Learn about the main character sets - ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and Unicode. Also, discover the five data types - character, string, integer, real and Boolean. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 4.5: Character Sets & Data Types Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is a Character Set? A character set is a table that matches together a character and a binary value . Character sets are necessary as they allow computers to exchange data . Two common character sets are ASCII and Unicode . ASCII Unicode ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) 0100 0001 0100 0010 0100 0011 Uses Binary 128 Tiny Set of Characters Less Memory Required Per Character U+0042 U+0055 U+004E Uses Hexadecimal 36,536+ Large Set of Characters More Memory Required per Character What are the different data types? When programming, variables should be given appropriate data types . Character String Integer A single character , such as a letter, number or punctuation symbol. Examples: A sequence of characters , including letters, numbers and punctuation. Examples: A whole number . Examples: T 8 ? Harry Waters 14:50pm Ice Age 4 475 -8432 56732 Real Boolean Telephone numbers are always stored as a string , not an integer. True / False Yes / No 0 / 1 An answer that only has two possible values . Examples: A decimal number . Examples: 65.3 -321.1234 909.135 Be careful with punctuation. 32.10 is a real but £32.10 is a string. Q uesto's Q uestions 4.5 - Character Sets & Data Types: 1. What is a character set and why are they needed ? [ 2 ] 2. Describe 3 differences between ASCII and Unicode . [6 ] 3. State the 5 different data types . [ 5 ] 4. State which data type is most suitable for the following variables: a. Age [ 1 ] b. Surname [ 1 ] c. Height (in metres) [ 1 ] d. First Initial [ 1 ] e. Phone number [ 1 ] f. Right-Handed? [ 1 ] 4.4 Arithmetic Shift Theory Topics 4.6 - Graphical Representation

Learn about application software installation methods, including clean, remote, cloud, mobile and network installation. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software Watch on YouTube: Application installation 5.2 - Application Software Installation You need to know how different installation processes (e.g. clean , remote , cloud , network and mobile installs) work as well as their advantages , disadvantages and appropriate uses . What You Need to Know Application Installation Application software can be installed using different methods depending on factors such as the number of devices , their location , network availability and the requirements of the users or organisation . Ghost / Image A ghost is a master copy (known as an image ) of a correctly configured system containing the required software and settings , which is created and deployed to other devices . This is used when the same applications and configuration need to be installed on many devices, such as computers in a school or business . It allows many devices to be configured quickly and consistently , reducing repetitive installation work and ensuring they have the same software and settings . However, creating and maintaining the image takes time , devices may need compatible hardware and an error or outdated application in the master image could be copied to every device . Upgrade An upgrade is when a newer version is installed over an existing version , usually retaining the user's existing data , settings and configuration . It is required when users need to move to a newer version of an application without completely reinstalling it . Upgrading is usually quicker and more convenient than a clean install and allows existing settings and data to be retained . But existing problems , unnecessary files or incompatible settings may remain and compatibility issues can occur between versions. Clean Install A clean install is when any previous installation is removed and a completely new copy of the application is installed . It is used when installing an application for the first time , or when an existing installation has serious problems and a fresh installation is required. A clean install provides a fresh installation without problems or unwanted settings from an older version, which can improve reliability . However, it can be more time-consuming and existing settings or application data may be lost if they are not backed up first . Repair/Modify Install A repair install (or modify install ) is when an existing installation is reopened to repair damaged or missing files . Installed features can be added or removed without completely reinstalling the application . This is used when an application is not functioning correctly or when its installed features need to be changed . It is usually quicker than completely reinstalling the application and can retain existing settings and data . But it may not fix more serious problems , and the required installation or repair files must be available . Remote Install A remote installation is when an administrator installs an application onto another device from a different location using remote management software . It is used when IT staff need to manage devices without physically accessing them, such as employee computers across different offices . A remote install saves time and travel , allows centralised management and can enable IT staff to install software on many geographically separated devices . However, it requires network connectivity , appropriate permissions and remote management tools . Connection problems could interrupt the installation. Unattended Install An unattended installation is automated using predefined settings , allowing it to complete without the user responding to installation prompts . It is used when installing the same application and settings on many devices or when installations need to occur without staff being present . Advantages are that it requires little or no user interaction , saves staff time and ensures consistent installation settings across devices. However, it requires careful configuration beforehand, and incorrect predefined settings could cause the same installation problem across multiple devices . Cloud Install With a cloud install , files are downloaded from an internet-based cloud service and then installed onto the device . It's suitable for when users or