularity of the internet and the rising number of users has led to a wave of online crime , taking many different forms, including: Q uesto's Q uestions 11.1 - Impacts of Technology: Cultural Impacts 1a. What is the digital divide ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe 2 examples of how the digital divide can be seen . [ 2 ] 2. Describe in detail 3 ways that technology has changed the way people work . [9 ] Environmental Impacts 1. Describe the different ways that the increasing use of technology negatively impacts the environment . [ 5 ] Ethical Impacts 1a. What is a drone ? [1 ] 1b. Make a list of all of the positive impacts and the negative impacts of using drones . You should have at least 3 on each side. [ 6 ] 2. Describe 2 benefits of using self-driving cars and 2 negative consequences . [4 ] 3. Describe how artificial intelligence can be used for good . [ 2 ] Legal & Privacy Impacts 1. A hack on a bank has occurred. Describe what you think the impacts would be on the following groups of people: a. The customers . b. The bank managers . c. The general public . [ 6 ] 2. Describe 4 different types of online crime . [ 8 ] 10.3 - Programming Errors Theory Topics 11.2 - Legislation

Learn about how to convert between the denary (decimal), binary and hexadecimal number systems. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 4.1: Number Systems Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + What is binary? By now you should know that computer systems process data and communicate entirely in binary . Topic 1.4 explained different binary storage units such as bits (a single 0 or 1), nibbles (4 bits) and bytes (8 bits). Binary is a base 2 number system. This means that it only has 2 possible values - 0 or 1 . Because binary is a base 2 number system, binary numbers should be written out with a 2 after them, like this: 10101002 What is denary? Denary (also known as decimal ) is the number system that you've been using since primary school. Denary is a base 10 number system. This means that it has 10 possible values - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 . Because denary is a base 10 number system, denary numbers should be written out with a 10 after them, like this: 165 10 How to convert from binary to denary: How to convert from denary to binary: What is hexadecimal? Hexadecimal is a base 16 number system. This means that it has 16 possible values - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E and F . Because hexadecimal is a base 16 number system, hexadecimal numbers should be written out with a 16 after them, like this: 6E16 Hexadecimal is used as a shorthand for binary because it uses fewer characters to write the same value . This makes hexadecimal less prone to errors when reading or writing it , compared to binary. For example, 1001111010112 is 9EB16 . Hexadecimal only uses single-character values. Double-digit numbers are converted into letters - use the table on the right to help you understand. How to convert from binary to hexadecimal: How to convert from hexadecimal to binary: Converting from denary to hexadecimal / hexadecimal to denary To convert from denary to hexadecimal or the other way round you must convert to binary first . Denary > Binary > Hexadecimal Hexadecimal > Binary > Denary Use the videos on this page if you need help converting to or from binary. The most common number systems question in exams are from denary to hexadecimal or from hexadecimal to denary so make sure that you practice these conversions. Q uesto's Q uestions 4.1 - Number Systems: 1. Explain why hexadecimal numbers are used as an alternative to binary . Use an example . [ 3 ] 2. Convert the following values from binary to denary : a. 00101010 2 b. 11011011 2 c. 01011101 2 d. 11101110 2 e. 01011111 2 [1 each ] 3. Convert the following values from denary to binary : a. 35 10 b. 79 10 c. 101 10 d. 203 10 e. 250 10 [1 each ] 4. Convert the following values from binary to hexadecimal : a. 11110101 2 b. 01100111 2 c. 10111010 2 d. 10010000 2 e. 11101001 2 [1 each ] 5. Convert the following values from hexadecimal to binary : a. C2 16 b. 8A 16 c. DE 16 d. 54 16 e. F7 16 [1 each ] 6. Convert the following values from denary to hexadecimal : a. 134 10 b. 201 10 c. 57 10 d. 224 10 e. 101 10 [1 each ] 7. Convert the following values from hexadecimal to denary : a. 32 16 b. A5 16 c. 88 16 d. C0 16 e. BE 16 [1 each ] Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Click the banners above to try self-marking quizzes (Google Form) on these topics. Denary to Binary: Binary to Denary: Binary to Hexadecimal: Hexadecimal to Binary: 3.9 Protection Against Threats Theory Topics 4.2 - Signed Binary

Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of different types of software including open-source, closed-source, off-the-shelf and bespoke. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 2.1: Software Types Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Software refers to the programs and applications that run on a computer system. Open Source Software Source code is the software code written by programmers . If the software is open source it means that users can view and modify the code . Linux, Python and Firefox are examples of open source software. Benefits Drawbacks Because the source code is available to edit , it can be customised to the organisation's needs . Often shared in the public domain so users can work together to modify, debug and improve a product. Unwanted features can be removed to make the software run faster . There are security risks - some editors may add malicious code to the program. Open source software is often low in price and sometimes free. It may be difficult to receive support as development is often distributed between people in different locations. The code may be prone to errors as it may not have been tested fully. It requires technical skills to be able to adapt source code efficiently and to