Learn about how communication skills contribute to software application development, including verbal, written and questioning techniques. Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 6.2 - Communication Skills Watch on YouTube : Communication skills Developers working to create applications must be able to effectively communicate with team members , clients and users in a range of different ways . There are five communication skills you need to know: appropriate language , verbal , non-verbal , questioning techniques and written communication . You need to be aware of how each communication skill contributes to software application development and when they would be used appropriately by various job roles and in different stages of application development . Communication Skills Forms of Communication Appropriate language must be used to meet the needs of the audience by tailoring vocabulary , tone and technical detail to suit the client . Non-verbal communication includes body language , facial expressions , gestures , posture , eye contact and appearance . Question techniques have different goals , such as probing questions being used to explore detail and clarifying questions to check understanding . Verbal communication relates to spoken words and includes articulation , tone and pace , but also listening skills . Written communication is through emails , reports , documentation , messages and comments . It requires clarity , accuracy and professionalism . Q uesto's Q uestions 6.2 - Communication Skills: 1. Give examples of when written communication would be used in application development and by which job roles . [3 ] 2. Describe four different types of questions , with an example of each that relates to application development . [4 ] 3. Explain why effective non-verbal communication is important in application development . [ 3 ] Studies estimate that adults ask about 30 questions a day , whereas 4-year-olds ask on average 300 questions a day . D id Y ou K now? 6.1 - Job Roles Topic List

Test your ability to create a more complex program in Python based on a given scenario. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Extended Task 6 'Guess the Word' Game Create a Python program similar to the hit New York Times puzzle game Wordle . Allow the user to make guesses to match the randomly chosen hidden word , stopping when they get it correct. You can download a list of 5-letter words on this page. You will need to read in each line of the list and randomly select one - don’t forget to import the random library . Check if each letter of the user’s inputted word is in the randomly selected word . If you are using an IDE like Replit you can use the colorama library and the Fore command to turn the text: Green if the letter is in the correct position . Red if the letter is not in the selected word . Yellow if the letter is in the selected word but not in the correct position . Add your own flair and additional features to your program as an extension, including limiting the number of guesses and recording how many attempts it took to get the correct answer. Download a file of 534 5-letter words: For this task, you will need to create a document and include the following sections (with screenshots where appropriate): An introduction to explain the Purpose of your program . A List of Requirements for a successful program. Screenshots of your code (with comments in your code to show understanding). Testing – Create a plan to show how you will test your program and then explanations of any errors that you found and how they were fixed . An Evaluation of what worked, what didn’t, and how you met each of your requirements from your original list. Also, discuss further improvements that you could have made to improve your program. Reminders for this task: You will need a while loop to repeatedly allows the user to enter words until they match the correct word. Section 10 will help you to open, write and r ead from files . Download the file of 5-letter words from the link above. You will need to randomly select a word from the file. The choice command will help. Selection will be necessary to check if each letter in the inputted word matches the letter in the same position in the correct word. String handling is needed to select specific letters in a string. You will need to use .rstrip() on the selected line (word) that you have randomly chosen from the file. This removes any hidden characters that may interfere with checking if it is equal to the inputted word. There are multiple ways to approach this program, and your solution might look different from the example. Break the problem down and focus on one part at a time. Example solution: The word the user enters should be checked , letter by letter , against the letters in the same position in the randomly chosen correct word . Remember that the first letter in a word has the position 0 , not 1. Below is an example of some incomplete code you may wish to use in your solution. ⬅ Extended Task 5 (Colour Collection) Extended Task 7 (Number Game) ➡

Learn how to use if statements in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 4a - If Statements If Statements Selection is one of three constructs of programming , along with Sequence (logical order) and Iteration (loops). An if statement is a conditional statement that performs a specific action based on conditional values. Essentially, if thing A is true , then thing B will happen . If the user answers yes to the window question, then an appropriate statement is printed. Double equals stands for ‘is equal to ‘. The colon stands for THEN and the line after an if statement must be indented (press tab key once). answer = input ( "Is the window open? " ) if answer == "yes" : print ( "It's chilly in here!" ) Is the window open? yes It's chilly in here! But what if the window is not open? At the moment nothing will happen if you type no: Is the window open? no The elif command stands for else if . Essentially: If thing A is true then do thing B, else if thing C is true then do thing D: But what about any other answer than yes or no? The else command will submit a response if the value is anything else. The if and elif commands have a colon at the end, but else has it at the start. Also, else does not need to be on a new line. answer = input ( "Is the window open? " ) if answer == "yes" : print ( "It's chilly in here!" ) elif answer == "no" : print ( "It's quite hot in here!" ) answer = input ( "Is the window open? " ) if answer == "yes" : print ( "It's chilly in here!" ) elif answer == "no" : print ( "It's quite hot in here!" ) else : print ( "I'm not sure what you mean." ) Is the window open? no It's quite hot in here! Is the window open? banana I'm not sure what you mean. If Statements Task 1 ( Left or Right?) Use an input line to ask the user whether they want to turn left or right . Print a sentence of your choice if they chose left and a different sentence if they chose right . Include an else statement in case the user doesn't input left or right. Example solutions: There is a path ahead. Do you turn left or right? left The path turns and twists until it reaches a cliff. Dead end! There is a path ahead. Do