Learn about the eight roles of an operating system including CPU management, security, managing interrupts and the user interface. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 6.1: Operating Systems Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is an Operating System? An operating system (OS ) is software that helps to manage the resources of a computer system . There are eight main roles of an operating system: Manage the CPU A critical role of the OS is to manage the CPU so that applications and processes can be run efficiently . The CPU is effectively managed by performing three further roles: Manage Memory (RAM) The OS reserves memory space in RAM for stored programs to be copied into. The FDE cycle is executed continuously to carry out the instructions. The OS also ensures that programs are appropriately managed so that data is stored in correct memory locations and not corrupted . Manage Interrupts A interrupt is an alert signal sent to the CPU when an application or hardware device requires immediate attention . The OS must efficiently manage interrupts so that a problem can be dealt with quickly if one occurs. Manage Multi-Tasking The OS manages tasks so instructions can be executed by the CPU in turn - this is called scheduling . The OS prevents processes from interfering with others and crashing. Tasks should appear to run simultaneously even though only one process can be executed at a time. Manage Backing Store The backing store is another term for secondary storage devices such as the magnetic hard disk drive , optical drives or solid state memory sticks. The OS ensures data is stored correctly and can be efficiently retrieved from the backing store. Files are organised in a hierarchical (logical) structure . Manage Peripherals A peripheral is an external device connected to a computer system to input or output data . The OS manages the receiving of data from input devices (such as a keyboard or mouse) and the transfer of data to output devices (such as a monitor or speaker). Manage Security The OS allows users to create, manage and delete accounts with different permissions. It also permits multiple users to log in and change passwords . Antivirus and firewall software is managed by the OS as well as some data encryption processes. Manage the User Interface The final function of an operating system is to provide a user interface , allowing a human to interact with the computer system . The way in which a user can navigate a computer system is known as human-computer interaction ( HCI ). Graphical User Interface (GUI) The most common type of user interface is a graphical user interface (GUI ) which can be presented in the following ways: Icons are displayed to represent shortcuts to applications and files. Multiple windows can be opened at the same time and switched between. A folder and file system is displayed and manipulated allowing for copying , searching , sorting and deleting data. The interface can be customised , such as changing font sizes and the desktop background . The taskbar allows shortcuts to be pinned for quick access . Menus can be opened from the Start button to display files and shortcuts. System settings can be accessed such as network and hardware options . Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1 - Operating Systems: 1. Describe each role of the operating system : 1. Manage the CPU [ 2 ] 2. Manage memory [ 2 ] 3. Manage interrupts [ 2 ] 4. Manage multi-tasking [ 2 ] 5. Manage backing store [ 2 ] 6. Manage peripherals [ 2 ] 7. Manage security [ 2 ] 8. Manage the user interface [ 2 ] 2. Describe 5 different ways the operating system can provide a graphical user interface (GUI) . [5 ] 3. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of using the following types of human-computer interaction (HCI) : a. Command-Line interface [ 4 ] b. Touch-Sensitive interface [ 4 ] c. Menu-Driven interface [ 4 ] d. Voice-Driven interface [ 4 ] Command-Line Interface Other types of user interface do exist, such as a command-line interface (CLI ). This type of interface is entirely text-based and requires users to interact with the system by typing commands . This is a complicated process and mistakes could easily accidentally delete data. There are many commands to learn so only experts who have been trained t o learn this interface will be able to efficiently make use of it. Menu-Driven Interface A menu-driven interface displays data in a series of linked menus . Examples include cash machines (ATMs) and old iPods . This type of interface is generally user friendly and easy to use as commands do not need to be memorised. However it can be annoying to find specific data through a large number of menus without a search feature. Touch-Sensitive Interface Another type of user interface is a touch-sensitive interface , used with smartphones and tablets . A human interacts with the device by pressing on a touchscreen , making it very intuitive and suitable for most users without training. Touch-sensitive interfaces may not work with dirty or wet fingers and it will take longer to write text compared to using a keyboard. Voice-Driven Interface A voice-driven interface can be controlled by speaking commands aloud to a listening device. Examples include Amazon's Alexa devices, Apple's Siri technology and Google Home . This interface is intuitive , can be used hands-free and helps to speed up processes . However commands may be misheard or limited in what can be performed. 5.1 - Data Structures Theory Topics 6.2 - Utility Software

