Test your understanding of imported commands in Python including random and time. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python - Section 5 Practice Tasks Task One: Random Numbers Ask the user to input 4 different numbers . Put the four variables in a list with square brackets and use the choice command from section 5a to randomly select one. Example solutions: Enter number 1: 10 Enter number 2: 20 Enter number 3: 30 Enter number 4: 40 The computer has selected 30 Enter number 1: 2023 Enter number 2: 2024 Enter number 3: 2025 Enter number 4: 2026 The computer has selected 2026 Task Two: Logging In You will make a program for logging into a system. Print a greeting then ask the user for their name . Wait 2 seconds then print a simple login message with the user’s name . Then print the current time (current hour and minute ). Example solutions: Welcome to Missleton Bank Please enter your name: Steve Steveson Logging you in Steve Steveson The time is 08:02 Welcome to Missleton Bank Please enter your name: Gracie Jones Logging you in Gracie Jones The time is 15:53 Task Three: Random Wait Generate a random number between 3 and 10 to represent seconds . Print this number then print the current hour, minute and second . Wait for the random number of seconds then print the current time again. Example solutions: The random wait will be 6 seconds. The time is 08:17:57 The time is 08:18:03 The random wait will be 3 seconds. The time is 08:21:39 The time is 08:21:42 Task Four: Independence Checker Create a program that displays how many days three specific countries have been independent for. The user will choose either Fiji , Samoa or Australia and the difference between today's date and the day they become independent will be displayed. Fiji became independent on 10th October 1970 . Samoa became independent on 13th December 1962 . Australia became independent on 1st January 1901 . Use the 'Today's Date ' and 'Between Dates ' parts of Section 5c to help you get today's date , make the other three dates and find the difference . Making Samoa's independence date would be samoadate = date(1962,12,13) for example. Example solutions: Enter FIJI, SAMOA or AUSTRALIA to check how long it has been independent for: AUSTRALIA Australia has been independent for 44822 days. Enter FIJI, SAMOA or AUSTRALIA to check how long it has been independent for: FIJI Fiji has been independent for 19338 days. Task Five: Square Root Create a program that asks the user to enter a whole number . Calculate the square root of the number. Round the answer down to the nearest whole number using the floor command. Example solutions: Enter a number: 156 The rounded down square root is 12 Enter a number: 156 The rounded down square root is 12 ⬅ 5e - More Librarie s 6a - For Loops ➡

Learn how to create and use dictionaries in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 8C - Dictionaries Creating a Dictionary Dictionaries are used in Python to link items of data together . The example on this page uses a footballer dictionary which links a player with a team they played for. To define a dictionary, use curly brackets { } and separate linked data with a colon . A dictionary can be written on one line but the method below makes it easier to read: Printing Data from a Dictionary The first part of the linked data in a dictionary is called the key (e.g. each footballer in my example above). The second part of the linked data in a dictionary is called the value (e.g. each team). Example: key : value "Harry Kane" : "Tottenham Hotspur" A for loop can be used to cycle through each set of keys and values in the dictionary: Practice Task 1 a) Create a dictionary of your teachers and the subject they teach. b) Print their name and the subject they teach on each line. Example solution: Adding and Removing Data from a Dictionary Data can be added to a dictionary by stating the new key and value . You must use square brackets - [ ] The new data will be added to the end of the dictionary. You can print the whole dictionary to see any changes - e.g. print(playerdictionary) Data can be removed from a dictionary by stating the new key to remove in a pop command. You can print the whole dictionary to see any changes - e.g. print(playerdictionary) The whole dictionary can be cleared (reset to blank) using the clear command. Practice Task 2 a) Ask the user to enter a new teacher and their subject. b) Ask the user to remove a teacher. c) Print the list of teachers and check the new teacher has been added and the other one removed. Example solution: Searching Through a Dictionary An if statement can be used to check if a specific key is in a dictionary. If the key is in the dictionary then a message can be displayed using the key and the value . Otherwise, an else statement can output an appropriate response. To search for a value in a dictionary a for loop should be used to cycle through each key . If the value of each key matches the value that