An overview of what desktop publishing (DTP) is, considerations designer must take and common forms such as posters, leaflets and business cards. Desktop Publishing (DTP) What is DTP? Desktop Publishing (DTP) software allows people to create documents with a mixture of graphics and text . Examples of desktop publishing software are Microsoft Publisher and Serif PagePlus . Desktop publishers can be used to produce documents such as business cards, leaflets, brochures, newspapers, magazines and newsletters . DTP software can be cheap and printers at home are more common these days so people can design and print their own documents. Professional-looking documents can be made simply and without an extensive knowledge of graphic design. The biggest advantage of using DTP is that it is frame based . Text and picture frames can be laid out on the page, and rotated, moved or resized as necessary. It is easy to import images from clip art or the web. The view of the page is known as WYSIWYG (W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G et) because the view on the computer will be very similar to what you get when it is printed. What to consider when using DTP Orientation Will your document be landscape or portrait ? Some document types are more commonly one orientation than the other. For example, business cards are generally landscape but newsletters are more often portrait. Size The size of a typical piece of paper is A4. But that is too large for most DTP documents. The larger the number, the smaller the piece of paper . A5 is half the size of A4 and A3 is twice the size of A4. Documents can also be measured in millimetres, for example, an appropriate business card size is 85mm wide and 55mm high. House Style A house style is a set of rules to ensure that each document made by a person or company is part of an identity . To be consistent , each document should use the same logo, titles, colours, graphics and layout . For example, the NHS always uses a blue colour, the same logo and similar layout on each of its documents. Some companies have perfected their house style so that they are synonymous with a single colour - e.g. McDonald's use yellow and Coca-Cola use red and white . DTP Documents Business Cards A business card is a small piece of card that must be simple and stylish . The purpose of a business card is to clearly state the contact details of a person or company. Sharing your business card with other people is one way to promote your business or skills to attract new business partners or customers. A business card must be uncluttered and clearly display relevant contact information, such as an email address, phone number or physical address. Today, business cards may also state social media contacts, such as Facebook pages or Twitter accounts. Flyers A flyer is a small handout that advertises an event or new product. The purpose of a flyer is to clearly and quickly promote an event . It must be eye-catching and to-the-point so that people can immediately understand what it is about. Flyers are often handed out in the street or posted through letterboxes so if it is not clear people will just ignore it. A flyer should use a large title to promote the event, as well as appropriate graphics and information about the date, location and time. It should also contain contact details including a telephone number, website and email address. Posters A poster is a large piece of paper that is put up to advertise an event and display more information than a flyer . Posters should promote an event by using large titles and graphics to clearly describe where the event is taking place, when it is and why people should go. Because there is much more space on a poster than a flyer, additional information can be added and some kind of persuasion to entice passers by to attend. Leaflets A leaflet is a small folded handout that provides more information about an event or new product. The purpose of a leaflet is to give additional details about an event . It can be used before an event to describe the different parts, such as the different acts in a circus or different bands at a festival. It can also be used during an event, such as at a school fair to list the different stalls. Because it is folded over it can display a large amount of information, with both text and graphics . The front of the leaflet should clearly display the purpose of it and the text inside must be readable with images to break up the words. There may also be contact information inside the leaflet, such as directions to a website or social media page .