organisations need to download applications directly over the internet , particularly across different locations and devices . Cloud installs can be accessed from many locations and devices , it does not require physical installation media , can support automatic updates and may allow installations to be scheduled for convenient times . But it depends on a reliable internet connection , interrupted downloads can cause problems, large applications can use significant bandwidth and the device must meet the software's requirements . Mobile Install A mobile install is when an application is downloaded and installed through a mobile app store onto a smartphone or tablet . It's needed for applications designed for mobile devices , such as installing a revision app onto a student's tablet . It is usually simple and convenient for users as app stores can manage installation and updates . Also, applications can be installed directly onto the user's device . However, it requires sufficient storage and a compatible operating system and downloads can consume mobile data . Connectivity problems can interrupt installation and app stores may restrict what applications can be distributed . Network Install With a network install , files are stored in a central location on a local network and accessed by devices connected to that network . It is used when an organisation needs to install software on multiple devices connected to the same network , such as computers around a school . Advantages are that installation files can be managed centrally , physical installation media is not required for each device and many devices can access the same installation files . But it requires a working network connection , installing on many devices can increase network traffic and problems with the network or central server could prevent installations . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.2 - Application Software Installation: 1. Describe how each application software installation method is completed : ghost/image , upgrade , clean install , repair/modify , remote , unattended , cloud , mobile and network installation. [ 2 each ] 2. Give an example of when each installation method would be appropriate to use . [1 each ] 3. Give the advantages and disadvantages of each application software installation method . [4 each ] 4. Explain the differences between remote , unattended , cloud and network installation. [3 ] 5. For installing new software in a school , recommend a suitable installation method and justify why it would be appropriate . [ 4 ] The PC version of Baldur's Gate was originally released on five CDs in 1998 , with players swapping discs during installation . As games became larger , lengthy multi-disc installations became common , sometimes leaving players waiting hours before they could start playing . D id Y ou K now? 5.1 - Testing Topic List 5.3 - Policies

Learn about different types of utility software including firewall, anti-virus, defragmenter, compressor and backup software. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 2.3: Utility Software Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What is utility software? Utility software are dedicated programs used for the maintenance and organisation of a computer system. Antivirus Software Antivirus software is used to locate and delete viruses on a computer system. The antivirus scans each file on the computer and compares it against a database of known viruses . Files with similar features to viruses in the database are identified and deleted . There are thousands of known viruses but new ones are created each day by attackers so antivirus software must be regularly updated to keep systems secure. Other roles of an antivirus: Checking all incoming and outgoing emails and their attachments . Checking files as they are downloaded . Scanning the hard drive for viruses and deleting them . Firewall A firewall manages incoming and outgoing network traffic . Each data packet is processed to check whether it should be given access to the network by examining the source and destination address . Unexpected data packets will be filtered out and not accepted to the network. Defragmentation As files are edited over time they will become fragmented - this is when the file is split into parts that are stored in different locations on the hard disk drive . Files that are fragmented take longer to load and read because of the distance between the fragments of the file. Defragmentation software is used to rearrange the file on the hard disk drive so that all parts are together again in order. Defragmentation improves the speed of accessing data on the hard disk drive. Compression Compression is used to decrease the size of a file . This is beneficial as more files can be stored on a storage device if the size has been reduced. Compressed files can be transferred faster across a network because they are smaller in size . Monitors, Managers & Cleaners Other roles of a firewall include: Blocking access to insecure / malicious web sites . Blocking certain programs from accessing the internet . Blocking unexpected / unauthorised downloads . Preventing specific users on a network accessing certain files . Monitoring network ports . System monitors check the resources of a computer and display how much CPU time and memory current applications are using. Task managers allow a user to close processes and applications if they have stopped responding or if one is using too many resources. Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete on any Windows computer to open Windows Task Manager which is a system monitor and task manager tool. A disk cleaner is used to scan a hard disk drive and remove unused files . This is used to free up space on the hard drive. A disk scanner will scan a hard disc for any errors and attempt to repair them . Backing Up Data A backup is a copy of data that can be used if the original data is corrupted or lost . Backups of all data should be made regularly and stored in an alternative location . Alternatively, imaging (also known as disk cloning ) creates an identical image of a storage drive to be stored in a different location . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.3 - Utility Software: 1. What is the purpose of utility software ? [1 ] 2a. Describe how antivirus software works. [ 2 ] 2b. Describe 3 further roles of antivirus software . [ 3 ] 3a. What is the purpose of a firewall ? [ 2 ] 3b. Describe 3 further roles of a firewall . [ 3 ] 4a. Describe what is meant by defragmentation . [ 2 ] 4b. Explain why defragmentation software is used . [ 2 ] 5. Describe 2 benefits of using compression . [ 2 ] 6a. Explain why system monitor / task management software could be used . [ 2 ] 6b. Explain the purpose of disk cleaners and disk scanners . [ 2 ] 7a. Explain what a backup is and why they are are important. [ 2 ] 7b. Describe what imaging is. [ 2 ] 2.2 - Applications Software Topic List 2.4 - Operating Systems