you turn left or right? right A snake slithers across the path and bites your leg. Oh no! There is a path ahead. Do you turn left or right? backwards That's not an option! Nested If Statements Complex programs may require you to have if statements within if statements - when programming, one thing inside another is known as nesting . You must make sure that the related if , elif and else statements line up with each other . Use the tab key to indent a line. outer if inner if weather = input ( "What is the weather like today? " ) if weather == "sunny" : sunny = input ( "How hot is it? " ) if sunny == "very hot" : print ( "Take some sunglasses with you!" ) elif sunny == "cool" : print ( "Maybe take a jacket just in case?" ) else : print ( "Enjoy the sunshine!" ) elif weather == "rainy" : print ( "Take an umbrella!" ) else : print ( "Have a good day!" ) = What is the weather like today? rainy Take an umbrella! = What is the weather like today? sunny How hot is it? cool Maybe take a jacket just in case? = What is the weather like today? snowy Have a good day! = What is the weather like today? sunny How hot is it? very hot Take some sunglasses with you! If Statements Task 2 ( Nested Ifs) Use the weather program above as an example to help you write your own program with a nested if for at least one option. Be careful to have your nested if's if, elif and else statements in line with each other. Your program doesn't have to be about juice. Example solutions: Would you like orange, apple or tomato juice? orange Would you like your orange juice smooth or with bits? smooth One smooth orange juice coming up! Would you like orange, apple or tomato juice? orange Would you like your orange juice smooth or with bits? bits A pulpy orange juice is on its way! Would you like orange, apple or tomato juice? tomato Yuck, you can't be serious? Using Selection with Numbers Comparison operators such as > (greater than ) > = (greater than or equal to ) < (less than ) and < = (less than or equal to ) can be used with if statements. Logical operators such as and and or can also be used - more about them in section 4c . When comparing a variable's value to a specific number, such as 50, don't forget to use double equals ( == ) . Python Comparison Operators score = int ( input ( "Enter the maths test score: " )) if score == 50: print ( "You scored top marks!" ) elif score >= 40 and score < 50: print ( "You scored a great grade!" ) elif score >= 20 and score < 40: print ( "You did okay in the test." ) else : print ( "You have to try harder next time!" ) = Enter the maths test score: 50 You scored top marks! = Enter the maths test score: 43 You scored a great grade! = Enter the maths test score: 20 You did okay in the test. = Enter the maths test score: 13 You have to try harder next time! If Statements Task 3 ( Fastest lap) A racing video game has a challenging track that players try to get a quick lap on. The current fastest lap time is 37 seconds . Ask the player to enter their lap time and print a response based on their input . You need individual responses for the following inputs: Faster than 37 seconds. Between 37 seconds and 59 seconds. Between 60 seconds and 90 seconds. Slower than 90 seconds. Example solutions: Enter your lap time: 35 You have set a new record!!! Enter your lap time: 59 You did well this time! Enter your lap time: 83 A little bit slow this time! Enter your lap time: 110 Were you even trying!?! Hurry up! Not Equal To The opposite of equal to ( == ) is not equal to ( != ). != is often used with while loops to repeat code while an input is not what is expected , for example repeatedly asking for a password while the input is not equal to "fluffythecat123". The code below uses != for an incorrect answer (although it could easily be re-written to use == for a correct answer). answer = input ( "What is the capital of Eritrea? " ) if answer != "Asmara" : print ( "That is incorrect! It is Asmara." ) else : print ( "You got it right!" ) = What is the capital of Eritrea? Asmara You got it right! = What is the capital of Eritrea? Windhoek That is incorrect! It is Asmara. If Statements Task 4 ( True or False? ) Come up with your own true or false question that the user has to respond to. Depending on their answer , print whether they got it right or wrong . You may want to use an if statement with == for a correct answer or != for an incorrect answer , there's multiple ways to write this program. Example solutions: There are 140 million miles between Earth and Mars. TRUE or FALSE? TRUE That is correct! It is really that far! There are 140 million miles between Earth and Mars. TRUE or FALSE? FALSE You got it wrong, there really are 140 million miles between us! ⬅ Section 3 Practice Tasks 4b - Mathematical Operators ➡

Learn about troubleshooting tests and information to record when a hardware error occurs. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 1.6 - Hardware Troubleshooting Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What is troubleshooting? Troubleshooting means to analyse and solve a problem with a computer system. Hardware troubleshooting refers to fixing an issue with the physical parts of the computer or any connected devices. Hardware issues might occur as a result of damage (intentional or accidental), power surges or malware . Steps to Take When an Error Occurs Try to identify the problem by looking for the simplest explanation first (e.g. checking the power supply) and ask the user questions about the issue. Create a theory about what the cause of the problem could be and prepare to test the theory using a series of troubleshooting tests . Create a troubleshooting plan and record the steps that are taken before moving on to the next test. Check the system works after each stage of the plan. Create a findings document that explains if and how the problem was fixed, for future reference if the problem occurs again. Documentation Technicians and help desk (see 3.5 ) staff should document , on a fault sheet , the following information regarding the issue: The fault itself (such as 'system not turning on'). The system in question. The user logged in at the time. Exact date & time the problem occurred. Symptoms of the issue (such as 'slow load times' or 'beeping'). Problem history - checking if it has happened to this system before. Back up documentation - Whether the data been backed up recently. Troubleshooting Tools The following tools can be used to identify an error so a technician has a greater understanding of the problem. Event Viewer Event Viewer is a type of utility software that lists detailed information about an error when one occurs. It can be used to work out how to fix the issue and will display both minor and major faults. Power On Self Test (POST) On start-up, a power on self test (POST) checks memory, power, hardware and cooling systems are all working properly. Beep codes signal if an error has been detected; 1 beep will sound for no error but if multiple beeps are heard then an error has been discovered. Ping Test This is a connectivity test between two computers. A message is sent to the destination computer and waits for a return message named the echo reply . This procedure can be repeated with other systems until the source of the problem is identified from a computer that does not reply . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.6 - Hardware Troubleshooting: 1. Summarise the 'Steps to Take when an Error Occurs ' section into your own top three tips for what to do when a hardware error happens . [3 ] 2. List 6 pieces of information that an IT technician should record when a hardware error has occurred . [6 ] 3. Briefly explain the purpose of three troubleshooting tools . [6 ] 1.5 - Communication Hardware 1.7 - Units of Measurement Topic List