maintain the code . Closed Source Software If the software is closed source it means the code is restricted for users to view or modify . You buy the right to use the software but you don't actually own it. Microsoft Office, Fortnite and Spotify are examples of closed source software. Closed source software is also known as proprietary software because it is another company's property and protected by law. Benefits Drawbacks The code is well tested and has been professionally developed. Updates will generally be secure . Users must rely on the company to provide updates and fix issues. This might be infrequent or stop completely. The company can be held to account if it does not perform as listed in the terms and conditions upon purchase. Often not free (see Freeware below for free closed source software). Most developers will provide some form of help/support . Users cannot modify, debug or improve the code for their own benefit. Off-the-Shelf Software This is any software made for general use , with features that can be used in different ways and for different purposes . Examples include office software (e.g. Microsoft Office), video games (e.g. Minecraft) and image editors (e.g. Adobe PhotoShop). Back before internet downloads, people had to actually go to shops and buy software off the shelf and install it at home, hence the name. Benefits Drawbacks Should have been tested thoroughly so users can be confident that features will work as expected . Secure updates will be regular. It can be expensive to purchase some software , especially for a single user rather than a business. Some software, such as anti-virus protection, requires yearly licenses . It can be cheaper to purchase than bespoke software as it is not customised for a specific user or organisation. The software may contain additional features that the user / organisation doesn’t need which can reduce the performance of the system. The end users might be familiar with the software and trust the company (e.g. Microsoft Word). Bespoke Software This is any software that has been custom made for a specific organisation or user. For example, programmers might be hired by a company to create software for a specific task. Hospitals and schools use bespoke software to track and manage patients / students. It can be expensive to commission bespoke software as programmers and user interface designers need to be hired and there could be issues with rights to any created software. Benefits Drawbacks The software is built to the company's requirements , it is unique to their needs. Unwanted features can be removed to make the software run faster . Bespoke software is expensive to develop because it is tailor-made for the company. Staff may require training on using the system because it is unique . The look of the software (e.g. design & layout ) can be customised to fit the company's image. Because it has been custom-made, the original programmers may be needed to maintain the software and fix errors . Shareware This software allows the user to trial the program for a limited time before forcing them to buy the product or stop using it. For example, WinRAR is utility software that asks the user to buy the full version after 40 days. This allows the user to get a taste of what the software offers before choosing whether to buy it fully or not . Freeware This is software that is freely available to download and use . These are usually closed-source software that earn money through adverts or additional purchases. Rights to the software remain with the author despite the free access. App developers may release their app as freeware to allow users to try the software and then encourage them to purchase a full version with more features. Unlike shareware, the user should be able to keep using the product for free indefinitely, though their version may have features restricted or adverts enabled. Examples of freeware software include iTunes , Clash of Clans and Adobe Acrobat Reader (for PDFs). Embedded Software An embedded system is when a smaller computer system is installed within a larger device , such as a washing machine, traffic light or car. Embedded systems have a dedicated purpose and often run in real-time . Because of the small size, the embedded software will usually have memory and storage restrictions . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.1 - Software Types: 1. Describe the 7 types of software , listing the advantages and disadvantages of each. a. Open Source b. Closed Source c. Off-the-Shelf d. Bespoke e. Shareware f. Freeware g. Embedded [6 each ] 1.8 & 1.9 - Number Systems Topic List 2.2 - Applications Software

Learn about the purpose and characteristics of the eight application types, including examples. Application types include communication, educational, entertainment, games, lifestyle, productivity, protection & utility and web browsers. Resources based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 1.3.1 - Application Types Watch on YouTube : Application Types There are several types of applications that can be developed , each with a different purpose and common characteristics . There are eight application types you need to know for this 'Fundamentals of Application Development ' unit, including their purpose and common characteristics . Communication Purpose: Communication applications allow users to exchange information with others , most often in real-time . Data can be transferred in a range of formats including text , images and video . Education Purpose: To teach users about specific topics and help people learn new skills . This may be aimed at certain ages or user groups such as those learning a new language . Characteristics of Communication Applications: Has a simple user interface designed for quick and reliable data exchange . Supports multiple formats (text , images , audio , video and files ). Requires a network connection to send and receive data . Often has built-in