Learn how to create and use two-dimensional lists in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 8b - 2D Lists Creating a List with Multiple Dimensions Lists can be given another dimension to hold data that is related to each other . A scenario: Three students have taken two Chemistry tests, and their teacher has recorded the results in a 2-dimensional array (note that Python does not use arrays but uses lists instead): To create this in Python: Printing a 2D List To print the whole list, use a for loop to cycle through each record. I have altered the normal i variable to be 'record', so it is more descriptive: Use the index number to print a specific record . Look at the table above and remember that Python starts counting at 0 so Edward is record 0, Bella 1 and Jacob 2: To print a specific data value, you need to define the record number and then the data index . When using 2D lists, the first value is the row, and the second value is the column . Use the table at the very top to help you visualise this: Practice Task 1 Use the introduction at the top to help you create a 2D list with three friends in the first column, their age in the second column and their favourite colour in the third column. Print the whole list. Then print just the second person's information. Example solution: Searching Through a 2D List To search through a multi-dimensional list then you need to search through each record and then each data element for a specific value: Practice Task 2 Use the 2D list that you created in the first practice task. Ask the user to enter a name. Search through the list and print the record of that person's name. Example solution: ⬅ 8a - Using Lists 8 c - Dictionaries ➡

Learn about different formats for presenting data on the internet including webpages, blogs, streamed video and audio, document stores and RSS feeds. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 1.6 - Information Formats Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 The following formats are used to display information on the internet . Web Pages Web pages can be used for a diverse range of purposes including advertising products, reporting information , displaying images and eCommerce (online shopping). There are two types of web page: Static web page Static web pages contain content that is pre-built and remains the same each time the page is loaded . Static web pages are cheaper and easier to create and load quicker ; they use basic HTML. It can be changed by the site editor but will appear the same for everyone who has access to it, such as a classic promotional website for a small company. Dynamic web page Dynamic web pages are generated when they are loaded and can appear different to different users . Dynamic web pages are harder to code but they can be linked to databases to allow them to show personalised content to whoever is viewing the site; they are written in server-side languages like PHP. The Amazon homepage is an example of a dynamic web page as personalised deals based on previous user history will be shown if you are logged in with an account. Blogs Blogs are used to share information with like-minded individuals, such as those who enjoy the same hobbies or beliefs . Charities , game developers and other businesses also use blogs as a way of updating their customer base with what they have done or what they are working on. Blogs can feature multimedia such as text, images, videos and links to other sites. Advantages of Blogs Disadvantages of Blogs ✓ Share information with followers in the format of text, images and video . ✓ Blogs and vlogs can unite people with similar interests , such as a cookery blog or travel vlog. X Takes a lot of effort and time to create posts, especially if videos need to be edited before posting. Potential customers could be lost if blogs aren't updated regularly . X It can be difficult to build up a customer base directly from a blog. Posts must be engaging , researched and correct . Podcasts A podcast is a downloadable audio file , usually on a certain topic such as sports or gaming that can be listened to when convenient for the user. Spotify and Apple Music have a wide library of podcasts. Advantages of Podcasts Disadvantages of Podcasts ✓ Podcasts are not (usually) recorded live , so they can be edited and uploaded at a certain time each week. ✓ Podcasts can be listened to when convenient for the user, so they can't 'miss' it and can catch up when is best for them. ✓ Podcasts are becoming more and more popular , so the possible audience base is growing each year. Celebrity guests are one way to entice more listeners. X Takes time to record a podcast, especially if they need to be edited to add in music or sound effects or to remove mistakes . X It can be difficult to build up an audience directly from a podcast. Podcasts should be on a topic that interests people and spoken in an engaging way. Streamed Audio & Video Streaming is the process of receiving video / audio data in a continuous flow . This allows the user to access the video / audio immediately , without having to wait for the file to download entirely. For example, the BBC provide live radio streaming online for their radio shows and BBC iPlayer allows users to watch 'catch up' programs that previously aired. YouTube is a widely-used streamed video platform and Spotify is a popular streamed audio service. Advantages of Streamed Media Disadvantages of Streamed Media ✓ Streaming does not require data to be downloaded entirely before use - users can watch / listen as soon as the connection starts . ✓ Streaming is harder for users to share than downloading a file . Netflix uses this as a form of piracy protection . X Streaming requires high bandwidth so users may suffer performance issues on slower devices and networks . X Streaming requires a constant network connection compared to downloadable media which can be used when offline / outside. Social Media Channels Social media channels provide a huge amount of data on users in an informal space. Organisations can receive feedback through user posts and comments . Real-time statistics like views, likes and shares provide an insight to user opinion . Social media channels include traditional sites such as Facebook and Twitter as well as business and recruitment platforms such as LinkedIn . Discussion boards and forums , such as Reddit , are increasingly popular for users to discuss similar hobbies and interests such as politics, gaming and healthy eating. Advantages of Social Media Disadvantages of Social Media ✓ Social media can increase a business' online presence as it is online 24/7 for users to comment and interact with posts. ✓ Posts can be shared between users and their contacts, allowing a post to 'go viral' and be seen by potentially millions