Learn about how sounds are represented in a computer system including how analogue sound waves are converted into binary. Also, learn about sample rate, bit depth, bit rate and metadata. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 2.4e: Sound Storage Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Sample Rate Bit Depth Sound File Size Converting Analogue Sound to Binary Analogue sound waves must be digitally recorded and stored in binary . To record the sound, the amplitude (height ) of the analogue sound wave is measured and recorded in binary at specific intervals . 0010 1011 0101 0101 Analog sound wave ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Binary sample Sampling an Analogue Sound Wave Digital sampling is discrete (separate) and not continuous like analogue waves. To get the highest quality sound, many samples are taken to recreate the analogue wave as closely as possible . Sample Rate The sample rate (sampling frequency) is the number of times per second the amplitude of the sound wave is measured . It is measured in kilohertz (kHz), for example CD quality is 44.1kHz (44,100 samples per second). The higher the sample rate , the better the audio quality as the digital data more closely resembles an analogue wave . However, higher sample rates result in larger file sizes because more data is stored for each individual sample. A low sample rate will result in a low-quality sound because the digital data does not closely resemble the original analog wave . A higher sample rate will result in a higher-quality sound because the digital data more closely resembles the original analog wave . Bit Depth The bit depth is the number of bits available to represent each sample . For example, a sample with a bit depth of 4 could be 0101 or 0111 or 1010. A sample with a bit depth of 8 could be 01010110 or 1010110 or 11001111. A common bit depth is 16 bits . The higher the bit depth , the more bits are available to be used for each sample. Therefore the quality is often higher as the wave more closely resembles an analog wave . The file size will also be larger if the bit depth is higher, as each sample stores additional bits . low bit rate = lower quality high bit rate = higher quality sound file size = sample rate x bit depth x duration Example: A short audio sample has a bit depth of 4 and a sample rate of 10 samples per second . The clip is 15 seconds long . 4 bits x 10 = 40 bits per second. 40 x 15 = 600 bits . To convert the answer from bits to bytes , divide by 8 . 600 bits ÷ 8 = 75 bytes . Calculating File Size Q uesto's Q uestions 2.4e - Sound Storage: 1. Explain how an analogue sound wave is converted into a binary sample . [ 2 ] 2a. What is a sample rate ? [2 ] 2b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the sample rate is increased . [4 ] 3a. What is bit depth ? [2 ] 3b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the bit depth is increased . [4 ] 4 . An audio sample has a bit depth of 8 , a sample rate of 10 and it is 12 seconds long . What is the file size in bytes ? [ 2 ] 2.4d Image Storage Theory Topics 2.5 - Compression

Navigate between all Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) topics in the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification. Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit F160: Fundamentals of Application Development These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification . Unit F160 YouTube Playlist Topic 1: Types of Software 1.1 - Programs and Applications 1.2 - Operating Systems 1.3.1 - Application Types 1.3.2 - Application Software Categories 1.3.3 - Application Software Types Topic 2: Software Development Models 2.1 - Software Development Models 2.2 - Development Phases Topic 3: Planning Development Projects 3.1 - Planning Projects 3.2 - Project Planning Tools Topic 4: Application Design Scoping 4.1 - Gathering Client Requirements 4.2 - Client Requirement Specifications 4.3 - Decomposition Methods Topic 5: Human-Computer Interface 5.1.1 - Types of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) 5.1.2 - Types of Devices 5.2 - HCI Visual Design Considerations 5.3 - HCI Design Documents & Diagrams Topic 6: Job Roles & Skills 6.1 - Job Roles 6.2 - Communication Skills

Learn how to input strings (text) in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 2a - Inputting Text Inputting Text (Strings) in Python A string is a collection of characters (letters, numbers and punctuation) such as: “Wednesday” , “Toy Story 4” or “Boeing 747” . Use the input command to ask a question and let a user input data , which is automatically stored as a string . Variable to save the answer into. Give it a suitable name based on the input. name = input ( "What is your name? " ) = What is your name? Paulina Type your answer directly into the editor and press the Enter key. Statement that is printed to the screen. Leave a space to make the output look clearer. Once an input has been saved into a variable, it can be used for other purposes, such as printing it within a sentence : name = input ( "What is your name? " ) print ( "It is nice to meet you" , name) = What is your name? Jake the Dog It is nice to meet you Jake the Dog Always choose an appropriate variable name when using inputs. colour = input ( "What is your favourite colour? " ) print ( "Your favourite colour is " + colour + "? Mine is yellow." ) = What is your favourite colour? blue Your favourite colour is blue? Mine is yellow. Inputting Text Task 1 ( Holiday) Write an input line to ask the user where they last went on holiday . Write a print line that uses the holiday variable (their answer). Example solution: Where did you last go on holiday? Scotland I hope