Learn about application platforms such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR), websites and computer games. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 1.1 - Application Platforms Watch on YouTube : Reality Platforms Websites Computer Games There are three types of application platforms you need to know, starting with devices based around merging technology and reality -augmented reality (AR ), virtual reality (VR ) and mixed reality (MR ). You also need to understand how websites and computer games are used as application platforms . You need to know the uses of these application platforms as well as their advantages and disadvantages . What You Need to Know Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality / Mixed Reality Augmented Reality (AR ) is technology that overlays digital images or information onto the real world . Virtual Reality (VR ) uses a computer-generated 3D environment that fully immerses the user , usually with a headset . Mixed Reality (MR ) is a blend of AR and VR where digital objects interact with the real world in real time . AR , VR and MR devices have a wide range of uses , the main three being educational , instructional and for research . Websites Websites can be used as platforms to deliver applications directly through a web browser , removing the need for users to install software on their device . This allows applications to be accessed easily across different devices and operating systems using an internet connection . There are four categories of websites to know: E-Commerce Instructional Educational Social Media Computer Games Computer (video ) games can be used as application platforms by combining software functionality with interactive gameplay and immersive environments . Games can increase user engagement and allow complex ideas , simulations or training activities to be delivered in a more intuitive and motivating way. Games are highly engaging , increasing user motivation and time spent using the application but game development is often complex , time-consuming and expensive , requiring specialist skills in a range of job roles . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.1 - Application Platforms: 1. Give the key features and uses for each reality-based device - AR , VR and MR . [4 marks each ] 2. Give three advantages and disadvantages of using a website as an application platform . [6 ] 3. A school is considering making a computer game application to encourage students to learn about rainforests . Consider two advantages and disadvantages of using computer games as an application platform in this scenario . [4 ] There are over 1 billion websites on the internet , but fewer than 20% are actively maintained , meaning most websites are abandoned , inactive or placeholder pages . D id Y ou K now? Topic List 1.2 - Devices

Learn how binary numbers can be multiplied or divided using arithmetic shift. Understand the effect the shift has on the binary value. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 4.4: Arithmetic Shift Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is arithmetic shift? Arithmetic shift is used to multiply and divide binary numbers . The effect of shifting left is to multiply a binary number. The effect is doubled by each place that is shifted . x The effect of shifting right is to divide a binary number. ÷ Shifting by 1 has an effect of 2 . Shifting by 2 has an effect of 4 . Shifting by 3 has an effect of 8 . For example, shifting left by 2 places has an effect of multiplying by 4 . Another example: Shifting right by 3 places has an effect of diving by 8 . How to shift a binary number: An exam question may ask you to arithmetically shift a binary number of up to 16 digits . Q uesto's Q uestions 4.4 - Arithmetic Shift: 1a. Draw a diagram to show the effect of multiplying and dividing a binary number . [2 ] 1b. Draw a diagram or table to show the effect a shift has for each place from 1 to 4 . For example, a shift of 1 place has an effect of 2. [4 ] 2. State the effect of the following shifts: a. Shift right by 2 places. b. Shift left by 1 place. c. Shift left 3 places. d. Shift right by 4 places. [ 1 each ] 3. Shift the following binary numbers and state the effect of the shift: a. 10101011 : Shift left by 2 places. b. 11101100 : Shift right by 3 place. c. 00001011 : Shift right by 2 places. d. 01101110 : Shift left by 1 place. [ 2 each ] Watch on YouTube 4.3 Binary Calculations Theory Topics 4.5 - Character Sets & Data Types

This walkthrough will show you how to create a maze game in Scratch . It is split into the following sections: Creating the First Level Choosing the Main Character Animating & Moving the Main Character Back to the Start Adding Score & Time Making Enemies Adding More Levels Extensions Use the links to move between sections easily! 1. Creating the First Level The very first thing to do is to create the level in which our character will move around in! We are going to draw a background from scratch which our hero will run around in to get to the end. Important parts of the pictures are highlighted in yellow ! 1. Select the blank Stage button in the button left to edit the background. Drawing the Background Challenge Task Anchor 1 2. Press on the Backdrops tab. This will show Scratch’s own paint editor on the right. 3. Use the line tool to create straight maze lines on the background. Use the slider at the bottom to increase the width of the line. Remember this is only the first level so don’t make it too difficult. 4. Create a start zone and an end zone with the rectangle tool and then fill them in with the fill bucket tool . You can also change the main background colour using the fill bucket tool. Remember to choose an appropriate level name in the text box at the top. Level Name Rectangle Tool Fill Bucket Tool Make your game more exciting by creating themed levels , like this park background. Other ideas might include a classroom, library or car park. Try switching up the start and end zones by using the circle tool or the line tool and the fill bucket . Come back to this challenge when you are ready to make more levels! 2. Choosing the Main Character Now that you have your first level designed we can make our hero character who is going to navigate the maze and try to get to the end. Picking the main character Anchor 2 1. A character is called a sprite . We will choose a sprite from Scratch’s sprite library . Click on the fairy icon to open the sprite menu. 2. I have selected the Animals category on the left menu. I have chosen the Penguin sprite but choose whichever character you want. 3. Press the Costumes tab and check that your chosen sprite has at least two costumes . We will use these to create animation in the next section to make it look like the sprite is moving. 