is being searched for then it will be printed. Practice Task 3 a) Create a search that allows a user to enter a teacher's name and prints the subject that they teach. b) Include an else statement to print a response if a teacher is not in the dictionary. Example solution: Changing Data & Copying a Dictionary The way to change values is similar to adding new data. The first input below is to determine the key and the second input determines the new value to be changed to. The copy command is used to make a duplicate of a dictionary . Practice Task 4 a) Create a copy of your teacher dictionary. b) Allow the user to enter a teacher and a new subject that they teach. c) Print the copy of the dictionary with the new values. Example solution: Using a Dictionary to Make a Game The code below is used to make a puzzle game where the user has to type in a footballer and the team they played for. I have added comments to explain the different parts of the code. A separate list has been created at the start to store the names of keys (players) that been correctly guessed . A while loop is used to constantly ask the user for players and teams. When they have guessed all 10 players (and the correct list reaches 10 ) the loop breaks and the game end. Instead of a further practice task here, Task 6 of the Section 8 Practice tasks page challenges you to make a similar game using a dictionary. ⬅ 8b - 2D Lists Section 8 Practice Tasks ➡

Learn how to input strings (text) in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 2a - Inputting Text Inputting Text (Strings) in Python A string is a collection of characters (letters, numbers and punctuation) such as: “Wednesday” , “Toy Story 4” or “Boeing 747” . Use the input command to ask a question and let a user input data , which is automatically stored as a string . Variable to save the answer into. Give it a suitable name based on the input. name = input ( "What is your name? " ) = What is your name? Paulina Type your answer directly into the editor and press the Enter key. Statement that is printed to the screen. Leave a space to make the output look clearer. Once an input has been saved into a variable, it can be used for other purposes, such as printing it within a sentence : name = input ( "What is your name? " ) print ( "It is nice to meet you" , name) = What is your name? Jake the Dog It is nice to meet you Jake the Dog Always choose an appropriate variable name when using inputs. colour = input ( "What is your favourite colour? " ) print ( "Your favourite colour is " + colour + "? Mine is yellow." ) = What is your favourite colour? blue Your favourite colour is blue? Mine is yellow. Inputting Text Task 1 ( Holiday) Write an input line to ask the user where they last went on holiday . Write a print line that uses the holiday variable (their answer). Example solution: Where did you last go on holiday? Scotland I hope you had a nice time in Scotland Inputting Text Task 2 ( New Neighbour) Write an input line to ask the user for a title (e.g. Mr, Mrs, Dr). Write another input line for an object . Write a print line that uses both input variables (title and object ). Example solutions: Enter a title: Dr Enter an object: Fridge I think my new neighbour is Dr Fridge Enter a title: Mrs Enter an object: Armchair I think my new neighbour is Mrs Armchair Using a Variable Within an Input To use a variable you have previously assigned a value t o within the input statement you must use + (commas will not work). drink = input ( "What would you like to drink? " ) option = input ( "What would you like with your " + drink + "? " ) print ( "Getting your" , drink , "and" , option , "now...." ) = What would you like to drink? tea What would you like with your tea? biscuits Getting your tea and biscuits now... What would you like to drink? apple juice What would you like with your apple juice? cake Getting your apple juice and cake now... Inputting Text Task 3 ( Name & Game) Ask the user what their name is. Ask the user what their favourite game is. Use their name in the input statement for their game. Print a response with their name and the game they entered. Example solutions: What is your name? Rory Hi Rory, what's your favourite game? Minecraft Rory likes Minecraft? That's nice to know. What is your name? Kayleigh Hi Kayleigh, what's your favourite game? Stardew Valley Kayleigh likes Stardew Valley? That's nice to know. ⬅ Section 1 Practice Ta sks 2b - I nputting Numbers ➡

Learn how to create your own web page in HTML. The guide features 10 easy to follow steps from setting up the basic tags to adding images, videos and more pages. When you see the checklist icon, complete the task in order to make your own HTML web page. HTML Guide 1. Setting up the web page 2. Essential tags 3. Text tags 4. Hyperlinks 5. Images 6. Organisation tags 7. Head tags 8. Videos 9. Colours & Fonts 10. More pages Watch on YouTube: These steps will show you how to make a HTML fanpage so get thinking of an appropriate topic - maybe your favourite book, movie or sports team? Download Notepad++ at home