you had a nice time in Scotland Inputting Text Task 2 ( New Neighbour) Write an input line to ask the user for a title (e.g. Mr, Mrs, Dr). Write another input line for an object . Write a print line that uses both input variables (title and object ). Example solutions: Enter a title: Dr Enter an object: Fridge I think my new neighbour is Dr Fridge Enter a title: Mrs Enter an object: Armchair I think my new neighbour is Mrs Armchair Using a Variable Within an Input To use a variable you have previously assigned a value t o within the input statement you must use + (commas will not work). drink = input ( "What would you like to drink? " ) option = input ( "What would you like with your " + drink + "? " ) print ( "Getting your" , drink , "and" , option , "now...." ) = What would you like to drink? tea What would you like with your tea? biscuits Getting your tea and biscuits now... What would you like to drink? apple juice What would you like with your apple juice? cake Getting your apple juice and cake now... Inputting Text Task 3 ( Name & Game) Ask the user what their name is. Ask the user what their favourite game is. Use their name in the input statement for their game. Print a response with their name and the game they entered. Example solutions: What is your name? Rory Hi Rory, what's your favourite game? Minecraft Rory likes Minecraft? That's nice to know. What is your name? Kayleigh Hi Kayleigh, what's your favourite game? Stardew Valley Kayleigh likes Stardew Valley? That's nice to know. ⬅ Section 1 Practice Ta sks 2b - I nputting Numbers ➡

Learn about different methods of wired and wireless connection methods including Bluetooth, satellite and microwave. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 1.4 - Connectivity Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 For computers to communicate with other devices and share data a form of connection is required. Wired Connections Copper Cables Copper cables are a cheaper type of wired internet connection that may be poorly insulated and therefore susceptible to electromagnetic interference . Copper cables are more likely to suffer from attenuation (network distortion ). However, they are malleable (easier to bend) and less likely to break than other cables such as fibre optic. They have a lower bandwidth - cannot transmit as much data at once - than fibre optic cables. Fibre Optic Cables Fibre optic cables are a very fast but expensive type of wired internet connection. Signals are transmitted as waves of light through a glass rod . Because of this fibre optic cables are not affected by electromagnetic interference and suffer less from attenuation . Fibre optic cables have a higher bandwidth - they can transfer more data at one time over a long distance than copper cables but they are more fragile . Wireless Connections Bluetooth Bluetooth is a temporary short-range communication between two 'paired ' devices within a limit of about 10 metres . The required close proximity is a disadvantage , however a plus is that no other hardware is required for a connection. An example is the pairing of headphones to a smartphone to listen to music. Infrared Infrared networks have largely been replaced by Bluetooth or WiFi connections because infrared networks require devices to be in direct line of sight . Infrared is still used by some devices, such as remote controls , to transmit signals to a TV, but it only works across short distances . Microwave Microwave connections use radio waves to send signals across a large area via microwave towers . It can transmit a large amount of data but antennas must be in the line of sight of each other with no obstructions . Microwave connections are affected by bad weather , leading to higher chances of attenuation (network distortion ). Laser Satellite GSM / 5G Although not common, laser connections can send data between devices that are in the line of sight of each other as long as there are no barriers . Laser connections can transmit data up to 2km but bad weather severely affects the transmission rate. Laser connections can be used in space as there are fewer barriers between the satellites. Satellite networks use point-to-multipoint communication by using satellites above the Earth's atmosphere that receive a transmission and rebroadcast them back to Earth. Because of the distance between the communication device and the satellite (roughly 35,000km), there is a delay between data transmission and it being received. See 3.4 for more information on satellite networks . GSM (Global System for Mobile communications ) is a technology for allowing mobile phones to connect to a network for calls and text messages. Advances in mobile technology are classified by generations such as 4G and 5G (the current generation). Each generation is generally faster, more secure and allows for new opportunities. See 3.4 for more information on cellular networks . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.4 - Connection Methods: 1. Compare the differences between copper and fibre optic cables (possibly in a table) by the following features: a. Price b. Bandwidth c. Inteference d. Attenuation e. Malleability / Fragility [2 each ] 2. Describe each of the different types of wireless connection . Try to list 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using each type. a. Bluetooth b. Infrared c. Microwave d. Laser e. Satellite f. GSM / 5G [5 each ] 1.3 - Computer System Types Topic List 1.5 - Communication Hardware