Test your understanding of subroutines (procedures and functions) in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python - Section 7 Practice Tasks Task One Example solution: Create a program with three different subroutines (procedures ). One subroutine asks the user their name and prints a response. The second asks for their age and prints a response. The third asks for their favourite colour and prints a response. Remember to write subroutines before the main program. Task Two Create a program that asks a user to input the length of a side in a square. Write a function that takes this value and returns it to be printed. Example solution: Task Three Example solution: Create a program that takes 3 inputs from the user – a name, a villain and a place. Write a function that outputs a story using the user’s answers. Task Four Create a calculator program that uses four different subroutines (add, subtract, multiply and divide). In the main program ask the user to make a choice of which operator to use and then to enter two numbers. Keep looping until the user types stop. Use the 'Using Subroutines as a Menu' section in the 7b to help you. Example solution: ⬅ 7b - Functions 8a - Using Lists ➡

Learn what an embedded system is and about different examples of embedded systems. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 2.1: Primary Storage (Memory) Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Primary Storage RAM and ROM Virtual Memory Primary vs Secondary Storage Storage in a computer system is split into two categories: Primary Storage: Very quick because it is directly accesse d by the CPU . Typically smaller in storage size . Sometimes called ‘main memory’ . Includes RAM and ROM . Volatile vs Non-Volatile Storage Storage is also split into two types - volatile and non-volatile . Volatile storage is temporary - data is lost whenever the power is turned off . Example: RAM Non-volatile storage saves the data even when not being powered . Data can be stored long-term and accessed when the computer is switched on . Example: ROM Why do Computers need Primary Storage? Primary storage is low-capacity , internal storage that can be directly accessed by the CPU . Program instructions and data must be copied from the hard drive into RAM to be processed by the CPU because primary storage access speeds are much faster than secondary storage devices like the hard drive. Types of Primary Storage (Memory) Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) RAM is volatile (temporary) storage that stores all programs that are currently running . RAM also stores parts of the operating system to be accessed by the CPU. RAM is made up of a large number of storage locations, each can be identified by a unique address . ROM is non-volatile storage that cannot be changed . ROM stores the boot program / BIOS for when the computer is switched on. The BIOS then loads up the operating system to take over managing the computer. RAM ( R andom A ccess M emory) ROM ( R ead O nly M emory) Virtual Memory Programs must be stored in RAM to be processed by the CPU . Even if there is insufficient space in RAM for all programs the computer can use the hard disk drive (HDD ) as an extension of RAM - this is called virtual memory . If new data is needed to be stored in RAM then unused data in RAM is moved to the hard drive so the new data can be transferred into RAM . If the original data is required again, it can be moved back from virtual memory into RAM . Using virtual memory is beneficial because it allows more programs to be run at the same time with less system slow down . Secondary Storage: ( Section 2.2 ) Slower because it is not directly accessed by the CPU . Typically larger in storage size . Used for the long-term storage of data and files because it is non-volatile . Includes magnetic , optical and solid state storage. Q uesto's Q uestions 2.1 - Primary Storage (Memory): 1. Describe the differences between primary and secondary storage . [ 6 ] 2. Explain the difference between volatile and non-volatile storage . State an example of both types. [ 4 ] 3. Explain why the computer requires primary storage . [ 2 ] 4. For each type of memory below, describe it and state what information is stored within it: a . Random Access Memory (RAM) [3 ] b. Read-Only Memory (ROM) [ 3 ] c. Virtual memory [ 3 ] 1.3 - Embedded Systems Theory Topics 2.2 - Secondary Storage

Learn about application software installation methods, including clean, remote, cloud, mobile and network installation. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software Watch on YouTube: Application installation 5.2 - Application Software Installation You need to know how different installation processes (e.g. clean , remote , cloud , network and mobile installs) work as well as their advantages , disadvantages and appropriate uses . What You Need to Know Application Installation Application software can be installed using different methods depending on factors such as the number of devices , their location , network availability and the requirements of the users or organisation . Ghost / Image A ghost is a master copy (known as an image ) of a correctly configured system containing the required software and settings , which is created and deployed to other devices . This is used when the same applications and configuration need to be installed on many devices, such as computers in a school or business . It allows many devices to be configured quickly and consistently , reducing repetitive installation work and ensuring they have the same software and settings . However, creating and maintaining the image takes time , devices may need compatible hardware and an error or outdated application in the master image could be copied to every device . Upgrade An upgrade is when a newer version is installed over an existing version , usually retaining the user's existing data , settings and configuration . It is required when users need to move to a newer version of an application without completely reinstalling it . Upgrading is usually quicker and more convenient than a clean install and allows existing settings and data to be retained . But existing problems , unnecessary files or incompatible settings may remain and compatibility issues can occur between versions. Clean Install A clean install is when any previous installation is removed and a completely new copy of the application is installed . It is used when installing an application for the first time , or when an existing installation has serious problems and a fresh installation is required. A clean install provides a fresh installation without problems or unwanted settings from an older version, which can improve reliability . However, it can be more time-consuming and existing settings or application data may be lost if they