Learn about data formats such as ASCII, Unicode, CSV, fixed-width, JSON and XML and data types, including Boolean, character, date, integer, real and string. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 2.1 - Data Formats & Types Watch on YouTube: Data Formats Data Types You need to know the characteristics , uses , advantages and disadvantages of six data formats (ASCII , Unicode , CSV , fixed-length , JSON and XML ). You also need to know the characteristics , uses , advantages and disadvantages of six data types (Boolean , character , date , integer , real and string ). What You Need to Know Data Formats ASCII ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) is a character-encoding system that represents 256 characters using 8-bit ( 1 byte ) binary codes , including English letters , numbers , punctuation and control characters . It is used for storing and transferring basic English text , such as simple text files and character-based data . It is simple , requires little storage and is widely supported by different computer systems . However, it supports a limited range of characters , so it cannot represent most non-English alphabets , symbols or emojis . Link, Ocarina of Time, 1998 Lamball, Palworld, 2024 This information can simply be stored as plain ASCII characters. Unicode Unicode is a character-encoding standard that can represent a very large range of characters and symbols from different languages . A common encoding is UTF-16 , which uses 16 bits (two bytes ) for 65,536 possible characters . It is typically used for websites , applications and documents that need to store multiple languages , symbols and emojis . Unicode supports characters from many different languages and provides a consistent standard across different systems . However, some Unicode encodings can require more storage per character than ASCII, and incorrect encoding can cause characters to display incorrectly . Link 🗡️ | Ocarina of Time ⏳ | 1998 🗓️ Lamball 🐑 | Palworld 👹 | 2024 🗓️ Similar to ASCII, but Unicode allows a much wider range of characters and symbols. CSV CSV (comma-separated values ) is a plain-text , tabular format where each row represents a record and values are separated into columns , usually by commas . The first row often contains column names . It is used in storing and transferring tabular data , such as spreadsheets , datasets and data exported from databases . CSV is simple , human-readable , lightweight and widely compatible , resulting in small files that are fast to process and can be opened by many applications . But, it has limited support for data types and complex/nested data , with no enforced structure or validation , meaning inconsistent formatting , missing values and encoding problems can occur. Character,Game,Year Link,Ocarina of Time,1998 Lamball,Palworld,2024 Each value is separated by a comma, with column headings on the first row. Fixed Width Fixed width is a text-based format where each field is allocated a fixed number of characters , so data always starts and ends at predetermined positions . It is used in legacy systems , financial systems and transferring structured records where fields need to remain in predictable positions . Fixed width has a consistent and predictable structure , making fields easy for software to locate without needing separators . But it can waste storage space because fields must use their allocated width and changing the structure or allowing longer values can be difficult . Character Game Year Link Ocarina of Time 1998 Lamball Palworld 2024 Each field is given a set amount of space so that the values line up. JSON JSON (JavaScript Object Notation ) is a lightweight , text-based and human-readable format that uses key-value pairs and can contain nested data . It is used when transferring structured data between applications , particularly web applications , servers and APIs . JSON is lightweight , easy for humans to read and software to process , supports complex/nested data and works with many programming languages . It is simple to read/write , scalable and language-independent . But it can become difficult to read with large or deeply nested datasets , and syntax errors can prevent the data from being parsed correctly . { "character": "Link" , "game": "Ocarina of Time" , "year": 1998 } Data is stored using key-value pairs. XML XML (eXtensible Markup Language ) is a text-based , human-readable format that uses custom tags and attributes to describe and structure data and supports hierarchical/nested data . It is used to store and transfer structured data between different applications and systems , including configuration files and data exchange . XML is flexible , platform-independent and human-readable , with support for metadata and nested structures that allow complex data to be represented . However, XML can be verbose (uses lots of extra text/tags ), increasing file size and processing requirements . Complex XML can be difficult to process and syntax errors such as unclosed tags can prevent data from being parsed . Link Ocarina of Time 1998 Data is stored between descriptive opening and closing tags Data Types Character A character stores a single letter (e.g. L ), digit (e.g. 7 ) or symbol (e.g. @ ). It is used to store individual values such as initials , grades or single-letter codes . It is suitable and storage-efficient when only one character needs to be stored , but can only store one character , so multiple characters require a string . String A string stores a sequence of characters , such as "Pokopia" , "Nintendo Switch 2" or "2026" . Strings store text-based information , such as names , addresses , usernames and descriptions . They can store multiple characters and a wide variety of text , making it flexible for textual data . However, they usually require more storage than a single character , and numbers stored as strings cannot normally be used directly in mathematical calculations . Integer An integer stores whole numbers with no decimal places , including positive numbers , negative numbers and zero , e.g. -5 , 0 , 120 . It is used to store values that are counted in whole numbers , such as quantity , lives remaining or number of users . Integers require less storage and can be faster and more precise to process than real numbers when decimals aren't required . However, they cannot represent fractional or decimal values , making it unsuitable for values such as 3.5 . Real A real (also known as a float ) stores numbers that can contain a fractional/decimal part , such as 3.14 , -2.5 or 10.0 . it is used in storing measurements and calculations requiring decimal values , such as temperature , distance or speed . Reals can represent a much wider range of numerical values than integers , including fractional values . However, they require more storage than an integer and some real numbers cannot be represented exactly , potentially causing small rounding errors . Boolean A Boolean stores one of two possible values , usually True or False . It is used in representing yes/no or on/off condition s, such as whether a user is logged in . It requires little storage and is simple and efficient for making decisions in programs . But it can only represent two states , so it is unsuitable when more possible values are needed . Date The date data type stores a calendar date , typically containing a day , month and year , such as 21/11/1998 . It is used to store dates of birth , appointment dates , deadlines and release dates . it allows software to validate , compare , sort and perform calculations with dates . However, different date formats can cause confusion or compatibility problems . For example, 11/10/2026 could mean 11th October or 10th November . Q Half-Life 2 493 93.4 True 18/08/2026 Q uesto's Q uestions 2.1 - Data Formats & Types: 1. For each data format (ASCII , Unicode , CSV , fixed width , JSON and XML ), describe its characteristics and give one typical use . [ 3 each ] 2. Give two advantages and two disadvantages of each of the following data formats : CSV , fixed width , JSON and XML . [ 4 each ] 3. Explain the difference between ASCII and Unicode , including an advantage and disadvantage of each. [ 5 ] 4. For each data type (Boolean , Character , Date , Integer , Real and String ), describe its characteristics and give an example of data it could store. [ 2 each ] 5. For a hospital database , explain why different data types and data formats would be suitable for storing different pieces of data . Be specific . [5 ] Some older computers stored years using only two digits to save space . This contributed to the Y2K problem , where 00 could be interpreted as 1900 rather than 2000 , leading organisations around the world to check and update their systems before the new millennium . D id Y ou K now? 1.3 - Storage Topic List 2.2 - Data Flow

Learn about the different types of LAN, MAN and WAN networks and how to draw network diagrams. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 3.4 - Connection Methods Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Local Area Network (LAN) A Local Area Network (LAN ) is a network in which the computer systems are all located geographically close to each other , for example, in the same building or on the same site , like a school or office . A type of LAN is a Wired Ethernet LAN ( technically Ethernet is a protocol that controls how data is transmitted over a LAN). Wired Ethernet LANs have a high bandwidth so data can be transferred quickly and because it uses cables the data is harder to intercept than a wireless network. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN ) connects several LANs together to cover the range of a town or city , for example a university campus network. MANs are usually very efficient at providing fast communication for cities , with high connection speeds through the use of fibre optic cables. Wide Area Network (WAN) A Wide Area Network (WAN ) is a network spanning a large geographical area , such as multiple cities or countries . The internet is the ultimate example of a WAN as it stretches across the entire world. Different types of WAN rules and standards are used: ADSL ADSL ( Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ) is a method of transferring data across copper wire telephone lines . ADSL is contended, which means that connection speeds are affected and slowed down by more systems that use the network at the same time . The old copper wires also affect data transfer over long distances and can cause data packet loss . Security is also an issue, as the line is shared with others, making data interception more likely . To improve security, a firewall and/or VPN (Virtual Private Network) may be used. Because ADSL uses the telephone system, a modem is require d at both the sending and receiving ends of the connection. A microfilter is also required to allow internet and telephone access at the same time . ADSL is contended - shared between sites. Internet Service Provider ADSL requires a modem Leased Line Leased Line is a method of providing an uncontended , fixed-bandwidth data connection . The user maintains a dedicated connection that is more secure and, because it is uncontended , will have the same speed all of the time , regardless of how busy the network is . Bandwidth is high , security is better , the connection speed is constant and the network is full-duplex (allowing for data transmission both ways simultaneously). These advantages come at a high cost - possibly hundreds of pounds per month - as well as an expensive installation that can take time to be put in place . As it is a complex configuration , a CSU/DSU (Channel Service Unit/Data Service Unit) device is required to properly terminate the leased line . Internet Service Provider Leased Line is dedicated. C A CSU/DSU is required for a leased line. ISDN ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network ) transmits video and voice data simultaneously over traditional copper telephone wires . This method uses a circuit-switched network where all data packets take the same route between computer systems. Voice Networks Voice networks primarily transfer audio data using phones and telephone lines . PSTN PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network ) is the global collection of wired public telephone networks that are used to transmit data over a long distance. PSTN is fixed into position using underground cables and therefore the connection quality is much more consistent than other voice networks. Using a wired connection like a PSTN is more reliable and communication will be clearer than alternatives such as cellular or satellite methods. Cellular Cellular networks require a cell tower (also called a transmitting tower ) to be in close proximity to the communication device. Cellular networks have a greater range than PSTN, but buildings and poor weather can disrupt this point-to-point communication method (where line of sight is necessary ). Each cell tower is also connected to the PSTN . Satellite Satellite networks use point-to-multipoint communication by using satellites above the Earth's atmosphere that receive a transmission and rebroadcast them back to Earth. Because of the distance between the communication device and the satellite (potentially thousands of miles ), there is a delay between data transmission and it being received . Satellite networks are beneficial in remote locations , such as natural disaster zones , where the cell tower may not be present or may be damaged. Transmitting large files using satellites may take longer , and it is not recommended for low-latency needs such as video gaming. There are different types of satellites used in communication and networking : Geostationary satellites are used for consistent communication over a specific region , such as TV broadcasts and weather monitoring . They can also be used to transfer data between remote locations . Low-Earth orbiting satellites are closer to the ground so they enable fast communication for internet services . Medium-Earth orbiting satellites are often used for GPS (Global Positioning System ) and other navigation systems . A global positioning satellite is an example of this type of satellite that provides time and geolocation data to GPS receivers back on Earth. Diagrammatical Representation In an exam, you may be asked to draw a diagram representing how networks are connected . This is different from drawing a network topology (e.g. ring or mesh) and refers to: Connection type (e.g. ADSL / Leased Line). Devices (e.g. router / modem), Security methods (e.g. firewall / VPN) Two LANs connected using a Leased line Two LANs connected using an ADSL line Rules for drawing a network diagram: Label each device and