4. Now that we don’t need the cat anymore we can delete him by right-clicking on his icon and selecting delete . Shrink the Main Character down to size Shrink Tool 5. The sprite is too big for the level background and you will need to shrink them down . Click on the shrink button at the top of the program and then click on the sprite in the paint area to shrink them down. Remember how many times you clicked the sprite to shrink it. You will need to shrink both costumes the same number of times . Here I have shrunk my penguin by 17 clicks when I selected the shrink tool. You can compare the size of your costumes by looking at the image size beneath the icon (e.g. 40 x 53). Picture Size 6. You need to make sure that your sprite is in the centre of the grid otherwise it might cause trouble later when you try to move them. Click on the costume centre button in the top right (it looks like a crosshair ) and drag your sprite into the middle if it is not. Make sure that both costumes are in the centre . Also, give your costumes appropriate names , I have named mine Mr. Penguin 1 and Mr. Penguin 2. Costume Name Costume Centre 3. Animate & Move the Main Character Adding Animation Anchor 3 1. Click on your sprite icon in the bottom left and then on the Scripts tab in the top centre. We will begin using the script blocks and we need to start in the Events category with: ...so drag it over to the script area. This script will run all the blocks that we place beneath it, when the flag is pressed to start the game. 1. 2. You can only add animation if the sprite you chose has at least two different costumes! 2. The second block we need is: ...in the Control category. Every block that we put inside the forever loop block will repeat again and again . We want our character to switch between their costumes infinitely to make it look like they are always walking, which is why we use the forever loop. 3. Click on the Looks category and drag two... ...inside of your forever loop . Use the drop down list (small black triangle on the costume block ) to make one block switch to your first costume and the other block switch to your second costume. 4. In the Control category, drag over two blocks and place one after each of your ‘switch costume to ‘ blocks. 1 second is too long to wait so click on the 1 and change both to 0.5 instead (this is half a second). If you’ve got the code correct so far, when you press the green flag your character should be animated! Moving the Main Character 1. In the Events category drag a into the script area. Change the button from space to ‘up arrow ’ (or any key you like) It is also popular for computer games to use the w key to move up. 2. Click on the Motion category and move over two blocks: and Change the angle of direction from 90 (which is a right turn) to 0 (which is an upwards turn). Now you have just created code to make your character move upwards by ten steps when you press the up arrow! Once you have dragged the blocks when the up arrow is pressed, you can work out how to make your character move down, left and right ALL BY YOURSELF. Add this code in now, before you move on . Rotate the Main Character If you press the green arrow and move your character around you might notice that it doesn't rotate when it moves. Click on the i in the top left of your sprite icon in the bottom left. There are three types of rotation to choose from. Select your preferred style by clicking on one of the three symbols. Full Rotation will turn your sprite up, down, left and right. Horizontal Rotation will only turn your sprite left and right. No Rotation will not turn your sprite at all. it will always appear in the same direction. Anchor 4 4. Back to the Start Starting in the right place We always want the main sprite to start in the green zone when the green flag is pressed to start the game. First drag your sprite to the green zone . Then go to the Motion category and drag over: ...and connect it directly underneath the block you dragged over earlier. Once you’ve added that line of code, click the green flag to make sure that the sprite starts where you want it to . If it doesn’t, then you can change the x (horizontal) and y (vertical) co-ordinates by clicking on the white boxes and changing the values. Back to the start if touching the walls 1. Drag over and connect together the two blocks below: 2. Drag over the two blocks below, put the blue one inside the other and then put them both inside the forever loop : 3. Change the co-ordinates in the blue block you just added so that it matches the same co-ordinates as the block to make the sprite start at the green zone . 4. Now to add the wall detection code! In the Sensing section, drag this block over... ...and put it inside the top of the ‘if then‘ block . Make sure that you put it between the 'if' and 'then' and not underneath. 5. Click once on the box in the ‘touching colour ‘ block and then click the wall or obstacle you want the player to avoid, Now is a good idea to play your game and make sure you can get to the end without being teleported back to the start. If your game is impossible you will need to edit the background – click on the stage icon in the bottom left then the Backdrops tab and edit the walls. Anchor 5 5. Adding Time & Score Recording the Time 1. Click on the Stage icon in the bottom left, we will create new code in the Scripts tab of the stage. DO NOT click the character sprite! Click on the Data category and choose Make a Variable . A variable is something that can change . Call your new variable Time . Adding a Score - The Number of Restarts 2. From the Events category drag: ...then look in the Data category and connect this underneath: ...but it should say Time instead of 'variable'. This code makes the time start at 0 when the game begins. 3. Now we need a loop that increases our variable called Time by 1 every second. First drag over a forever loop : Then place inside of it two blocks: Make sure it says Time instead of variable. Now press the green flag to see the timer go up. 1. In the Data section click on Make a Variable and give it an appropriate name like Restarts . This variable will count how many times we have touched a wall and had to start again. 2. Firstly, go back to the Scripts area for your character – click on the sprite of your main character in the bottom left then the Scripts tab. You need to add two blocks from the Data category: Change variable to Restarts and place it directly underneath the flag. Change variable to Restarts again and place this code directly after the 'go to ' block inside the loop. Now whenever you touch the wall you restart and it records it in the variable called Restarts. 6. Making Enemies Anchor 6 1. Select the fairy icon in the New sprite section to open the Scratch sprite library. 2. From the sprite library choose your enemy . I have selected the polar bear because it fits with my penguin. 3. Select the shrink tool at the top of the program and click on the enemy . Then drag them to where you want them to start . 