security and privacy , such as end-to-end encryption . May use presence awareness such as showing ‘typing… ’ or ‘online now ’. Characteristics of Education Applications: It may be structured around learning milestones or long-term goals . Often interactive , such as quick quizzes or regular recaps of topics. Could include different formats of learning (such as text , visuals or audio ). Usually tracks skills or scores over time to show progress in a user-friendly way . Age-appropriate in content and design , possibly with difficulty levels . Examples: WhatsApp, Messenger, Zoom, Slack, Gmail Examples: Duolingo, Kahoot!, Quizlet, Memrise, Anki Entertainment Purpose: To provide enjoyment through formats such as video or audio , often with automatic suggestions based on previous interactions including watched videos , likes or comments . Characteristics of Entertainment Applications: Simple design to focus on keeping users engaged . May include streamed media content or the option to download . Designed for passive or relaxed use , e.g. watching or listening without interacting . Uses algorithms for recommendations based on user preferences . May include social features such as comments or sharing with friends . Examples: Netflix, Disney+, Spotify, YouTube, Twitch Games Purpose: To offer interactive challenges in a fun and possibly competitive way. Games may be played together online or offline for a single-player experience . Characteristics of Game Applications: Based on clear rules and objectives with reward systems , e.g. achievements . High interactivity and quick responsiveness to keep players engaged . Requires graphical rendering , user inputs and sound design . May support local multiplayer or online play with competition , like leaderboards . Often has a range of difficulty levels to keep players challenged . Examples: Minecraft, Fortnite, Among Us, EA Sports FC, Candy Crush Lifestyle Purpose: Supports a healthy and organised way of living . They often help people to manage their daily tasks and form positive personal routines . Productivity Purpose: To support users to complete tasks , manage their time or organise information in a helpful way , all to to maximise productivity . Characteristics of Lifestyle Applications: Often personalised to user preferences or personal data . May use real-time inputs such as location or health data , like steps taken . It may be integrated with smart wearable devices such as a smartwatch . Designed to be used briefly but daily (e.g. checking steps or logging meals ). Encourages improved habits or healthier improvements . Characteristics of Productivity Applications: Has a focus on efficiency , reliability and easy usability . Often allows collaboration and file sharing (e.g. working with colleagues ). Prioritises data organisation and quick access to relevant information . Usually integrated with cloud services or other apps like calendars . It may be designed for professional , personal or educational use . Examples: MyFitness Pal, Noom, Headspace, FitBit, Couch to 5k Examples: Microsoft Word, Calendar, Google Drive, Notion, Trello Protection & Utility Purpose: To secure the computer system against malicious threats and perform housekeeping tasks that maintain stability and a smooth performance . Characteristics of Protection & Utility Applications: Works in the background without frequent user interaction . Often requires permissions to access sensitive data . Needs to be updated frequently , e.g. adding new virus signatures to the database of an antivirus . May be event-driven (e.g. alerts or automatic scans at regular intervals ). Should use low system resources if it needs to be running constantly . Web Browsers Purpose: Accesses , retrieves and displays web pages from web servers . It provides tools like bookmarks , tabs and history to help users easily navigate the interne t. Characteristics of Web Browser Applications: Displays webpages that are built using HTML , CSS and JavaScript . Supports security protocols such as HTTPS , which uses encryption . Enables customisation and user control , e.g. bookmarks , extensions and themes . Contains an address bar to directly type in URLs or search terms . Allows for multiple tabs to run concurrently . Types of Application Examples: Avast Antivirus, CCleaner, 1Password, Battery Saver, Microsoft Defender Examples: Google Chrome, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Opera Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3.1 - Application Types: 1. Choose four application types and explain how each can be used in a school . [8 ] 2a. For two application types you did not mention in Q1 , explain their characteristics . [6 ] 2a. For the remaining two application types you have not mentioned , explain their purpose . [ 4 ] Minecraft is the best-selling video game of all time , with over 350 million copies sold since its official release in 2011 . D id Y ou K now? 1.2 - Operating Systems Topic List 1.3.2 - Application Software Categories

Learn about the different phases in software development models including planning, requirements, feasibility, design, construction / creation, testing, implementation (phased / parallel / big bang (crash)), documentation creation and maintenance. Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 2.2 - Phases of Software Development Models Watch on YouTube : Phases of Software Development Models There are seven phases of software development models you need to know. As well as knowing the common phases and the key tasks within each phase , you must also understand how and why phases interact with each other and why they may iterate . Phases of Software Development Models Key Phases Planning (including requirements and feasibility ) Design Construction / Creation Testing Implementation (including phased , parallel and big bang ( crash ) methods) Maintenance Documentation creation Phased Parallel Big Bang Q uesto's Q uestions 2.2 - Phases of Software Development Models: 1. Describe the common tasks in each of the first four phases of software development . [8 ] 2. Explain the three implementation methods : phased , parallel and big bang (crash ). [6 ] 3. Describe the common tasks in the final two phases . [4 ] 4. Explain why it is important that phases interact with each other. [ 2 ] Maintenance is important - as of 2025 , some US air traffic control towers still use and maintain systems using Windows 95 and floppy disks because of their reliability . D id Y ou K now? 2.1 - Software Development Models Topic List 3.1 - Planning Projects