label your LANs . Use appropriate symbols and be neat . There are no set symbols, just be consistent (e.g. both modems are the same shape). ADSL must have a modem and VPN router + Firewall . (ADSL is not very secure so it needs to be protected with the VPN router and firewall. It also uses the telephone line across the internet so it requires a modem at both ends). Leased Line must have a router , a direct connection and CSU/DSU . (Leased line is a secure and direct connection - so it doesn’t need a firewall or VPN router and should be direct (not across the internet )). Q uesto's Q uestions 3.4 - Connection Methods: 1a. What is the definition of a LAN ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe two benefits of using a wired Ethernet LAN . [ 4 ] 2. What is the definition of a MAN ? [ 2 ] 3a. What is the definition of a WAN ? [ 2 ] 3b. What is the difference between a contended and an uncontended network? [ 2 ] 3 c. Describe the differences between a leased line and ADSL . You should discuss security , connection speed and contention ( contended or uncontended ) . [6 ] 3d. Describe the use of any two network devices required for either a leased line and/or for ADSL . [ 4 ] 3e. Describe the purpose of ISDN . [ 2 ] 4a. Compare the use of PSTN and Cellular methods to make telephone calls . [ 4 ] 4b. Explain 1 way that a satellite network should be used and 1 way it shouldn't be used . [ 4 ] 5. Draw a diagram to show how a leased line or ADSL network can be set up between two existing LANs. [6 ] 3.3 - Network Characteristics Topic List 3.5 - Business Systems

Learn about key computing laws including the Data Protection Act (2018), Computer Misuse Act (1990), Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1988) and software licences. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). Exam Board: OCR 6.1b: Legislation Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Data Protection Act Computer Misuse Act Copyright, Designs & Patents Act Open Source Licence Proprietary Licence Data Protection Act (2018) In 2018 the European Union introduced GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation ) to protect the privacy of data for people in the EU. The UK matched this by updating the Data Protection Act introduced in 1998 to become the Data Protection Act (2018) . This act protects the data of individuals that is stored on computers and processed by organisations. How the Data Protection Act works: Each person who has their data stored is known as a data subject . An employee within an organisation must be appointed as a data controller and it is they who are responsible for registering with the Information Commissioner . The Information Commissioner is the person in the UK who is responsible for managing several laws , most significantly the Data Protection Act. When registering with the Information Commissioner, the organisation's data controller must be clear on exactly: What information they are collecting, Why it is being collected, What the data will be used for . The six principles of the Data Protection Act state that data must be: 1. Collected lawfully and processed fairly. 4. Data must be accurate and up-to-date. 2. Only used for the reasons specified. Principles of the Data Protection Act (2018) 5. Data must not be stored for longer than necessary, 3. Data must be relevant and not excessive. 6. Data must be stored and processed securely. Computer Misuse Act (1990) This act was introduced as computers became cheaper and more common at home and work . The act attempts to stop and punish those who use computers inappropriately . Breaking any of the three principles could result in fines and a jail sentence but only if it can be proved it was done on purpose and not by accident. The Computer Misuse Act (1990 ) includes three main principles : 1. No unauthorised access to data. Example: Hacking a computer system. 2. No unauthorised access to data that could be used for further illegal activities. Example: Accessing personal data to use as blackmail or identity theft. 3. No unauthorised modification of data. Example: Spreading a virus to change data. Copyright, Designs & Patents Act (1988) This act makes it a criminal offence to copy work that is not your own without the permission of the creator or the copyright holder. This can refer to text, images, music, videos or software. Owning the copyright of an image might not prevent others from copying and using it but this act means that the owner can bring legal proceedings in court to those who have stolen their work . However, it is difficult to trace who has stolen work once it has been uploaded to the internet and copies can easily spread, especially television shows and movies. This act specifically prohibits the following actions: Making copies of copyrighted material to sell to others . Importing and downloading illegally copied material (except for personal use). Distributing enough copyrighted material to have a