are not backed up first . Repair/Modify Install A repair install (or modify install ) is when an existing installation is reopened to repair damaged or missing files . Installed features can be added or removed without completely reinstalling the application . This is used when an application is not functioning correctly or when its installed features need to be changed . It is usually quicker than completely reinstalling the application and can retain existing settings and data . But it may not fix more serious problems , and the required installation or repair files must be available . Remote Install A remote installation is when an administrator installs an application onto another device from a different location using remote management software . It is used when IT staff need to manage devices without physically accessing them, such as employee computers across different offices . A remote install saves time and travel , allows centralised management and can enable IT staff to install software on many geographically separated devices . However, it requires network connectivity , appropriate permissions and remote management tools . Connection problems could interrupt the installation. Unattended Install An unattended installation is automated using predefined settings , allowing it to complete without the user responding to installation prompts . It is used when installing the same application and settings on many devices or when installations need to occur without staff being present . Advantages are that it requires little or no user interaction , saves staff time and ensures consistent installation settings across devices. However, it requires careful configuration beforehand, and incorrect predefined settings could cause the same installation problem across multiple devices . Cloud Install With a cloud install , files are downloaded from an internet-based cloud service and then installed onto the device . It's suitable for when users or organisations need to download applications directly over the internet , particularly across different locations and devices . Cloud installs can be accessed from many locations and devices , it does not require physical installation media , can support automatic updates and may allow installations to be scheduled for convenient times . But it depends on a reliable internet connection , interrupted downloads can cause problems, large applications can use significant bandwidth and the device must meet the software's requirements . Mobile Install A mobile install is when an application is downloaded and installed through a mobile app store onto a smartphone or tablet . It's needed for applications designed for mobile devices , such as installing a revision app onto a student's tablet . It is usually simple and convenient for users as app stores can manage installation and updates . Also, applications can be installed directly onto the user's device . However, it requires sufficient storage and a compatible operating system and downloads can consume mobile data . Connectivity problems can interrupt installation and app stores may restrict what applications can be distributed . Network Install With a network install , files are stored in a central location on a local network and accessed by devices connected to that network . It is used when an organisation needs to install software on multiple devices connected to the same network , such as computers around a school . Advantages are that installation files can be managed centrally , physical installation media is not required for each device and many devices can access the same installation files . But it requires a working network connection , installing on many devices can increase network traffic and problems with the network or central server could prevent installations . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.2 - Application Software Installation: 1. Describe how each application software installation method is completed : ghost/image , upgrade , clean install , repair/modify , remote , unattended , cloud , mobile and network installation. [ 2 each ] 2. Give an example of when each installation method would be appropriate to use . [1 each ] 3. Give the advantages and disadvantages of each application software installation method . [4 each ] 4. Explain the differences between remote , unattended , cloud and network installation. [3 ] 5. For installing new software in a school , recommend a suitable installation method and justify why it would be appropriate . [ 4 ] The PC version of Baldur's Gate was originally released on five CDs in 1998 , with players swapping discs during installation . As games became larger , lengthy multi-disc installations became common , sometimes leaving players waiting hours before they could start playing . D id Y ou K now? 5.1 - Testing Topic List 5.3 - Policies

A tutorial to understand how to create a game in Greenfoot. A simple step-by-step guide and walkthrough featuring all code needed for the Eduqas GCSE 2016 specification. A Tutorial to Creating a Greenfoot Game Greenfoot Home Greenfoot is software that uses the programming language Java to make simple games. This is called object-oriented programming (OOP ) because objects are coded to interact in a visual environment. Work your way through the following tutorial to create a game similar to one required in the WJEC 2017 specification Component 2 exam . Topic Links: Starting from Scratch & Populating the World Move with Arrow Keys Move Randomly & Bounce on Edge Remove Objects Play Sounds The Counter Extension Ideas Pupils using the 2017 WJEC specification will use Greenfoot version 2.4.2 , despite the fact that Greenfoot is now on version 3.9.0 . See the download page . This tutorial will work on all versions . Watch on YouTube:

Learn about the three factors that affect computer performance - cache memory, clock speed and the number of cores. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 1.2: CPU Performance Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Clock Speed Cache Memory Number of Cores The performance of a computer system is affected by three main factors: Cache Memory What is cache memory? Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . How does cache memory improve performance? Cache memory is closer to the CPU than RAM , meaning that it can provide data and instructions to the CPU at a faster rate . A computer with more cache memory (e.g. 8GB instead of 4GB) should have a higher performance because repeatedly used instructions can be stored and accessed faster . What is the limitation of cache memory? Cache memory is costly, so most computers only have a small amount . Clock Speed What is clock speed? Clock speed is the measure of how quickly a CPU can process instructions . Clock speed is measured in Gigahertz (GHz) . A typical desktop computer might have a clock speed of 3.5 GHz . This means it can perform 3.5 billion cycles a second . How does clock speed improve performance? The faster the clock speed, the faster the computer can perform the FDE cycle resulting in better performance because more instructions can be processed each second . How does overclocking and underclocking affect performance? Default clock speed: 3.5 GHz Underclocking Overclocking 3.9 GHz 3.1 GHz Overclocking is when the computer's clock speed is increased higher than the recommended rate. This will make the computer perform faster, but it can lead to overheating and could damage the machine . Underclocking is when the computer's clock speed is decreased lower than the recommended rate. This will make the computer perform slower but will increase the lifespan of the machine . Number of Cores What is a core? A core is a complete set of CPU components (control unit, ALU and registers). Each core is able to perform its own FDE cycle . A multi-core CPU has more than one set of components within the same CPU. How does the number of cores improve performance? In theory, a single-core processor can execute one instruction at a time , a dual-core processor can execute two instructions, and a quad-core can execute four instructions simultaneously . Therefore, a computer with more cores will have a higher performance because it can process more instructions at once . What are the limitations of having more cores? If one core is waiting for another core to finish processing, performance may not increase at all. Some software is not written to make use of multiple cores , so it will not run any quicker on a multi-core computer. Q uesto's Q uestions 1.2 - CPU Performance: Cache Size & Levels 1a. What is cache memory ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe two ways that more c ache memory will mean performance is higher . [ 4 ] 1c. Explain why most computers only have a small amount of cache memory. [ 1 ] Clock Speed 2a. What is clock speed ? What is it measured in? [ 2 ] 2b. Explain how a higher clock speed improves performance . [ 2 ] 2c. Explain the terms 'overclocking ' and 'underclocking ' and explain the effects of both on the performance of a computer. [ 4 ] Number of Cores 3a. What is a core ? [ 2 ] 3b. Explain why a quad-core processor should have a higher performance than a dual-core processor . [ 3 ] 3c. Explain two reasons why having more cores doesn't necessarily mean the performance will be better . [ 2 ] 1.1b - Registers & FE Cycle 1.3 - Embedded Systems Theory Topics

Learn about crucial laws in place to protect data and privacy, including the Data Protection Act (2018), Computer Misuse Act (1990), RIPA (2000) and the Freedom of Information Act (2000). Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 4.1 - UK Legislation Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 Exam Board: OCR There are many types of legislation - laws that have been written into use - that concern data storage, protection and the use of information. In an exam, the year the law was introduced must be stated . In 2018 the European Union introduced GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation ) to protect the privacy of data for people in the EU. The UK matched this by updating the Data Protection Act introduced in 1998 to become the Data Protection Act (2018) . This act protects the data of individuals that is stored on computers and processed by organisations. How the Data Protection Act works: Each person who has their data stored is known as a data subject . An employee within an organisation must be appointed as a data controller and it is they who are responsible for registering with the Information Commissioner . The Information Commissioner is the person in the UK who is responsible for managing several laws , most significantly the Data Protection Act. When registering with the Information Commissioner, the organisation's data controller must be clear on exactly: What information they are collecting, Why it is being collected, What the data will be used for . The six principles of the Data Protection Act (2018) state: 1. Data must be collected lawfully and processed fairly. 2. Collected data must only be used for the reasons specified. 3. Data must be relevant and not excessive. 4. Data must be accurate and up-to-date. 5. Data must not be stored for longer than necessary, 6. Data must be stored and processed securely. Actions organisations must take to stick to the Data Protection Act (2018): The company must appoint and register a member of staff to act as the organisation's data controller . The data controller is responsible for communicating with the Information Commissioner and ensuring the principles of the DPA are not broken . There must be strong security measures in practice to protect data from being accessed or transferred without authorisation . This could be in the form of physical or digital protection methods enforced by the company. Staff should be trained so that they are clearly aware of their responsibilities and each principle is adhered to. For example, they should know that data can only be used for the reasons specified when it is collected and should not be passed to others without the permission of the data subject. Data subjects should be given the opportunity to alter their data and make changes if it is incorrect . Data should be deleted when it is no longer needed , so organisations should periodically assess both the accuracy and relevance of storing each data subject's information. Data subjects have the right to make a Subject Access Request (SAR ) and receive a copy of the data which is stored about them. Companies must abide by this request by verifying the user's identify and presenting the data to them securely . Rights of data subjects: Under the Data Protection Act, individuals have a right of access to any information that is stored about them by public bodies . If an individual wishes to access their data they must submit a Subject Access Request (SAR ) which results in the following steps: The organisation's data controller must be written to and told exactly what information is required to access. An administrative fee should be paid to the organisation (but only if the request requires excessive efforts to fulfil ). The organisation must provide the requested information within 40 days . The individual must verify their identity using appropriate ID because only the data subject can request their data . Computer Misuse Act (1990) This act was introduced as computers became cheaper and more common at home and work . The act attempts to stop and punish those who use computers inappropriately . Breaking any of the three principles could result in fines and a jail sentence but only if it can be proved it was done on purpose and not by accident. The Computer Misuse Act (1990 ) includes three main principles : 1. No unauthorised access to data. Example: Hacking a computer system. 