of viewers . ✓ Posts can be shared in different information styles such as text , images , video or hyperlinks to other websites. ✓ Businesses can use social media to communicate with their customer s , such as direct messages on Facebook if a customer is unhappy. X Businesses may need to hire a social media manager to interact with customers , update posts and remove spam. X Negative posts can be shared and spread very quickly , such as if a customer complains about how a business treated them poorly. X Businesses must be cautious about what they post , to not accidentally offend others and damage their reputation . Emails Emails can be used to provide information to a large amount of people almost instantly . A company may use an email to advertise new products , inform potential customers of a marketing promotion or target specific users based on previous interactions. Advantages of Emails Disadvantages of Emails ✓ Faster (almost instant) and cheaper (usually free) to send an email compared to traditional letters . ✓ Files can be attached to the email, such as images, videos or forms to complete. ✓ An audit trail can be kept, recording communication between the company and its customers. ✓ Emails can be sent, delivered and read at the user's convenience and to any internet-enabled device across the world . X An internet connection is required to open and read the email. Larger attachments may not open on mobile devices. X Malware can spread through email attachments. Phishers use emails to gain access to personal information and account details . X Some attachments sent via email may be unreadable on different devices / operating systems. X Emails may automatically go into the spam / junk folder and be deleted without being read . Document Stores Document stores allow users to store online files in cloud storage . Common services are Google Drive , Dropbox and Microsoft's OneDrive . Storing documents in the cloud allows users to edit and access them from any location with an internet connection and opens up opportunities for collaboration . Many organisations offer cloud storage space for free up to a certain amount before charging customers for more data. Document stores are very convenient for users and replace the need for portable storage devices like USB sticks. Teachers can use documents stores to share resources with other staff in a school . Documents stores can only be accessed with an internet connection so files will be unavailable during maintenance or network failure. Users rely on the cloud hosting provider, such as Microsoft and Google to keep the data secure and available . RSS Feeds RSS Feeds (short for Rich Site Summary ) allow users to subscribe to updates from their favourite websites. It is a web feed that updates whenever a subscribed site releases new information. For example, the BBC used to post updates for important news headlines which appeared in a subscribed user's RSS feed. As of 2020 most browsers no longer have built-in RSS functionality and it is rarely used . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.6 - Information Formats: 1. Describe the difference between static and dynamic web pages . [4 ] 2. For each type of information format describe its advantages and disadvantages . a. Blogs [8 ] b. Podcasts [8 ] c. Streamed Audio / Video [8 ] d. Social Media [8 ] e. Emails [8 ] 3. Explain how document stores could be used by organisations and individuals . [4 ] 4. Explain what an RSS feed is and how an organisation could use it . [3 ] 1.5 - WWW Technologies Topic List 1.7 & 1.8 - Internet Pros & Cons

Learn about network devices such as a switch, router, modem and NIC. Also learn about internet terms and services including DNS and the Cloud. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 3.1b: Network Hardware + The Internet Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : The Internet Network Hardware DNS Servers The Cloud Network Devices When sending data across a network, files are broken down into smaller parts called data packets . Whole files are too large to transfer as one unit so data packets allow data to be transferred across a network quickly . Each packet of data is redirected by routers across networks until it arrives at its destination. Data packets may split up and use alternative routes to reach the destination address. When all the packets have arrived at the destination address the data is reassembled back into the original file. Wireless Access Point A Wireless Access Point provides a link between wireless and wired networks . It creates a wireless local area network that allows WiFi-enabled devices to connect to a wired network. Examples of a wireless access point in a public space could be a WiFi or Bluetooth hotspot , for example a WiFi hotspot in a coffee shop or airport to provide access to the internet. A wireless access point may be a separate device or built into another device such as a router. Router Routers are used to transfer data packets between networks . Routers receive data packets and use the IP address in the packet header to determine the best route to transmit the data. Data is transferred from router to router across the internet towards the destination. A router stores the IP address of each computer connected to it on the network and uses a list called a routing table to calculate the quickest and shortest route to transfer data. Switch A switch is used to connect devices together on a LAN . It receives data packets from a connected node, reads the destination address in the packet header and forwards the data directly to its destination. A switch will generate a list of the MAC addresses of all devices connected to it when it receives data , and must scan for a matching destination address before sending. An alternative to a switch is a hub but a hub is slower and less secure as it forwards a copy of received data to all connected nodes . Network Interface Controller / Card A Network Interface Controller (NIC ) commonly also known as a Network Interface Card is an internal piece of hardware that is required for the computer to connect to a network . The card includes a MAC address which