Learn about the tags in the head section of an HTML document including the title and meta tags. 7. Head Tags HTML Guide Watch on YouTube: Remember that all HMTL documents are split into the head and the body. The following tags must be typed inside of your head tags . title Title The title is not the main heading. The title is the page title itself that you can see at the tab at the top of your web browser. Add a title to your web page. metadata Metadata Metadata is information about the web page itself. This commonly includes data about the author, the page's contents and any keywords. Metadata will not appear on the actual web page . Add meta data tags between your head tags for author, keywords and a description. The meta tag is made up of a name and content . Author represents who created the web page. Keywords are commonly used words. Description is used for displaying search engine results (such as a Google search). Next it is time to embed YouTube videos into your web page. 6. Organisation Tags HTML Guide 8. Videos

Learn about digital methods of protecting data such as anti-malware, firewall, usernames and passwords, levels of access and encryption. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 5.5 - Digital Security Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 ****** Usernames & Passwords Usernames must be matched with a secure password to minimise the chances of unauthorised users accessing a system. Passwords should contain a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters , punctuation and numbers . Passwords should be of a substantial length (at least 8 characters) and should be regularly changed . Digital Security Measures Firewall Firewalls (see 2.3 ) prevent unauthorised access to or from a network . Firewalls filter data packets and block anything that is identified as harmful to the computer system or network. Firewalls can also be used to block access to specific websites and programs. Encryption Encryption is the conversion of data ( plaintext ) into an unreadable format ( ciphertext ) so it cannot be understood if intercepted . Encrypted data can only be understood by an authorised system with a decryption key . Anti-Malware Anti-virus software (see 2.3 ) scans a system and removes viruses . If left to infect a system a virus could delete data or permit access to unauthorised users . Anti-spyware software removes spyware on an infected system so hackers cannot view personal data or monitor users. Organisations should install and regularly update anti-virus and anti-spyware programs. Permissions Permissions is the creation of different levels of file access so that only authorised people can access and change certain files . There are different levels of file access : No access Read-only Read/write Q uesto's Q uestions 5.5 - Digital Security: 1a. Describe why usernames and strong passwords are necessary. [2 ] 1b. State 3 rules for choosing a strong password . [3 ] 2. Describe the purpose of anti-virus and anti-spyware software. [4 ] 3. Describe the roles of a firewall . [4 ] 4. Explain what encryption is. [3 ] 5. What are permissions ? What are the 3 levels of access ? [5 ] 5.4 - Physical Security Topic List 5.6 - Data & System Disposal

Test your ability to create a more complex program in Python based on a given scenario. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Extended Task 5 Collection of Colours A new paint company , 'Sparkle and Shine Paint Schemes ' needs a program that can manage the different colours they sell to customers. They currently have a file with many different colours and want a program made with features to add, remove and list the different colours . For this task, you will need to create a document and include the following sections (with screenshots where appropriate): An introduction to explain the Purpose of your program . A List of Requirements for a successful program. Screenshots of your code (with comments in your code to show understanding). Testing – Create a plan to show how you will test your program and then explanations of any errors that you found and how they were fixed . An Evaluation of what worked, what didn’t, and how you met each of your requirements from your original list. Also, discuss further improvements that you could have made to improve your program. Reminders for this task: You will need to create a selection of options for the user to choose from. Subroutines and a while true loop may help. Section 10 will help you to open, write and read from files . Section 10c shows how to remove lines from a file. There are multiple ways to approach this program, and your solution might look different from the example. Break the problem down and focus on one part at a time. Example solution: Use a menu to select the different options using a command word. Download the colours file: Selecting Total will list the number of colours in the file. This should change whenever a new colour is added or one is removed . Selecting Add will allow the user to enter the name of a new colour to be added to the file . Selecting Letter will allow the user to enter a letter . All colours beginning with that letter should be displayed . Selecting Remove will allow the user to enter a colour to be removed from the file . Selecting Random will display a random colour from the file. Selecting End will stop the program. ⬅ Extended Task 4 (Vet Surgery) Extended Task 6 (Word Game) ➡