2. No unauthorised access to data that could be used for further illegal activities. Example: Accessing personal data to use as blackmail or identity theft. 3. No unauthorised modification of data. Example: Spreading a virus to change data. Data Protection Act (2018) / GDPR Freedom of Information Act (2000) This act allows people to request public authorities to release information . Public authorities include local councils , government departments , universities and hospitals . A freedom of information request must be formally submitted in a letter or email and a reply from the organisation is required within twenty days of receiving the request. A simple freedom of information request might be the average response times of the local ambulance service in the past year. Certain requests will not be accepted , such as if processing the request would be too expensive or if it involves sensitive information protected by the Data Protection Act (2018 ). Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (2000) This act (often shortened to RIPA ) was introduced in response to the increase in both criminal and terrorist activities on the internet, it is used to monitor and access online communication of suspected criminals . If criminal activity is suspected by an individual then this act grants the following powers : Internet Service Providers (ISPs) must provide access to the suspect's online communication , such as emails or social media. Locked or encrypted data may be accessed such as online messages. ISPs could install surveillance equipment or software to track the suspect's online activity . Surveillance may take place to physically track the suspect , e.g. in private vans or by undercover officers in public spaces. Access must be granted to personal information . This act became controversial as its use widened and local councils were using it for minor offences - a Scottish council used the act to monitor dog barking and a council in Cumbria gathered video evidence about who was feeding pigeons . The act has since been changed to only allow the surveillance of crime suspects . Copyright, Designs & Patents Act (1988) This act makes it a criminal offence to copy work that is not your own without the permission of the creator or the copyright holder. This can refer to text, images, music, videos or software. Owning the copyright of an image might not prevent others from copying and using it but this act means that the owner can bring legal proceedings in court to those who have stolen their work . Creators of copyrighted work can take ownership of their work and control how it is used . Others must ask for permission to use the work otherwise the copyright holder can ask for it to be removed or demand a fee for its use . This act specifically prohibits the following actions: Making copies of copyrighted material to sell to others . Importing and downloading illegally copied material (except for personal use). Distributing enough copyrighted material to have a noticeable effect on the copyright holder . Possessing equipment used to copy copyrighted material , as part of a business. Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) Codes of Practice Protection of Freedoms Act (2012) There are seven sections to this act, revolving around the protection of personal data . It was introduced because there was little legislation about biometric data , and to update older laws . IT-related sections are summarised below: Part 1 - States how biometric data (e.g. fingerprints and DNA) is stored, handled and collected. For example, parents must give consent before their child gives biometric data to a school. Also, biometric data for suspects of minor offences is deleted after the case is closed. Part 2 - Creates new regulation for CCTV and ANPR (automatic number plate recognition) use. Part 5 - The Disclosure & Barring Service (DBS) was created to run background checks on anyone wanting to work with children or vulnerable people. Part 6 - Extends the Freedom of Information Act (2000) allowing for wider requests to be made . The information commissioner is the senior government official in charge of the country's freedom of information requests and the protection of personal data . The Information Commissioner's Office describes itself as "The UK’s independent authority set up to uphold information rights in the public interest, promoting openness by public bodies and data privacy for individuals". The ICO publishes codes of practices about various data protection and privacy topics , usually related to explaining the Data Protection Act . For example, the ICO has a code of practice regarding how organisations should share data and another code of practice about the use of CCTV . The ICO offers help and support to both individuals (such as giving access to students to their exam results) and organisations (such as support with legal electronic marketing). Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (2003) This law (which was updated in 2011 ) regulates how organisations can communicate with individuals . Companies must stick to the following rules: It is an offence to directly contact an individual unless they have specifically opted-in to receive communication. This is commonly managed by using tick boxes on online stores where you must opt-in to receiving promotional material. Companies must clearly state who they are when contacting customers, such as displaying the phone number when calling - and not 'hiding' the number. Organisations must explain how cookies are used on their website . Companies must only contact customers through communication channels that the customer has previously permitted . This can be done with tick boxes when signing up. Customers can select or de-select methods such as email , phone calls and text messages . The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) is responsible for this regulation and can fine companies that commit unsolicited communication up to £500,000. It is the customer who benefits and is protected by this regulation. Equality Act (2010) The government states that "The Equality Act legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society." Discrimination because of protected characteristics such as gender , race , religion , age and disability are specifically punishable by legal action. The aim of the act is to end discrimination in the workplace and open up fair opportunities for every employee regardless of behavioural or physical characteristics that are outside of their control . Within a company, the Equality Act protects staff by stating protected characteristics should not be a factor in an employee's promotion or change of role. Information must be presented in a format accessible to all staff . Q uesto's Q uestions 4.1 - UK Legislation: 1. Create a flashcard or PowerPoint slide for each legislation above. Explain the purpose of the legislation , its main principles and whom it affects . [5 each ] 3.6 - Information Systems Topic List 4.2 - Global Legislation