4. Click on the sprite icon of your enemy then select the Scripts tab. Drag and connect two blocks: 5. From the Control category grab a: ...and place it after the ‘go to ‘ block. Now we will make our enemy glide from his start position to somewhere on our level again and again. Move the enemy to where you want it to go to then add: ...inside the forever loop. Drag another ‘glide ‘ block and place it underneath but change those co-ordinates to the same as the one underneath the the ‘when green flag clicked‘ block. This code makes the enemy move backwards and forwards forever. 6. Make your main character return to the start if they touch the enemy. Click on your main character sprite in the bottom left and then the Scripts tab. You need to copy the exact same code you made earlier to see if the main character is touching the wall , but this time you need to use: ...instead of the touching colour block. Click on the box in the block and select your Main Character . 7. New Levels Anchor 7 Coming Soon To be added soon. This concludes the walkthrough for a Scratch maze game! Try a combination of the suggestions below to add complexity to your game: Using ‘say ‘ or ‘think ‘ blocks in the Looks category to make your sprites say things at certain points (like at the start of a new level). Making your game harder by speeding up enemies in later levels (you could change the number of seconds it takes to glide ) Adding more enemies that only appear in harder levels. Setting a time limit – instead of having your time begin at 0 and increasing by 1 every second, have it start at 30 and decrease by 1 every second. Extensions Anchor 8

Learn about the purpose and characteristics of the eight application types, including examples. Application types include communication, educational, entertainment, games, lifestyle, productivity, protection & utility and web browsers. Resources based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 1.3.1 - Application Types Watch on YouTube : Application Types There are several types of applications that can be developed , each with a different purpose and common characteristics . There are eight application types you need to know for this 'Fundamentals of Application Development ' unit, including their purpose and common characteristics . Communication Purpose: Communication applications allow users to exchange information with others , most often in real-time . Data can be transferred in a range of formats including text , images and video . Education Purpose: To teach users about specific topics and help people learn new skills . This may be aimed at certain ages or user groups such as those learning a new language . Characteristics of Communication Applications: Has a simple user interface designed for quick and reliable data exchange . Supports multiple formats (text , images , audio , video and files ). Requires a network connection to send and receive data . Often has built-in security and privacy , such as end-to-end encryption . May use presence awareness such as showing ‘typing… ’ or ‘online now ’. Characteristics of Education Applications: It may be structured around learning milestones or long-term goals . Often interactive , such as quick quizzes or regular recaps of topics. Could include different formats of learning (such as text , visuals or audio ). Usually tracks skills or scores over time to show progress in a user-friendly way . Age-appropriate in content and design , possibly with difficulty levels . Examples: WhatsApp, Messenger, Zoom, Slack, Gmail Examples: Duolingo, Kahoot!, Quizlet, Memrise, Anki Entertainment Purpose: To provide enjoyment through formats such as video or audio , often with automatic suggestions based on previous interactions including watched videos , likes or comments . Characteristics of Entertainment Applications: Simple design to focus on keeping users engaged . May include streamed media content or the option to download . Designed for passive or relaxed use , e.g. watching or listening without interacting . Uses algorithms for recommendations based on user preferences . May include social features such as comments or sharing with friends . Examples: Netflix, Disney+, Spotify, YouTube, Twitch Games Purpose: To offer interactive challenges in a fun and possibly competitive way. Games may be played together online or offline for a single-player experience . Characteristics of Game Applications: Based on clear rules and objectives with reward systems , e.g. achievements . High interactivity and quick responsiveness to keep players engaged . Requires graphical rendering , user inputs and sound design . May support local multiplayer or online play with competition , like leaderboards . Often has a range of difficulty levels to keep players challenged . Examples: Minecraft, Fortnite, Among Us, EA Sports FC, Candy Crush Lifestyle Purpose: Supports a healthy and organised way of living . They often help people to manage their daily tasks and form positive personal routines . Productivity Purpose: To support users to complete tasks , manage their time or organise information in a helpful way , all to to maximise productivity . Characteristics of Lifestyle Applications: Often personalised to user preferences or personal data . May use real-time inputs such as location or health data , like steps taken . It may be integrated with smart wearable devices such as a smartwatch . Designed to be used briefly but daily (e.g. checking steps or logging meals ). Encourages improved habits or healthier improvements . Characteristics of Productivity Applications: Has a focus on efficiency , reliability and easy usability . Often allows collaboration and file sharing (e.g. working with colleagues ). Prioritises data organisation and quick access to relevant information . Usually integrated with cloud services or other apps like calendars . It may be designed for professional , personal or educational use . Examples: MyFitness Pal, Noom, Headspace, FitBit, Couch to 5k Examples: Microsoft Word, Calendar, Google Drive, Notion, Trello Protection & Utility Purpose: To secure the computer system against malicious threats and perform housekeeping tasks that maintain stability and a smooth performance . Characteristics of Protection & Utility Applications: Works in the background without frequent user interaction . Often requires permissions to access sensitive data . Needs to be updated frequently , e.g. adding new virus signatures to the database of an antivirus . May be event-driven (e.g. alerts or automatic scans at regular intervals ). Should use low system resources if it needs to be running constantly . Web Browsers Purpose: Accesses , retrieves and displays web pages from web servers . It provides tools like bookmarks , tabs and history to help users easily navigate the interne t. Characteristics of Web Browser Applications: Displays webpages that are built using HTML , CSS and JavaScript . Supports security protocols such as HTTPS , which uses encryption . Enables customisation and user control , e.g. bookmarks , extensions and themes . Contains an address bar to directly type in URLs or search terms . Allows for multiple tabs to run concurrently . Types of Application Examples: Avast Antivirus, CCleaner, 1Password, Battery Saver, Microsoft Defender Examples: Google Chrome, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Opera Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3.1 - Application Types: 1. Choose four application types and explain how each can be used in a school . [8 ] 2a. For two application types you did not mention in Q1 , explain their characteristics . [6 ] 2a. For the remaining two application types you have not mentioned , explain their purpose . [ 4 ] Minecraft is the best-selling video game of all time , with over 350 million copies sold since its official release in 2011 . D id Y ou K now? 1.2 - Operating Systems Topic List 1.3.2 - Application Software Categories