Learn about Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), including their roles, types (composite, internal, private, public, partner) and architecture (REST, SOAP, RPC). Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software Watch on YouTube: API roles API architecture 3.1 - Application Programming Interface (API) You must know the role and uses of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs ) as well as the uses , advantages and disadvantages of each API type (composite , internal , private , public , partner ). You must also understand the uses , advantages and disadvantages of API architecture (REST , SOAP , RPC ). What You Need to Know Roles of an API An Application Programming Interface (API ) allows different applications or systems to communicate and exchange data using a defined set of rules . Roles of an API include: Setting communication rules by defining the methods that allow an application to communicate correctly with a server . Transferring data by allowing an application to request data from a server and receive the requested information in response. Increasing security by providing a controlled way of accessing a server's data or services , rather than giving an application direct access to the server and its data . As an example , a weather app could use an API to request today's weather data from a weather service's server , which then returns the requested information for the app to display . Types of API Composite API A composite API combines multiple API requests into a single request , allowing several pieces of data or tasks to be handled together . It is used when an application needs data from several sources or needs several related actions completed at once . Such as an online shop retrieving customer , order and delivery i nformation simultaneously . A composite API can reduce the number of separate requests , making complex operations simpler and potentially improving performance . But it can be more complex to develop and maintain , and a problem with one part of the combined request could affect the overall response . Internal API An internal API is designed for use within an organisation , allowing its own applications and systems to communicate . It is used when different systems inside the same organisation need to exchange data , such as a school's student-record system sharing data with its attendance system . An internal API can improve communication and data sharing between internal systems while allowing the organisation to control how the API works . However, it usually cannot be accessed by external organisations , and the organisation is responsible for developing , securing and maintaining it. Private API A private API is where access is restricted to authorised developers or users , usually through authentication such as credentials . It is used during private development and testing , or when developers need controlled access to confidential back-end data and services . A private API provides greater control and security , helping protect confidential data and intellectual property while allowing authorised developers (including remote developers ) to access what they need . But restricted access limits outside involvement and integration , and the organisation is responsible for developing , testing , securing and maintaining the API. Public API A public API is made available to external developers or the general public to access certain data or services . It is used when an organisation wants other applications to use its data or services , such as allowing developers to retrieve weather , mapping or transport information . Public APIs encourage third-party development and integration , potentially increasing the number of applications making use of a service . However, it creates greater security and management requirements , and heavy usage may place additional demand on servers , so access may need to be limited . Partner API A partner API is shared with selected external organisations or business partners , rather than being available to everyone . It is used when two organisations need their systems to securely share data or services , such as an online retailer communicating with a delivery company's system . A partner API allows organisations to use specialist services provided by trusted partners rather than developing everything themselves , potentially reducing development time and costs . However, it creates dependency on the API provider . Also, downtime , security problems , rate limits or limited customisation could affect the application. API Architecture API architecture describes the rules and structure used by an API . REST (Representational State Transfer) REST is an API architecture that commonly uses standard web/HTTP methods to request , add , update or delete data , often exchanging data using JSON . it is commonly used for web and mobile applications that need to communicate with servers , such as an app requesting user account information . REST is simple and easy to use , works across different platforms , uses standard web technologies , is stateless so requests can be handled independently and is scalable for applications with many users . But it provides less strict standardisation than SOAP and developers may need to implement additional security , validation and error handling themselves. SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) SOAP is a strict and standardised protocol for exchanging structured information between applications , usually using XML to format messages . It is often used where security , reliability and strict rules are particularly important, such as financial , payment or large business systems . SOAP has strict standards and built-in support for features such as security and error handling , making communication reliable and consistent . However, it can be more complex to develop and use and its XML messages contain lots of tags , making them larger and potentially slower to process than REST. RPC (Remote Procedure Call) RPC is an API architecture that allows an application to request that a function/procedure is carried out on another computer or server , as though it were being carried out locally . It is useful when an application needs to perform specific actions on a remote system , such as requesting a server to calculate a value and return the result . RPC can be simple and efficient for performing specific actions , as the developer can directly request the required procedure . But it can create a strong dependency between the client and server , meaning changes to procedures on the server may require changes to the application . Also, network problems can prevent the procedure from completing . Q uesto's Q uestions 3.1 - Application Programming Interface (API): 1. What is the role of an API , and how can APIs help applications and servers communicate securely ? [ 3 ] 2. Describe composite , internal , private , public and partner APIs , giving an example of when each could be used. [3 each ] 3. Give advantages and disadvantages of composite , internal , private , public and partner APIs . [4 each ] 4. Describe REST , SOAP and RPC API architectures and explain when each would be suitable . [4 each ] 5. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of REST , SOAP and RPC . [ 6 ] A single application can communicate with multiple APIs . For example, a travel app could use separate services for maps , weather , payments and transport information rather than developing every feature itself. D id Y ou K now? 2.3 - Data States Topic List 3.2 - Protocols