Learn about different types of human computer interaction (HCI) such as audio, movement / gesture, touch and visual (command line and graphical user interface (GUI)). Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 5.1.1 - Types of Human-Computer Interaction Watch on YouTube : Human-Computer Interaction Human-computer interaction (HCI) refers to the ways in which users engage with computers and is an important factor that must be considered when designing and developing an application . For each type of HCI you need to know its purpose , devices on which it is used , its advantages and disadvantages and how client requirements may affect its use . Human-Computer Interaction Types of User Interaction Audio allows users to interact with a system using voice commands . Body movements or gestures (e.g. hand waves or head turns ) can control or interact with applications . Touch allows users to interact by tapping , swiping , dragging or pinching directly on a screen . Graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) provide a visual interface using windows , icons , buttons and menus . Command-line interfaces ( CLIs ) only allow interaction with the system by typing text commands into a terminal or shell . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1.1 - Types of Human-Computer Interaction: 1. A company selling toys wants to create an app to advertise its latest products . Justify the suitability of each user interaction type for the company's app . [5 ] 2. Compare the GUI and CLI visual interaction methods, including their advantages and disadvantages . [8 ] 3. Explain when the audio interaction method would be appropriate . [ 3 ] In 2012 Milwaukee County Zoo started giving iPads to orangutans so they could use the touchscreen to draw pictures . D id Y ou K now? 4.3 - Decomposition Methods Topic List 5.1.2 - Types of Device

Learn about 11 key attributes that a respected and successful member of staff should develop in a work environment. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 4.3 - Personal Attributes Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Any employee in an organisation must demonstrate positive qualities that makes them a useful worker . The following are some of the key attributes that a successful employee of an IT organisation should have. Self-motivation: Workers must be able to motivate themselves to produce high-quality work . They must arrive to work willing to face new challenges and retain a good attitude even when faced with difficulties. Leadership: Managers must show good leadership skills by respecting members of their team so that they are motivated and produce good work. A leader must delegate tasks and take responsibility for negative outcomes. Respect: Respect must be shown at all times to other members of staff and to customers . Employees should be polite and patient when dealing with requests and uphold the company's values . Dependability: Managers must be able to depend on their employees to complete work to the best of their ability and complete it on time . Employees should also be trustworthy and reliable to work on tasks independently. Punctuality: Arriving to work on time is important and shows a commitment to your job . Employees must show up on time to meetings and scheduled events so they don't miss out or upset others. Problem Solving: An employee must be able to look at a problem from different angles and perspectives in order to solve it. Workers must use logic and learn from previous mistakes . Determination: Workers should be focused on their job role and not give up on challenging tasks. Workers must be prepared to work on a dedicated task until it is fully completed . Independence: Workers should be able to work alone on tasks and not rely on other members of staff . They should be confident in finding a solution to a problem independently. Time Management: Most tasks will have a deadline and it is the worker or team's responsibility to ensure all work is completed before that date. Workers must be organised and plan ahead in case of unforeseen circumstances. Team Working: Most modern IT jobs involve group work , either within the office or using online communication across different sites. Workers must cooperate with their peers, share ideas and work together to complete tasks on time. Numerical Skills: Maths skills are required in IT jobs to ensure that jobs are completed accurately and within the budget . Workers may use calculators or spreadsheets to prevent mistakes. Verbal Skills: Spoken communication is a huge part of most jobs, whether that be face-to-face , on the phone or through video calls . Workers must be polite to customers and respectful to co-workers , using appropriate language at all times. Planning & Organisation: To ensure all deadlines are met , teams must carefully plan who will complete each task and by when. Companies must be well organised so that departments can work together and share information when necessary. Q uesto's Q uestions 4.3 - Personal Attributes: The Job Roles section (4.5 ) may help you answer these questions. 1. A games company are looking to hire a new manager to oversee the development of their next video game. Describe 4 personal attributes that the manager should have. [10 ] 2. A software company that develops web browsers is hiring a new programmer . Describe 4 personal attributes that the programmer should have. You must not describe the same attributes as Q1 . [10 ] 3. An animator is required at a large design and movie production studio. Describe 4 personal attributes that the animator should have. You must not describe the same attributes as Q1 or Q2 . [10 ] 4.2 - Communication Technology Topic List 4.4 - Ready for Work

Learn about the technical difference between data and information, with examples. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 3.1 - Data vs. Information Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 The terms 'data ' and 'information ' are often used interchangeably but they do not mean the same thing . The term 'data ' refers to unprocessed facts or statistics that have no context . For example, 53% is data - it is a statistic that has no context. The term 'information ' refers to data that has been processed , organised and structured into context . For example, 53% of pumpkin stock was sold in 2019 is information - it is data that has been given context (meaning). Data Processing Information Q uesto's Q uestions 3.1 - Data vs. Information: 1. Describe , using examples , the difference between data and information . [4 ] 2.4 - Information Management 3.2 & 3.3 - Information Categories Topic List