is used when sending data across a LAN . An ethernet cable is plugged into the network card to allow data to be exchanged between the device and a network. A NIC used to be a separate expansion card but is now typically embedded on the motherboar d . Transmission Media Although not technically a device, the communication channel along which data is transferred will affect performance . Three common types of transmission media include: Ethernet cables - used typically on a LAN to transfer data between nodes and hardware such as switches. Examples include Cat5e and Cat6. Fibre Optic cables - very fast but more expensive and fragile cables typically used to send data quickly along a WAN . Data is sent as pulses of light . Coaxial cables - older , slower , copper cables that are not used as much in modern times as they can be affected by electromagnetic interference . The Internet The internet is a global network of interconnected networks . The world wide web (WWW ) is not the same as the internet. It is a way of accessing information , using protocols such as HTTPS to view web pages . Servers provide services on the internet , such as a web server which responds to the web browser (client) request to display a web page . The web server processes the client request to prepare the web page and return it so the web browser can display it to the user . A website must be hosted (stored) on a web server so that it can be accessed by others using the internet . A unique domain name (e.g. csnewbs.com) must be registered with a domain registrar – this is a company that checks the name is valid and not already taken . What is the Internet? DNS Servers A DNS ( Domain Name System ) server stores a list of domain names and a list of corresponding IP addresses where the website is stored. The first thing to understand is that every web page has a domain name that is easy for humans to remember and type in (such as www.csnewbs.com ) as well as a related IP address (such as 65.14.202.32) which is a unique address for the device that the web page is stored on. The steps taken to display a web page: 1. A domain name is typed into the address bar of a browser . 2. A query is sent to the local DNS server for the corresponding IP address of the domain name . www.facebook.com 3. The local DNS server will check if it holds an IP address corresponding to that domain name. If it does it passes the IP address to your browser . 66.220.144.0 4. The browser then connects to the IP address of the server and accesses the web site . If the local DNS server does not hold the IP address then the query is passed to another DNS server at a higher level until the IP address is resolved. If the IP address is found, the address is passed on to DNS servers lower in the hierarchy until it is passed to your local DNS server and then to your browser. Cloud Storage The cloud refers to networks of servers accessed on the internet . Cloud computing is an example of remote service provision . Cloud servers can have different purposes such as running applications , remote processing and storing data . When you store data in 'the cloud', using services such as Google Drive or Dropbox, your data is stored on large servers owned by the hosting company . The hosting company (such as Google) is responsible for keeping the servers running and making your data accessible on the internet . Cloud storage is very convenient as it allows people to work on a file at the same time and it can be accessed from different devices. However, if the internet connection fails , or the servers are attacked then the data could become inaccessible . Cloud Storage Characteristics: ✓ - Huge CAPACITY and you can upgrade your subscription if you need more storage. ✓ / X - Cloud storage is difficult to rank in terms of PORTABILITY , DURABILITY and ACCESS SPEED because it depends on your internet connection. A fast connection would mean that cloud storage is very portable (can be accessed on a smartphone or tablet) but a poor connection would make access difficult . ✓ - Cloud storage is typically free for a certain amount of storage. Users can then buy a subscription to cover their needs - Dropbox allows 2 GB for free or 2 TB for £9.99 a month. Q uesto's Q uestions 3.1b - Network Hardware & Internet: 1a. Explain how a switch works. [ 2 ] 1b. Describe the purpose of a router . [ 2 ] 1c. State what WAP stands for and why it is used . [ 2 ] 1d. State what NIC stands for and why it is required . [ 2 ] 1e. State the differences between the three main types of transmission media . [ 3 ] 2a. State what the internet is and how it is different to the world wide web . [ 2 ] 2b. What is web hosting ? [ 2 ] 3a. What is a DNS server ? [ 2 ] 3b. Describe, using a mix of text and icons / images , how a DNS server is used to display a web page . [5 ] 3c. Describe how a DNS server searches for an IP address if it is not found on the local DNS server . [ 2 ] 4a. Describe what cloud computing is. [ 2 ] 4b. State two advantages and two disadvantages of the cloud . [ 4 ] 3.1a - Network Types & Performance Theory Topics 3.2a - Wired & Wireless Networks

The first part of a quick guide to the basics of Python aimed at Key Stage 3 students. Learn about comments and printing. Python - #1 - The Basics 1. Start with Commenting Programmers write A LOT of code. They need to understand exactly what they have written, especially if they are working as part of a team or returning to code after working on other projects. To help them understand what they have written, programmers use comments to annotate (explain) their code . Task 1 - Create a new Python program and use # to write a comment that says your name and the date. Save the file as 1-Basics.py In Python, type the # symbol then your message to write a comment. Comments are not printed when you run a program! It is a good idea to start every program with a comment, so you know what the program is about . 2. Printing to the Screen The most basic and common command you will use in Python is print . Inside the print brackets, you can write a message within speech marks . Your print command should turn purple - don't use any capital letters in Python unless it is inside speech marks! Task 2 - Write a nice message by using the print command, brackets and speech marks. Press F5 to run your program. 