The list of topics in the 2020 Eduqas (part of WJEC) GCSE Computer Science specification. Eduqas GCSE Computer Science These pages are based on the Eduqas GCSE Computer Science 2020 specification . 1. Hardware 1.1 - The Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1.2 - The FDE Cycle 1.3 - Primary Storage 1.4 - Secondary Storage 1.5 - Performance 1.6 - Additional Hardware 2. Logical Operators & Boolean 2.1 - Logical Operators 2.2 - Boolean Algebra 3. Networks & Security 3.1 - Network Characteristics 3.2 - Data Packets & Switching 3.3 - Network Topology 3.4 - Network Hardware & Routing 3.5 - Protocols 3.6 - 7-Layer OSI Model 3.7 - The Internet 3.8 - Cyber Threats 3.9 - Protection Against Threats 4. Data 4.1 - Number Systems 4.2 - Signed Binary 4.3 - Binary Calculations 4.4 - Arithmetic Shift 4.5 - Character Sets & Data Types 4.6 - Graphical Representation 4.7 - Sound Representation 4.8 - Compression 5. Data Organisation 5.1 - Data Structures & File Design 6. Operating Systems 6.1 - Operating Systems 6.2 - Utility Software 7. Principles of Programming 7.1 - Language Levels 8. Algorithms & Constructs 8.1 - Programming Principles 8.2 - Understanding Algorithms 8.3 - Writing Algorithms 8.4 - Sorting & Searching Algorithms 8.5 - Validation & Verification 9. Software Development 9.1 - IDE Tools 10. Program Construction 10.1 - Translators 10.2 - Stages of Compilation 10.3 - Programming Errors 11. Technological Issues 11.1 - Impacts of Technology 11.2 - Legislation Component 2 (Programming Exam) Python

Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of different types of software including open-source, closed-source, off-the-shelf and bespoke. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 2.1: Software Types Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Software refers to the programs and applications that run on a computer system. Open Source Software Source code is the software code written by programmers . If the software is open source it means that users can view and modify the code . Linux, Python and Firefox are examples of open source software. Benefits Drawbacks Because the source code is available to edit , it can be customised to the organisation's needs . Often shared in the public domain so users can work together to modify, debug and improve a product. Unwanted features can be removed to make the software run faster . There are security risks - some editors may add malicious code to the program. Open source software is often low in price and sometimes free. It may be difficult to receive support as development is often distributed between people in different locations. The code may be prone to errors as it may not have been tested fully. It requires technical skills to be able to adapt source code efficiently and to maintain the code . Closed Source Software If the software is closed source it means the code is restricted for users to view or modify . You buy the right to use the software but you don't actually own it. Microsoft Office, Fortnite and Spotify are examples of closed source software. Closed source software is also known as proprietary software because it is another company's property and protected by law. Benefits Drawbacks The code is well tested and has been professionally developed. Updates will generally be secure . Users must rely on the company to provide updates and fix issues. This might be infrequent or stop completely. The company can be held to account if it does not perform as listed in the terms and conditions upon purchase. Often not free (see Freeware below for free closed source software). Most developers will provide some form of help/support . Users cannot modify, debug or improve the code for their own benefit. Off-the-Shelf Software This is any software made for general use , with features that can be used in different ways and for different purposes . Examples include office software (e.g. Microsoft Office), video games (e.g. Minecraft) and image editors (e.g. Adobe PhotoShop). Back before internet downloads, people had to actually go to shops and buy software off the shelf and install it at home, hence the name. Benefits Drawbacks Should have been tested thoroughly so users can be confident that features will work as expected . Secure updates will be regular. It can be expensive to purchase some software , especially for a single user rather than a business. Some software, such as anti-virus protection, requires yearly licenses . It can be cheaper to purchase than bespoke software as it is not customised for a specific user or organisation. The software may contain additional features that the user / organisation doesn’t need which can reduce the performance of the system. The end users might be familiar with the software and trust the company (e.g. Microsoft Word). Bespoke Software This is any software that has been custom made for a specific organisation or user. For example, programmers might be hired by a company to create software for a specific task. Hospitals and schools use bespoke software to track and manage patients / students. It can be expensive to commission bespoke software as programmers and user interface designers need to be hired and there could be issues with rights to any created software. Benefits Drawbacks The software is built to the company's requirements , it is unique to their needs. Unwanted features can be removed to make the software run faster . Bespoke software is expensive to develop because it is tailor-made for the company. Staff may require training on using the system because it is unique . The look of the software (e.g. design & layout ) can be customised to fit the company's image. Because it has been custom-made, the original programmers may be needed to maintain the software and fix errors . Shareware This software allows the user to trial the program for a limited time before forcing them to buy the product or stop using it. For example, WinRAR is utility