Learn about computational methods including problem recognition, decomposition, divide and conquer, abstraction, backtracking, data mining, heuristics, performance modelling, pipelining and visualisation. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level Specification: Computer Science H446 3.1f - Standard Algorithms Watch on YouTube : Bubble sort Merge sort Insertion sort Quick sort Linear search Binary search Djisktra's algorithm A* algorithm The OCR A-Level course requires an understanding of algorithms used for sorting , searching and pathfinding including how they can be used for traversing and how to write them in pseudocode or a high-level programming langauge . Bubble Sort Bubble sort repeatedly compares adjacent items and swaps them if they are in the wrong order . Its advantage is that it is very simple to understand and easy to implement . However, it is extremely slow for large lists , with a worst- and average-case time complexity of O(n²) . It performs slightly better (O(n)) if the list is already nearly sorted and the algorithm is optimised t o detect no swaps . Overall, it is easy but inefficient . YouTube video uploading soon Merge Sort Merge sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that repeatedly splits a list into smaller sublists , sorts them recursively and then merges them back together . Its major benefit is that it is consistently fast with a time complexity of O(n log n) in the best , average and worst cases , making it very efficient for large datasets . It is also stable and works well with linked lists . However, a drawback is that it requires additional memory to store the temporary sublists , making its space complexity O(n) . Merge sort is therefore reliable but not memory-efficient . YouTube video uploading soon This page is under active development. Check here for the latest progress update. Insertion Sort Insertion sort works by taking each item and inserting it into the correct position in a growing sorted portion of the list . It is efficient for small or nearly sorted datasets and has a best-case complexity of O(n) , making it useful in real-time systems or hybrid algorithms . However, for large , randomly ordered datasets it becomes slow , with average- and worst-case performance of O(n²) . It uses very little memory space - (O(1) - which is one of its key benefits compared to more complex sorts like merge or quick . YouTube video uploading soon Quick Sort Quick sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that chooses a pivot , partitions the list into smaller elements and larger elements , and recursively sorts the partitions . Its main advantage is speed : the average-case time complexity is O(n log n) and it is often faster in practice than merge sort due to good cache performance and in-place partitioning . However, if poor pivot choices are made (e.g., always picking the first item in an already sorted list ), the worst case becomes O(n²) . Despite this, quick sort is widely used because good pivot-selection strategies minimise this risk . YouTube video uploading soon Linear Search Linear search checks each item in a list one by one until it finds the target value or reaches the end . Its benefit is that it works on any list (sorted or unsorted ) and is extremely simple to use and implement . The drawback is inefficiency for large datasets because its best , average and worst time complexity is O(n) . This means the time taken grows directly with the size of the list , making it suitable only for small collections of data . YouTube video uploading soon Binary Search Binary search repeatedly halves a sorted list to locate a target value , making it much faster than linear search . Its key benefit is efficiency : the time complexity is O(log n) for best , average and worst cases , meaning performance scales extremely well with large datasets . However, its major limitation is that the data must be sorted beforehand , and maintaining a sorted list can itself be costly . When this condition is met , binary search is one of the most efficient searching algorithms available. YouTube video uploading soon Dijkstra's Algorithm Dijkstra’s algorithm is a pathfinding algorithm used to find the shortest path from a starting node to all other nodes in a weighted graph with non-negative edge weights . It works by gradually exploring the graph , always choosing the next closest unvisited node , updating the shortest known distances to its neighbours and marking nodes as 'visited ' once the shortest path to them is confirmed . The algorithm continues until all nodes have been processed or the destination is reached , guaranteeing the shortest path . YouTube video uploading soon A* Algorithm The A* algorithm is an informed pathfinding algorithm that also finds the shortest path in a weighted graph , but it uses a heuristic (an estimate of the distance to the goal ) to guide its search more efficiently toward the target . A* combines the actual cost from the start to a node with a heuristic estimate of the remaining distance , allowing it to prioritise exploring nodes that appear more promising . YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's K ey T erms Sorting Algorithms: bubble sort, flag, pass, merge sort, insertion sort, quick sort, pivot Seraching Algorithms: linear search, binary search, precondition Pathfinding Algorithms: Dijsktra's algorithm, A* algorithm, heuristic D id Y ou K now? Halo: Combat Evolved released on the Xbox in 2001 and introduced groundbreakingly convincing enemy AI for the time. Pathfinding algorithms were used more realistically than older games so that enemies wouldn't just run directly at the player but behaved in different ways depending on the situation , such as cooperating , flanking or retreating by reacting dynamically to the player . 3.1e - Data Structure Algorithms A-Level Topics