3. More Printing You can write multiple print lines one after another to print on different lines. Task 3 - Add two more print lines to your program. You can choose any message that you like. 4. New Lines You can use the special command \n to start a new line . This allows you to write on multiple lines but only use one print line. Use the backslash ( \ ) not the forward-slash ( / ). Task 4 - Use \n to write a 3 sentence conversation in only one line of code. Challenge Programs Use everything that you have learned on this page to help you create these programs... Challenge Task 1 - Days of the Week Create a new Python program. Save it as ' 1-Week.py ' Add a comment at the top with your name and the date. Create a program that prints the days of the week, with each day on a new line. BONUS : Try to use only one print line. BONUS : Have no empty spaces at the start of each line. When you run it, it should look like this: Challenge Task 2 - Conversation Create a new Python program. Save it as ' 1-Conversation.py ' Add a comment at the top with your name and the date. Create a program that prints a 6-line conversation between two people. It is up to you what these two people are talking about. BONUS : Try to use only one print line. BONUS : Have no empty spaces at the start of each line. When you run it, it could look something like this: #2 Variables >>>

Learn about algorithms including pseudocode and flowcharts. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 8.2: Understanding Algorithms Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is an algorithm? An algorithm is a set of instructions , presented in a logical sequence . In an exam you may be asked to read and understand an algorithm that has been written. To prove your understanding you may be asked to respond by actions such as listing the outputs of the algorithm, correcting errors or identifying an error within it. Programmers create algorithm designs as a method of planning a program before writing any code. This helps them to consider the potential problems of the program and makes it easier to start creating source code. There are two main methods of defining algorithms : Defining Algorithms - Pseudocode & Flowcharts Pseudocode Pseudocode is not a specific programming language but a more general method of describing instructions . It should be unambiguous, and it should not resemble any particular kind of programming language (e.g. Python or Java), so it can theoretically be turned into working code in any language. Generally, pseudocode can be written in any way that is readable and clearly shows its purpose. However, the Eduqas exam board advises that pseudocode for the programming exam should follow the conventions below : Annotation { Write your comment in curly brackets} Define data type price is integer firstname is string Declare a variable's value set price = 100 set firstname = "Marcella" Input / output output "Please enter your first name" input firstname Selection (must have indentation) if firstname = "Steven" then output "Hello" + firstname elif firstname = "Steve" then output "Please use full name" else output "Who are you?" end if Iteration (while loop) while firstname ! = "Steven" output "Guess my name." input firstname repeat Iteration (for loop) for i in range 10 input item next i Define a subroutine Declare Sub1 [Subroutine content indented] End Sub1 Call a subroutine call Sub1 Flowcharts A flowchart can be used to visually represent an algorithm. The flowchart symbols are: Algorithm Examples Below are two different methods for representing the same algorithm - a program to encourage people to buy items cheaply at a supermarket. The program allows the price of items in a supermarket to be entered until the total reaches 100. The total price and the number of items entered are tracked as the program loops. Once the total reaches 100 or more, an if statement checks how many items have been entered and a different message is printed if there are 20 or more items, 30 or more items or less than 20 items. Pseudocode Flowchart {This is a program to see how many items you can buy in a supermarket before you spend over £100} total is integer, itemsentered is integer, itemprice is integer set total = 0 set itemsentered = 0 while total < 100 output "enter the price of the next item" input itemprice total = total + itemprice itemsentered = itemsentered + 1 repeat if itemsentered >= 20 then output "You are on your way to saving money." elif itemsentered => 30 then output "You're a real money saver." else output "Look for better deals next time." end if Reading Algorithms In an exam you may be asked to read an algorithm and prove your understanding , most commonly by listing the outputs . Start from the first line and follow the program line by line , recording the value of variables as you go . When you encounter a for loop , repeat the indented code as many times as stated in the range . Example Algorithm: Start NewProgram i is integer maxvalue is integer input maxvalue for i = 1 to maxvalue output (i * i) ??????? output 'program finished' End NewProgram Example Questions: 1. List the outputs produced by the algorithm if the 'maxvalue' input is 5 . 2. State the code that has been replaced by '???????' and what the code's purpose is. Example Answers: 1. Outputs: 1 4 9 16 25 program finished 2. Missing Code: next i Purpose: Moves the loop to the next iteration. Watch on YouTube Q uesto's Q uestions 8.2 - Understanding Algorithms: 1a. Read the algorithm shown on the left and list all outputs in the correct order if the inputs are 2 for height and 72 for weight . 1b. Give the code that is missing from line 25 . 8.1 - Programming Principles Theory Topics 8.3 - Writing Algorithms

The homepage for the HTML section on CSNewbs. Learn how to create an HTML website from scratch and how each tag works. I'm Arthur the Alligator and I'm here to teach you HTML. HTML GUide Show me how to make a webpage in HTML from scratch. List of Tags Show me a list of tags I can use.