software that asks the user to buy the full version after 40 days. This allows the user to get a taste of what the software offers before choosing whether to buy it fully or not . Freeware This is software that is freely available to download and use . These are usually closed-source software that earn money through adverts or additional purchases. Rights to the software remain with the author despite the free access. App developers may release their app as freeware to allow users to try the software and then encourage them to purchase a full version with more features. Unlike shareware, the user should be able to keep using the product for free indefinitely, though their version may have features restricted or adverts enabled. Examples of freeware software include iTunes , Clash of Clans and Adobe Acrobat Reader (for PDFs). Embedded Software An embedded system is when a smaller computer system is installed within a larger device , such as a washing machine, traffic light or car. Embedded systems have a dedicated purpose and often run in real-time . Because of the small size, the embedded software will usually have memory and storage restrictions . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.1 - Software Types: 1. Describe the 7 types of software , listing the advantages and disadvantages of each. a. Open Source b. Closed Source c. Off-the-Shelf d. Bespoke e. Shareware f. Freeware g. Embedded [6 each ] 1.8 & 1.9 - Number Systems Topic List 2.2 - Applications Software

Learn about the tools of an integrated development environment (IDE) including the editor, debugger, library, trace, memory inspector and error diagnostics. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 9.1: IDE Tools Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 An IDE (Integrated Development Environment ) provides programmers with the following facilities (tools ) to help create programs : Editor The editor is software that allows a programmer to enter and edit source code . Editor features may include: Automatic formatting (e.g. automatic indentation). Automatic line numbering (this helps to identify exactly where an error has occurred). Automatic colour coding (e.g. Python turns loop commands orange and print commands purple). Statement completion (e.g. offering to auto-complete a command as the user is typing.) Libraries A library is a collection of commonly used functions and subprograms that can be linked to a program . For example, Python can import functions from its code library including random or time commands). Libraries must be linked to the main program using a linker . Linker Links together pre-compiled code from software libraries . For example, the import random command in Python links to the random library. Loader Pre-compiled code is loaded into RAM to be executed. Code Optimisation The code is optimised so it is fast , efficient and uses as little of the computer's resources as possible. Debugger Identifies errors in the code with the exact line of the error to help fix the problem . Break point The programmer selects a specific line and the program is paused once it reaches it. Variable values at that point are shown . Variable Watch cost Displays the current value of a selected variable . A variable can be watched line-by-line to see how the value changes . Trace Memory Inspector Logs the values of variables and outputs of the program a s the code is executed line by line . Displays the contents of a section of memory and how it is being used by the program . Error Diagnostics Displays information about an error when it occurs, such as the line it occurred on and the error type (e.g. syntax or runtime). This helps the programmer to fix the error . Specific errors can be detected such as a syntax error . See 10.3 . Compilers & Interpreters Both tools convert the source code written by a programmer into machine code to be executed by the CPU. A compiler converts the entire source code into executable machine code at once . After compilation, the program can be run again without having to recompile each time. An interpreter converts source code into machine code line by line . An interpreter must reinterpret the code each time the program is required to run . See 10.1 for both tools. Subroutines & Functions A subroutine is a section of code that can be re-used several times in the same program. There are two types of subroutines: A procedure just executes commands , such as printing something a certain number of times. A function can receive data from the main program (called a parameter ) and return a value upon completion. Subroutines (procedures and functions) are designed to be repeated and have three key benefits: Subroutines make programs easier to read and design . They reduce the duplication of code . Makes it is easier to debug a program. Q uesto's Q uestions 9.1 - IDE Tools: 1. Describe the purpose of each type of IDE facility : a. Editor b. Interpreter c. Compiler d. Linker e. Loader f. Debugger g. Break point h. Variable Watch i. Trace j. Memory Inspector k. Error Diagnostics [ 2 each ] 8.5 - Validation & Verification Theory Topics 10.1 - Translators

Learn about network operating systems, open source operating systems and proprietary operating systems. Resources based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 1.2 - Operating Systems Watch on YouTube : Network Operating System Open Operating System Proprietary Operating System An operating system is software that manages the resources of a computer system , such as memory , users and files . It also provides a user interface so that humans can interact with the device's hardware . An operating system allows application software to be opened and run . There are three types of operating system that you need to know - network , open and proprietary . Operating Systems Network Operating System (NOS) A network operating system (NOS ) is software that manages network resources and allows computers to communicate over a network . Windows Server , developed by Microsoft , is an example of a network operating system . Characteristics of a Network Operating System Allows for the centralised management of users , data and security across multiple devices on a network . Enables resources such as files , applications and printers to be shared over the network . Manages user authentication and