Learn about Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), including their roles, types (composite, internal, private, public, partner) and architecture (REST, SOAP, RPC). Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software Watch on YouTube: API roles API architecture 3.1 - Application Programming Interface (API) You must know the role and uses of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs ) as well as the uses , advantages and disadvantages of each API type (composite , internal , private , public , partner ). You must also understand the uses , advantages and disadvantages of API architecture (REST , SOAP , RPC ). What You Need to Know Roles of an API An Application Programming Interface (API ) allows different applications or systems to communicate and exchange data using a defined set of rules . Roles of an API include: Setting communication rules by defining the methods that allow an application to communicate correctly with a server . Transferring data by allowing an application to request data from a server and receive the requested information in response. Increasing security by providing a controlled way of accessing a server's data or services , rather than giving an application direct access to the server and its data . As an example , a weather app could use an API to request today's weather data from a weather service's server , which then returns the requested information for the app to display . Types of API Composite API A composite API combines multiple API requests into a single request , allowing several pieces of data or tasks to be handled together . It is used when an application needs data from several sources or needs several related actions completed at once . Such as an online shop retrieving customer , order and delivery i nformation simultaneously . A composite API can reduce the number of separate requests , making complex operations simpler and potentially improving performance . But it can be more complex to develop and maintain , and a problem with one part of the combined request could affect the overall response . Internal API An internal API is designed for use within an organisation , allowing its own applications and systems to communicate . It is used when different systems inside the same organisation need to exchange data , such as a school's student-record system sharing data with its attendance system . An internal API can improve communication and data sharing between internal systems while allowing the organisation to control how the API works . However, it usually cannot be accessed by external organisations , and the organisation is responsible for developing , securing and maintaining it. Private API A private API is where access is restricted to authorised developers or users , usually through authentication such as credentials . It is used during private development and testing , or when developers need controlled access to confidential back-end data and services . A private API provides greater control and security , helping protect confidential data and intellectual property while allowing authorised developers (including remote developers ) to access what they need . But restricted access limits outside involvement and integration , and the organisation is responsible for developing , testing , securing and maintaining the API. Public API A public API is made available to external developers or the general public to access certain data or services . It is used when an organisation wants other applications to use its data or services , such as allowing developers to retrieve weather , mapping or transport information . Public APIs encourage third-party development and integration , potentially increasing the number of applications making use of a service . However, it creates greater security and management requirements , and heavy usage may place additional demand on servers , so access may need to be limited . Partner API A partner API is shared with selected external organisations or business partners , rather than being available to everyone . It is used when two organisations need their systems to securely share data or services , such as an online retailer communicating with a delivery company's system . A partner API allows organisations to use specialist services provided by trusted partners rather than developing everything themselves , potentially reducing development time and costs . However, it creates dependency on the API provider . Also, downtime , security problems , rate limits or limited customisation could affect the application. API Architecture API architecture describes the rules and structure used by an API . REST (Representational State Transfer) REST is an API architecture that commonly uses standard web/HTTP methods to request , add , update or delete data , often exchanging data using JSON . it is commonly used for web and mobile applications that need to communicate with servers , such as an app requesting user account information . REST is simple and easy to use , works across different platforms , uses standard web technologies , is stateless so requests can be handled independently and is scalable for applications with many users . But it provides less strict standardisation than SOAP and developers may need to implement additional security , validation and error handling themselves. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) SOAP is a strict and standardised protocol for exchanging structured information between applications , usually using XML to format messages . It is often used where security , reliability and strict rules are particularly important, such as financial , payment or large business systems . SOAP has strict standards and built-in support for features such as security and error handling , making communication reliable and consistent . However, it can be more complex to develop and use and its XML messages contain lots of tags , making them larger and potentially slower to process than REST. RPC (Remote Procedure Call) RPC is an API architecture that allows an application to request that a function/procedure is carried out on another computer or server , as though it were being carried out locally . It is useful when an application needs to perform specific actions on a remote system , such as requesting a server to calculate a value and return the result . RPC can be simple and efficient for performing specific actions , as the developer can directly request the required procedure . But it can create a strong dependency between the client and server , meaning changes to procedures on the server may require changes to the application . Also, network problems can prevent the procedure from completing . Q uesto's Q uestions 3.1 - Application Programming Interface (API): 1. What is the role of an API , and how can APIs help applications and servers communicate securely ? [ 3 ] 2. Describe composite , internal , private , public and partner APIs , giving an example of when each could be used. [3 each ] 3. Give advantages and disadvantages of composite , internal , private , public and partner APIs . [4 each ] 4. Describe REST , SOAP and RPC API architectures and explain when each would be suitable . [4 each ] 5. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of REST , SOAP and RPC . [ 6 ] A single application can communicate with multiple APIs . For example, a travel app could use separate services for maps , weather , payments and transport information rather than developing every feature itself. D id Y ou K now? 2.3 - Data States Topic List 3.2 - Protocols