Test your ability to create a more complex program in Python based on a given scenario. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Extended Task 1 Pete Porker's Pork Pie Emporium Hello, Pete Porker here... I need a new program for customer orders at my bakery . I need the customer to enter how many scotch eggs (49p each ), pork pies (85p each ) and quiche tarts (£1.45 ) they want to order. Next, ask them to confirm their choice . If they are not happy , ask the questions again . If they confirm their choice, print a receipt showing their order and total . To make your program better, you should use validation (either while loops or error handling ) to make sure that a user must enter a correct value. Bronze Award --- Welcome to Pete Porker's Pork Pie Emporium --- Scotch eggs are 45p, pork pies are 85p and quiche tarts are £1.49. Enter the number of scotch eggs to buy: 9 Enter the number of pork pies to buy: 7 Enter the number of quiche tarts to buy: 4 ----- You selected 9 scotch eggs, 7 pork pies and 4 quiche tarts. 9 scotch eggs = £4.05 7 pork pies = £5.95 4 quiche tarts = £5.96 ------- Total: £15.96 There are many ways to create this program, but below are some suggestions : Use inputs with int to let the user enter how many of each item they want. Use total variables , e.g. totaleggs = eggs * 0.45 to work out the total cost for eggs, pies and tarts. Set a finalcost variable by adding the total of the three items together. Use dashes and \n (which makes a new line ) inside speech marks to make your program more presentable . Silver Award --- Welcome to Pete Porker's Pork Pie Emporium --- Scotch eggs are 45p, pork pies are 85p and quiche tarts are £1.49. Enter the number of scotch eggs to buy: 5 Enter the number of pork pies to buy: 3 Enter the number of quiche tarts to buy: 6 ----- You selected 9 scotch eggs, 7 pork pies and 4 quiche tarts. ----- Are you happy with this selection? no Okay, enter your choices again. Enter the number of scotch eggs to buy: 6 Enter the number of pork pies to buy: 2 Enter the number of quiche tarts to buy: 7 ----- You selected 6 scotch eggs, 2 pork pies and 7 quiche tarts. ----- Are you happy with this selection? yes Excellent! Here is your receipt : 6 scotch eggs = £2.70 2 pork pies = £1.70 7 quiche tarts = £10.43 ------- Total: £14.83 There are many ways to improve this program and below are some suggestions : Use a while loop to repeat the input stage until the user is happy with their choices. You will need to ask the user if they are happy with the values that were entered and then use an if statement to repeat the loop if they enter 'no '. Gold Award Example solution: --- Welcome to Pete Porker's Pork Pie Emporium --- Scotch eggs are 45p, pork pies are 85p and quiche tarts are £1.49. Enter the number of scotch eggs to buy: 9 Enter the number of pork pies to buy: 35 Sorry you must enter a number between 1 and 20. Starting again... Enter the number of scotch eggs to buy: 9 Enter the number of pork pies to buy: 20 Enter the number of quiche tarts to buy: 7 ----- You selected 9 scotch eggs, 20 pork pies and 7 quiche tarts. ----- Are you happy with this selection? YES Excellent! Here is your reciept: 9 scotch eggs = £4.05 20 pork pies = £17.00 7 quiche tarts = £10.43 ------- Total: £31.48 There are many ways to make this program even better and below are some suggestions : Include validation so that the user can only enter numbers between 1 and 20 . You will need to use if statements and the and operator to do this. You can include additional features to your program such as rounding the number to two decimal places and including coloured text using the Colorama library (which will only work if you are using an online editor like Replit ). You can use the .lower() command when checking if the user is happy with their choices to automatically accept 'Yes' and 'YES '. If you really want to challenge yourself you could consider outputting the receipt in order from most expensive to least expensive , using if statements to check the three values (although that has not been done in this example on the left). Helpful reminders for this task: Inputting Integers While Loops Calculations Rounding Integers ⬅ 12 - Error Handling Extende d Task 2 (Lottery) ➡

Test your understanding of data types, calculations and modulo. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python - Section 3 Practice Tasks Task One: Square Number Create a program that asks the user to input a number and then prints the square of that number - to do this, multiply the number by itself . Remember: Break up variables and parts of a sentence in a print line by using commas. Example solutions: Enter a number: 12 The square of 12 is 144 Enter a number: 7 The square of 7 is 49 Task Two: Multiplying Numbers X Example solutions: Create a program that asks the user to input two numbers (num1 and num2 ). Multiply the two numbers together and print the total . Remember: Break up integer variables in a print line by using commas between each part of the sentence. Enter number one: 7 Enter number two: 9 7 x 9 = 63 Enter number one: 8 Enter number two: 12 8 x 12 = 96 Task Three: Turning 65 Example solutions: Create a program to input how old the user will turn this year and then print the year they will turn 65 . You could do this in just two lines but before trying that work out on paper the steps to calculating your own age you will turn 65. What steps did you take? Try to recreate those steps in Python. You might need to create another variable to make it easier. How old will you turn this year? 15 You will turn 65 in 2073 How old will you turn this year? 42 You will turn 65 in 2046 Task Four: Multiplication Table Let the user enter a number then print the first five multiplications in its times table. This can be done more simply when you learn about for loops but for now you will need to multiply the number by 1 , then multiply it by 2 etc. Try to make this program better by displaying the number and the value it is multiplied by in your print statements. Simple example solution: Enter a number: 8 8 16 24 32 40 Better example solution: Enter a number: 7 7 x 1 = 7 7 x 2 = 14 7 x 3 = 21 7 x 4 = 28 7 x 5 = 35 ⬅ 3b - Simple Calculations 4a - If Statements ➡