permissions control . Oversees remote access and system monitoring tools . The main type of device that uses a NOS is a server . Other devices, such as desktops or laptops , connect to the server to access shared resources . Windows Server is an example of a popular NOS . Advantages of a Network Operating System Administrators can manage users , files and security on a network from one central location . Resources such as files , printer access and applications can be shared across the network . Access levels can be controlled and user authentication helps protect data . An NOS is scalable - more devices and users can be added as needed . Central servers managed by a NOS make it easier to back up and restore important files . Disadvantages of a Network Operating System Purchasing a NOS and maintaining the servers it runs on can be expensive . Setup and management is complex and may require skilled administrators . If the main server running the NOS fails , connected computers may lose access to resources . Heavy traffic or poor configuration could slow the network down . Who uses a Network Operating System? Application developers can use a NOS to build , test and manage apps that work across networks , such as web applications , multiplayer games or cloud tools . This type of operating system is also used by organisations that need to manage multiple devices , users and resources efficiently across a network , such as a small business or a school . Open Operating System An open operating system is open-source , meaning its source code is freely available for anyone to view , modify and distribute . Source code is the original set of instructions written by a programmer using a high-level language such as Python , Java or C++ . Characteristics of an Open Operating System Users have access to the source code and can see how the OS works . The source code can be modified to suit the specific needs of the user . Development and maintenance may be led by an online community . An open OS is usually free with no licensing costs for most versions. Linux is an example of an open operating system . Android is technically an open-source OS , but most commercial Android devices (like Google Pixel phones ) include proprietary components (like Google Docs or Gmail ), which makes the full system not completely open source . Advantages of an Open Operating System It is usually free to use , modify and distribute the source code . Because the source code can be seen and modified , this type of OS is flexible and customisable . There may be updates from an online community maintaining and improving the software . Promotes experimentation to learn how systems work and try new ideas . Disadvantages of an Open Operating System Programming knowledge and skills are required to modify the source code . There may be security risks if someone edits the source code and redistributes it with malicious code . There will be less official support compared to a proprietary operating system . Some proprietary applications (like Microsoft Access for databases) will only work on a proprietary OS (like Windows ). Who uses an Open Operating System? App developers would use an open OS when the device their application will be used on is not tied to a specific proprietary system (like Windows or MacOS ). For example, a charity making a free educational app for developing countries would choose an open OS so it can run on low-cost , older smartphones . It can be customised and tested on a range of devices . Applications for specific single-purpose systems would also use an open OS , such as an information terminal in a museum . Linux could be used to develop a simple user interface and remove unnecessary features . Proprietary Operating System A proprietary operating system is software that is owned by a company or individual and the source code is not accessible for users to view , modify or distribute . Users must typically buy a licence or agree to the terms of use . Characteristics of a Proprietary Operating System The source code is hidden from the user and cannot be legally modified . A paid licence or subscription is usually required to use the software . It may be maintained and updated by the developer(s) who own it . Only the developer controls updates and the features that are added or fixed . Examples include Microsoft Windows (e.g. Windows 11 ), macOS (for Apple desktops and MacBooks ), iOS (for iPhones ) and iPadOS for iPads ). Advantages of a Proprietary Operating System There is an expectation that it is user-friendly and has been well tested . There may be official support and regular updates for improvements and bug removal . A proprietary OS has a high compatibility with proprietary software such as Microsoft Office or Adobe editing apps . The OS is expected to be stable and secure , with access restricted to system files . Disadvantages of a Proprietary Operating System A paid licence to use the OS is often required , which may be expensive . There is limited customisation for users as the source code cannot be seen or modified . Users rely on the vendor (developer ) for updates and bug fixes . Some proprietary OS are designed to only work on specific hardware (such as iOS only working on iPhones ). Who uses a Proprietary Operating System? App developers will need to use a proprietary OS if they are developing applications for a device that requires a specific proprietary OS , for example if they are creating a game for iPhones , they will need to use iOS . A company designing a finance application on desktops with Microsoft Access and Microsoft Excel must use a proprietary OS like Windows so that it can be integrated with these other types of proprietary applications . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.2 - Operating Systems: 1. What is an operating system ? [2 ] 2. For each of the three types of operating systems , create a poster , information sheet or factfile which includes the following information : Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages Example of how it could be used [10 per OS ] Windows 11 is Microsoft's current operating system . Windows 1.0 was their first release, introduced in 1985 and included basic versions of Calculator , Notepad and Paint . D id Y ou K now? 1.1 - Programs & Applications Topic List 1.3.1 - Application Types