Learn about policies related to application development, including a user guide, acceptable use policy (AUP), backup, codes of practice, staying safe online and the use of information. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 5.3 - Policies Watch on YouTube: Policies You need to know the purpose , content and application of each policy to be considered when related to developing application platforms . What You Need to Know Policies Policies provide rules and guidance that help ensure an application platform is developed and used safely , responsibly and effectively . Application User Guide An application user guide provides users with instructions and information about how to install , access and use the application correctly . It may include system requirements , installation instructions , explanations of features , troubleshooting advice and contact/support information . Developers create and maintain documentation that reflects the finished application and is accessible and understandable to its intended users . System requirements are an important part of the guide as they allow users to check that their device and operating system are compatible before installation , helping prevent errors and providing useful information when troubleshooting problems . Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) An acceptable use policy (AUP ) defines rules about how an application can and cannot be used, encouraging appropriate and responsible behaviour. It includes acceptable and unacceptable activities , user responsibilities , prohibited content or behaviour , security requirements and possible consequences of breaking the rules . Developers ensure users are given access to the AUP and may be required to agree to it before using the application. For example, a school's learning platform could prohibit users from sharing passwords , posting offensive content or attempting to access another student's account . Backup Policy A backup policy ensures that important application data can be recovered if the original data is lost , damaged , corrupted or affected by a security incident . The policy defines what data should be backed up , how often backups occur, where they are stored , how long they are retained and how data can be restored . Developers ensure the application supports the organisation's backup requirements , such as automatically backing up user data at scheduled intervals and securely storing backup copies . For example, a school application could automatically back up student records each day so they can be restored following data loss. Codes of Practice Codes of practice provide guidelines for good professional practice when developing and operating application platforms . They may cover areas such as security , accessibility , privacy , ethical behaviour , development standards and handling user data responsibly . Developers follow relevant professional or industry guidelines throughout the development process when designing , coding , testing and maintaining the application . For example, developers could follow accessibility guidance to make an application usable by people with different accessibility needs . Staying Safe Online A staying safe online policy promotes responsible internet use and protects the safety and well-being of users , helping create a safe and respectful online environment . It includes guidance about protecting personal information , communicating safely , appropriate online behaviour , recognising suspicious content and reporting concerns . Developers can provide safety information and suitable features , such as privacy controls , reporting systems , blocking features and warnings about sharing personal information . For example, a social media application could allow users to block and report other accounts and provide guidance about not sharing personal information . Use of Information A use of information policy explains how an organisation collects , uses , stores and shares users' information . It provides transparency , builds trust and helps meet legal responsibilities . The policy identifies what information is collected , why it is required , how it will be used and stored , who it may be shared with , users' rights and restrictions on misuse . Developers design the application so that information is collected and processed according to the policy , including appropriate privacy controls, permissions and security measures . For example, an application collecting users' email addresses should explain why they are collected , how they will be used and who can access them . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.3 - Policies: 1. Explain the purpose of an application user guide and describe the information it should contain . [ 3 ] 2. Explain the purpose and content of an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP ), including how it can be applied to an application platform . [4 ] 3. Explain the purpose of backup policies and codes of practice and how developers can apply them when developing application platforms . [4 ] 4. Explain the purpose and content of a staying safe online policy and how its requirements could influence the features of an application . [4 ] 5. Explain the purpose and content of a use of information policy , including how developers can ensure information is collected , stored , used and shared appropriately . [ 4 ] During the production of Toy Story 2 , a command accidentally deleted a huge amount of the film's production data . Pixar discovered that its backups had problems too, but supervising technical director Galyn Susman had a backup copy of the project stored on her computer at home while working remotely, which allowed much of the deleted work to be recovered . D id Y ou K now? 5.2 - Application Installation Topic List 6.1 - Legal Considerations