Learn about six network devices - hub, switch, router, bridge, WAP and NIC. Also, learn about routing tables and cost diagrams. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 3.4: Network Hardware & Routing Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 Network Devices Hub A hub receives data packets from a connected device and transfers a copy to all connected nodes . Switch A switch receives data packets , processes them and transfers them on to the device specifically listed in the destination address of the packet. Router Routers are used to transfer data packets between networks . Data is sent from network to network on the internet towards the destination address listed in the data packet. A router stores the address of each computer on the network and uses routing tables to calculate the quickest and shortest path . Bridge A bridge joins together two networks that use the same base protocols . For example, a bridge could link together a LAN to another LAN . Wireless Access Point (WAP) Provides a link between wireless and wired networks . It creates a wireless local area network that allows WiFi enabled devices to connect to a wired network. Network Interface Card (NIC) A Network Interface Card (often shortened to NIC ) is an internal piece of hardware that is required for the computer to connect to a network . It used to be a separate expansion card but now it is commonly built directly into the motherboard (and sometimes known as a network adapter ). Wireless network interface cards ( WNIC ) permit a wireless network connection. Routing A routing table is a list of the optimal routes for data packets to be sent from one device to another. Routing tables should be kept accurate and up to date to ensure that packets are transferred as quickly as possible . During routing the lowest cost route is calculated . This is the shortest path with the fastest nodes to transfer data. Below is a simplified network and basic routing table showing the lowest cost (optimal) route using node A as the source address. Q uesto's Q uestions 3.4 - Network Hardware & Routing: 1a. Describe the difference between a hub and a switch . [ 2 ] 1b. Explain how a modem works. [ 2 ] 1c. Describe the purpose of a router . [ 2 ] 1d. Describe the difference between a gateway and a bridge . [ 2 ] 1e. State what WAP stands for and describe its purpose . [ 2 ] 1f. State what NIC stands for and why it is required . [ 2 ] 2a. Describe what a routing table is and why they should be maintained . [ 2 ] 2b. In terms of routing, what does a low-cost route mean? [ 2 ] 2c. Copy and complete the routing table below using node J as the source address . [ 4 ] 3.3 - Network Topology Theory Topics 3.5 - Protocols

Learn about the decomposition methods used in project planning such as abstraction, pattern recognition, modularisation (top down and bottom up) and parsing of requirements. Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 4.3 - Decomposition Methods Watch on YouTube : Abstraction Pattern Recognition Modularisation Parsing of Requirements Decomposition methods break complex problems or systems into smaller , more manageable parts . This makes development easier to plan , understand and implement . Decomposition also helps reduce errors and improve efficiency , as individual tasks can be more easily tested and debugged. For each of the four decomposition methods ( abstraction , pattern recognition , top-down and bottom-up modularisation and parsing requirements ) you need to know when each method is suitable to use , its advantages and disadvantages , how client requirements affect their selection and how they can be used to visualise application designs . Decomposition Methods Abstraction Abstraction is the process of simplifying a problem by ignoring irrelevant data and focusing only on the most important details . It is used in the early stages of design or planning , when managing complexity in large systems and when creating reusable components . Pattern Recognition Pattern recognition is used to identify similarities or trends in problems or client requirements . This allows for the reuse of existing components and aids in finding solutions for common issues . It is used during the planning or analysis phases and when dealing with similar tasks , inputs , outputs or processes . Modularisation Modularisation refers to the individual components that make up a larger project . In top-down modularisation , a larger system is broken down from a general overview into its most specific parts . The purpose of bottom-up modularisation is to build the system starting with the smaller , detailed components and combining them into larger subsystems . Parsing of Requirements To parse requirements means to systematically break down and analyse client requirements into actionable tasks or functions . It is used at the start of a project to ensure shared understanding between development teams and clients . Q uesto's Q uestions 4.3 - Decomposition Methods: 1. Explain the differences between top-down and bottom-up modularisation . [4 ] 2. Explain when abstraction would be an appropriate decomposition method to use. [3 ] 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of parsing requirements ? [ 4 ] 4. Give one way each decomposition method can be used in software application development . [ 4 ] Alan Turing and his team used pattern recognition to analyse recurring sequences in encrypted German messages , helping to break the Enigma code , which was a major factor in the Allies’ victory in World War II . D id Y ou K now? 4.2 - Client Requirement Specs Topic List 5.1.1 - Human-Computer Interaction