Learn about legislation and regulations related to application development, including the Data Protection Act, Computer Misuse Act and Freedom of Information Act. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software Watch on YouTube: Computer Misuse Act Data Protection Act UK General Data Protection Regulation Freedom of Information Act Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations Independent bodies UK Information Commissioner's Office 6.1 - Legal Considerations You need to know the latest version and main purpose of each act /regulation , as well as actions taken to comply with the act and the impacts of not complying with it. You must also understand how Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR ) relate to the Data Protection Act and UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR ), and the role of the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO ) in the UK. What You Need to Know Developers must ensure application software complies with relevant legislation and regulations to protect users , their data and computer systems and to avoid legal and financial consequences . Computer Misuse Act (CMA) The Computer Misuse Act (CMA ) protects computer systems and data from unauthorised access and misuse . It makes activities such as unauthorised access , hacking and deliberately impairing computer systems criminal offences . Developers must only access systems and data they have permission to use , ensure any security testing is authorised , and must not develop or use software to deliberately gain unauthorised access or damage systems . If individuals do not comply with the CMA , they could face criminal prosecution , fines or imprisonment , while an organisation could also experience financial costs and reputational damage . Example : A developer must have permission before attempting to access restricted parts of a client's system , even if they claim they were only testing its security . Data Protection Act (DPA) The purpose of the Data Protection Act (DPA ) is to control how organisations collect , process , store and protect personal data . It helps ensure people's (known as data subjects ) information is handled fairly , lawfully and securely . Developers should ensure applications only collect necessary personal data , explain how it will be used , only use it for its intended purpose , keep it secure and remove it when it is no longer required . Non-compliance can result in complaints , data breaches , regulatory action , legal disputes , financial penalties , operational disruption and reputational damage . Example : A revision application should not collect a student's home address if that information is unnecessary for providing the service. UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR ) provides rules and principles governing the lawful processing and protection of personal data . It gives individuals rights over how organisations use their information . It operates alongside the DPA 2018 in the UK . Developers should ensure there is a lawful reason for processing personal data , collect only necessary information , clearly explain its use , keep it accurate and secure , avoid retaining it unnecessarily and allow users to exercise their data rights where applicable. If they do not comply , organisations can face investigations , enforcement action , significant fines , compensation claims and reputational damage , particularly following serious data breaches . Example : A bank application collecting account information should clearly tell users what personal data is collected and why it is needed . Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA ) gives people the right to request recorded information held by public authorities , such as government departments , councils , state schools and the NHS , subject to exemptions . To comply , when developing software for a public authority , developers should consider how information can be stored , organised , searched and retrieved so the organisation can respond appropriately to information requests . Non-compliance may cause a public authority to face complaints , investigations , enforcement action and reputational damage if it fails to meet its legal responsibilities . Example : A system developed for a council should allow relevant recorded information to be located when the council receives a valid FOI request . Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR) Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR ) protect people's privacy when using electronic communications , including rules covering electronic marketing , cookies and similar technologies and the security of communications services . To comply, developers may need to ensure applications obtain appropriate consent for non-essential cookies or similar technologies , provide relevant information to users and follow the rules when enabling electronic marketing such as emails or text messages . If they don't comply , organisations could face regulatory action , financial penalties , complaints and reputational damage . Example : A website should not simply place certain advertising or analytics cookies on a user's device without providing the required information and obtaining consent where required. Independent Bodies Independent bodies are organisations that operate separately from the organisations they oversee and can provide guidance , monitor legal compliance and take action when rules or standards are not followed . When developing application software , independent bodies may: Provide guidance and codes of practice that developers can follow. Monitor and investigate whether organisations are meeting their legal responsibilities . Handle complaints from users or members of the public . Take or recommend enforcement action when organisations fail to comply . Help developers understand how legislation should be applied to applications and user data . Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) The Information Commissioner's Office (ICO ) is the UK's independent regulator for information rights and data protection , overseeing areas including the DPA , UK GDPR , FOIA and PECR . When developing application software , the ICO is relevant because it: Provides guidance on how personal information should be collected , processed , stored and protected . Helps organisations understand how to comply with data protection and privacy legislation . Can investigate complaints and data breaches . Can take enforcement action when organisations fail to meet their legal obligations . Promotes good practice in areas such as privacy , electronic marketing , cookies and protecting users' information . Example : If developers create an application that collects users' names , email addresses and dates of birth , they can use ICO guidance to help ensure the application handles this personal data appropriately and complies with data protection requirements . Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1 - Legal Considerations: 1. State the main purposes of the CMA , DPA , UK GDPR , FOIA and PECR . [ 2 each ] 2. For each act or regulation , explain the actions developers should take to ensure application software complies with its requirements . [2 each ] 3. Explain the possible impacts on an organisation if its application software does not comply with relevant legislation or regulations . [2 each ] 4. Explain the role of independent bodies and the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO ) when developing and operating application software. [4 ] 5. A revision app collects users' personal data , uses cookies and sends marketing emails . Identify the relevant legislation and explain how the developers should comply with it. [4 ] Following a 2018 cyberattack , personal data belonging to more than 400,000 British Airways customers was compromised . In 2020 , the Information Commissioner's Office ( ICO ) fined British Airways £20 million for failing to adequately protect its customers' data , the largest data protection fine the ICO has issued. D id Y ou K now? 5.3 - Policies Topic List

Learn about the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and factors such as clock speed. Learn about components within the CPU including the ALU and control unit. The CPU What is the CPU? The CPU CPU stands for C entral P rocessing U nit . The CPU is considered the brain of the computer because it is used to process data and instructions , just like a human brain . Every single type of computer needs a CPU , from desktop computers to laptops , game consoles , even smart TVs and smart watches . The CPU plugs directly into the motherboard in a special socket . What does the CPU do? The CPU works in a cycle (called the FDE cycle ), which it repeats up to billions of times a second . In the FDE cycle , the CPU first f etches instructions from RAM. Next, the CPU d ecodes (understands ) the instructions and finally e xecutes (runs ) them. RAM (Random Access Memory) Instructions CPU (Central Processing Unit) What is clock speed? The clock speed is how many instructions a CPU can carry out per second . Clock speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz ), where 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second . The higher the clock speed , the faster the CPU will run , as more instructions can be processed per second . What are the four components of the CPU? The Control Unit (CU ) sends control signals to direct the operation of the CPU . It also decodes instructions as part of the FDE cycle . ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit . It performs simple calculations and compares data . The registers are temporary storage spaces for instructions inside the CPU. They are used in the FDE cycle . Cache memory stores frequently accessed data that the CPU needs to access at very high speeds . What is overclocking and underclocking? Typical clock speed: 3.5 GHz 3.9 GHz 3.3 GHz Overclocking is when the computer's clock speed is increased higher than the recommended speed. This will make the computer perform faster but it can lead to overheating and could damage the computer . Underclocking is when the computer's clock speed is decreased lower than the recommended speed. This will make the computer perform slower but will increase the lifespan of the computer . KS3 Home

Learn about the different protocols used on networks - HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, IP, Ethernet, WiFi, FTP and SMTP. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 3.5: Protocols Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is a protocol? A protocol is a set of rules that allow devices on a network to communicate with each other . TCP / IP is actually two separate protocols that combine together. TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) TCP is a protocol that allows packets to be sent and received between computer systems. It breaks the data into packets and reassembles them back into the original data at the destination. IP is a protocol in charge of routing and addressing data packets . This ensures data packets are sent across networks to the correct destination . It is also an addressing system - every device on a network is given a unique IP address so data packets can be sent to the correct computer system. HTTP is used to transfer web pages over the Internet so that users can view them in a web browser . All URLs start with either HTTP or HTTPS (e.g. https://www.csnewbs.com). HTTPS is a more secure version of HTTP that works with another protocol called SSL ( Secure Sockets Layer ) to transfer encrypted data . You should see a padlock symbol in the URL bar if your connection to that website is secure. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) Ethernet is a protocol for wired connections . Ethernet is used at both the data link and physical layers to describe how network devices can format data packets for transmission. WiFi is the main standard for wireless connections . WiFi is actually a brand name that uses a protocol called IEEE 802.11 . Another wireless standard is Bluetooth , for short-range data transfer. Connection Protocols Transfer Protocols FTP ( File Transfer Protocol ) is used to transfer files across a network. It is commonly used to upload or download files to/from a web server . SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) is a protocol used to send emails to a mail server and between mail servers . Q uesto's Q uestions 3.5 - Protocols: 1. Describe each of the following protocols . It might be helpful to also draw an icon or small diagram for each one: a. TCP [ 2 ] b. IP [ 2 ] c. HTTP & HTTPS [ 3 ] d. WiFi (802.11) [ 1 ] e. Ethernet [ 2 ] f. FTP [ 2 ] g. SMTP [ 2 ] 2. State which protocol would be used in the following scenarios : a. Transferring a music file to a friend over the internet. [ 1 ] b. Sending an email to a family member in America. [ 1 ] c. Using a wireless connection to play a mobile game. [ 1 ] d. Using a webpage to enter a password securely. [ 1 ] e. Watching a video on YouTube. [1 ] 3.4 Network Hardware & Routing Theory Topics 3.6 - 7 Layer OSI Model