Learn how to use time commands to display the current date and time in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 5c - Time & Date ctime() The easiest way to output the current time and date is to use the ctime() command. Import the ctime command from the time library before you use and print it: from time import ctime print ( "Current time:" , ctime()) = Current time: Wed Sep 13 16:07:20 2023 This will print the time and date, but it looks rather unprofessional, and the exact format depends on the type of system that you are currently running so it may vary for different users. Date / Time Task 1 ( Dentist Surgery) Print a greeting for a dentist surgery with the current date and time. Example solution: Welcome to Greenvale Dentist Surgery, it is currently: Wed Sep 13 16:16:24 2023 strftime() A better alternative to the ctime() command is to use strftime() which stands for str ing f rom time as you can select specific parts of the date and time to display. This command requires a directive to be written with a percentage symbol as a string in the brackets . For example, the current hour (%H ), minute (%M ) and second (%S ) can be printed between colons to show the time . from time import strftime print ( "The current time is" , strftime( "%H:%M:%S" )) = The current time is 13:18:57 There are many different directives that you can use to display exactly what you are looking for, such as: from time import strftime day = strftime( "%A" ) print ( "The current day is" , day) month = strftime( "%B" ) print ( "The current month is" , month) year = strftime( "%Y" ) print ( "The current year is" , year) = The current day is Thursday The current month is September The current year is 2023 The following directives can be used with strftime(). Don't forget that directives must be typed within speech marks . Date - Weekday: %a – Current day of the week abbreviated (e.g. Sun, Mon) %A – Current day of the week in full (e.g. Sunday, Monday) %w – Current day of the week in chronological order (0 is Sunday and 6 is Saturday) %W – Current week number (e.g. 01, 26, 52) Month: %d – Current day of the month (e.g. 01, 11, 31) %m – Current month as a number (e.g. 01, 06, 12) %b – Current month abbreviated (e.g. Jan, Jun, Dec) %B – Current month in full (e.g. January, December) Year: %y – Current year abbreviated (e.g. 16, 17) %Y – Current year in full (e.g. 2016, 2017) %j – Current day of the year (e.g. 001, 150, 365) Time - Hour: %H – Current hour in 24-hour clock (e.g. 00, 12, 20) %I – Current hour in 12-hour clock (e.g. 01, 08, 12) %p – Whether it is currently AM or PM Minute: %M – Current minute (e.g. 00, 30, 59) Second: %S – Current second (e.g. 00, 30, 59) More Directives - %z – Current time difference from UTC (Co-ordinated Universal Time) (e.g. +0000, -0500, +1100) %Z – Current time zone (e.g. GMT Standard Time, EST, CST) Just looking for a quick date or time display and not bothered about customisation? Try these: %c – Current date and time in full (e.g. Tue Feb 19 13:35:20 2016) %x – Current date (e.g. 19/02/16) %X – Current time (13:36:20) Date / Time Task 2 ( Calendar App ) Create a program that asks the user if they want to see the current date , the current time or 'other '. Use the strfftime directives above to show what the user asks for. It's up to you which directives you use for the 'other' option , such as displaying the current day of the year (%j ) or current week of the year (%W ). Example solutions: Type TIME for the current time, DATE for the current date or OTHER: TIME The current time is 13:46PM Type TIME for the current time, DATE for the current date or OTHER: DATE The date today is Thursday 14 September 2023 Type TIME for the current time, DATE for the current date or OTHER: OTHER Did you know today is day number 257 of 2023? Between Dates You may want to work out the number of days between two dates . This can be done by importing the date command from the timedate library. Below is a simple example: from datetime import date date1 = date(2021,9,15) date2 = date(2022,1,20) difference = date2 - date1 print ( "There are" , difference.days , "days between" , date1 , "and" , date2) Make sure the date is entered in the format of year, month, day . The .days code removes the difference in hours and seconds to just display the number of days difference. There are 127 days between 2021-09-15 and 2022-01-20 Today's Date The program here uses strftime to check the current year, month and day and organise it into the date format . This can then be used together with code similar to the program above to check the number of days between one specific date and the current date. from datetime import date from time import strftime thisyear = int (strftime( "%Y" )) thismonth = int (strftime( "%m" )) thisday = int (strftime( "%d" )) todaysdate = date(thisyear,thismonth,thisday) print ( "The date today is" , todaysdate ) The date today is 2023-09-14 Input a Date The program here shows how to input a date into a format that can then be used by Python to work out the difference between two dates . from datetime import date year = int ( input ( "Enter a year: " ) month = int ( input ( "Enter a month: " ) day = int ( input ( "Enter a day: " ) chosendate = date(year,month,day) print ( "The chosen date is" , chosendate ) Enter a year: 1964 Enter a month: 5 Enter a day: 13 The chosen date is 1964-05-13 Date / Time Task 3 ( Days Alive) Create a program that works out how long the user has been alive for . Use the examples above to automatically make today's date and then allow the user to input their year , month and day of birth. Get Python to work out the difference between today and their date of birth. Example solutions: Enter a year: 1998 Enter a month: 3 Enter a day: 29 You have been alive for 9300 days! Enter a year: 2007 Enter a month: 12 Enter a day: 25 You have been alive for 5742 days! ⬅ 5b - Sleep 5d - Colorama ➡