Learn about business systems used by IT companies including MIS, SOP, CRM and help desk. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 3.5 - Business Systems Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 A business may use several types of complex systems to manage data , communicate with customers and ensure efficient business practice . Management Information System (MIS) A management information system (MIS ) is used to collect , store , analyse and present data for an organisation. The system processes a large amount of data and organises it (such as in databases) so that it can be used for decision-making and general data analysis . An efficient MIS can be used to display the financial status of an organisation, highlight areas of improvement and generate sales forecasts based on current data. Specifically, a bank could use an MIS for: Looking at the number of customers that visit each branch . Forecasting potential profits based on historical data of previous years. Profiling customers based on their actions and behaviour . Identifying specific customers with low activity to target them for email campaigns . Benefits of an MIS: Integrated system: A Management Information System shares a large amount of data from multiple departments within an organisation to produce accurate reports. For example, financial data can be used to generate accurate pay slips. Decision Making: An MIS can be used to inform an organisation's decision making by highlighting areas that need improvement within the company. Powerful analysis: An MIS will use large data sets to provide accurate data analysis that can be used in many different ways by an organisation. Trends and patterns can be identified easily. Backup capabilities: Data can be stored centrally and backed up easily if a disaster occurs. Limitations of an MIS: Cost and installation: An MIS is an expensive tool that needs to be professionally set up and requires technical knowledge to maintain. Requires accurate data: If any data is incorrect or out of date then the analysis will consequently be inaccurate . Potentially disastrous decisions could be made as a result of incorrect data. Training: Employees will need to be trained to use the software accurately for maximum efficiency. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) A CRM system is used to improve the relationship between an organisation and its customers . It can be used to increase customer loyalty with those who already subscribe to their services as well as used to try and increase the customer base by attracting new customers. The ultimate goal of a CRM system is to increase and retain customers which will result in more sales and higher profits . Examples of CRM systems: Marketing teams tracking which promotions customers are responding well to . Customer service teams responding quickly to customer complaints , through a variety of channels (such as social media, emails and telephone calls). Marketing teams rewarding customers who have spent a certain amount in a year. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) A standard operating procedure is a comprehensive step-by-step guide of how to carry out a business routine. An organisation will create an SOP to abide by legal requirements and high company standards . SOPs must be followed in exactly the same method each time and by each employee to ensure the same outcome and remove any inconsistencies . Benefits of Standard Operating Procedures: Ensures consistency: The outcome should be the same each time when following SOPs which ensures an efficient result . Fewer errors: If all employees follow the SOP carefully then there should be no errors . Meets legal requirements : The SOPs will be designed to meet up-to-date legislation as well as any standards that the company have set. Limitations of Standard Operating Procedures: Inflexible practice: A lot of time may be spent on creating the paperwork and admin instead of the actual job. Legal updates: The SOPs must be periodically reviewed and updated to take into account any new laws . Sales Ordering Process (SOP) This is the process of a customer buying a product or service and the company reviewing the purchase . A sales order process ( SOP ) is important as it creates a clear plan for ordering a product . Each department can use the sales order to know exactly what jobs to perform. Help Desk Help desk software is used to provide real-time support to a user from a trained member of staff to overcome a technical problem . The customer logs an issue in the form of a ticket and is assigned a technician . As the technician tries to communicate with the user and solve the issue they must follow a service level agreement that defines the high standards the technician must keep to. When the problem has been solved the ticket is closed . All tickets are archived so that persistent problems can be checked to see what worked previously . If Help Desk software is used within a company by employees (rather than with external customers) to report and solve issues, it is known as ' in-house ' . Benefits of Help Desk software: Keeping Track: C ustomers can see that their issues are being dealt with and administrators have clear records of the problem. Audit Logs: All tickets are archived so if a problem occurs on the same machine the previous solution can be attempted again . Communication : Formal messages between the customer and the administrator mean there are no mixed messages and a running dialogue can take place as the problem is fixed. Limitations of Help Desk software: Cost : Setting up the necessary software and hardware and paying for an administrator to run the system can cost a large amount of money. Availability issues: A technician might not be available 24/7 or during holidays. Formal structure: This is a formal system that takes time to record and respond to which might annoy staff when it is only a minor issue to be fixed, like resetting a password. Knowledge: Technicians need technical expertise regarding the company's computer systems and need to be able to fix both hardware and software issues. This might require additional training every few years. Ticket Response Time: Administrators must ensure that all tickets are read and responded to in reasonable time so that productivity in the company is not affected. Q uesto's Q uestions 3.5 - Business Systems: 1a. What is the purpose of an MIS ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe 3 ways a bank could use an MIS . [ 3 ] 1c. Describe the benefits and limitations of an MIS . [10 ] 2a. What is the purpose of a CRM ? [ 4 ] 2b. Describe 3 ways that a CRM could be used by a company . [6 ] 3a. What are standard operating procedures (SOP ) and why are they used? [ 4 ] 3b. Describe the benefits and limitations of SOPs . [ 10 ] 4a. What is the sales ordering process ( SOP )? [ 2 ] 4b. Why is the SOP important in a company? [ 2 ] 4c. Summarise the 3 stages of the SOP . [ 4 ] 5a. What is the purpose of help desk software? [ 2 ] 5b. Explain how help desk works , including tickets , technicians and service level agreements . [3 ] 5c. Describe the benefits and limitations of Help Desks . [ 10 ] A typical sales order process will work as follows: 1. The customer orders a product or service, usually via an email or telephone conversation . 2. The order is confirmed and a sales order is created. This is a document that lists the customer’s requirements and exactly what they have purchased . 3. The sales order is sent to the relevant departments (e.g. production , finance and delivery ) so they can fulfil the customer’s request . Once the order has been completed, the customer will be sent an invoice for payment . 3.4 - Connection Methods Topic List 4.1 - Communication Methods