noticeable effect on the copyright holder . Possessing equipment used to copy copyrighted material , as part of a business. Software Licences A software licence refers to how a user can legally use the software , there are two main types: Open Source Licence Source code is the software code written by programmers . If the software is open source it means that users can view and modify the source code . Linux, Python and Firefox are examples of open source software. Benefits Drawbacks Because the source code is available to edit , it can be customised to the organisation's needs . Often shared in the public domain so users can work together to modify, debug and improve a product. Unwanted features can be removed to make the software run faster . There are security risks - some editors may add malicious code to the program. Open source software is often low in price and sometimes free. It may be difficult to receive support as development is often distributed between people in different locations. The code may be prone to errors as it may not have been tested fully. It requires technical skills to be able to adapt source code efficiently and to maintain the code . Proprietary Licence Another term for a proprietary licence is closed source because the code is restricted - users are prevented from being able to view or modify the source code . You buy the right to use the software but you don't actually own it. Microsoft Office, Fortnite and Spotify are examples of closed source software. Benefits Drawbacks The code is well tested and has been professionally developed. Updates will generally be secure . Users must rely on the company to provide updates and fix issues. This might be infrequent or stop completely. The company can be held to account if it does not perform as listed in the terms and conditions upon purchase. Often not free and may be expensive. Most developers will provide some form of help/support . Users cannot modify, debug or improve the code for their own benefit. Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1b - Legislation: 1a. State the 6 principles of the Data Protection Act (2018) . [ 6 ] 1b. Explain how the Data Protection Act works . In your answer, you should include definitions of a data subject , the data controller and the Data Commissioner . [ 6 ] 2. Describe the 3 principles of the Computer Misuse Act (1990) . [3 ] 3a. What is the purpose of the Copyright, Designs & Patents Act (1988) ? [ 2 ] 3b. Describe 3 actions that CDPA (1988) prohibits . [ 3 ] 4a. Describe the difference between an open source and a proprietary licence . [ 2 ] 4b. State two benefits and two drawbacks of using software with a: Open source licence [ 4 ] Proprietary licence [ 4 ] 6.1a - Impacts of Technology Theory Topics

Learn about the main character sets - ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and Unicode. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 2.4c: Character Storage Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Character Sets ASCII Unicode Text File Size What is a Character Set? A character set is a table that matches together a character and a binary value . Each character in a character set has a unique binary number matched with it . Character sets are necessary as they allow computers to exchange data and humans to input characters . Two common character sets are ASCII and Unicode : H = 01001000 ASCII Unicode ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) is a common character set which does not take up much memory space . It is important to understand that the number of characters that can be stored is limited by the bits available - ASCII uses 1 byte (8 bits ) which only gives 256 possible characters . This is enough for the English language but it can’t be used for other languages or all punctuation symbols. Unicode is a more popular character set because it uses 2 bytes (16 bits ) that allow for 65,536 possible characters . The extra byte allows many different languages to be represented , as well as thousands of symbols and emojis . However Unicode requires more memory to store each character than ASCII as it uses an extra byte . Character sets are logically ordered . For example, the binary code for A is 01000001 , B is 01000010 and C is 01000011 as the code increases by 1 with each character. The file size of a text file is calculated as shown below: bits per character x number of characters Example: A small text file uses the ASCII character set (which uses 8 bits per character ). There are 300 characters in the file . 300 x 8 = 2,400 bits This could be simplified as 300 bytes or 0.3 kilobytes . File Size of Text Files 01101010 = 256 possible characters 8 bits (1 byte) 1000101101001111 = 65,536 possible characters 16 bits (2 bytes) Q uesto's Q uestions 2.4c - Character Storage: 1. What is a character set and why are they needed ? [ 2 ] 2. Describe 3 differences between ASCII and Unicode . [6 ] 3. The binary code for the character P in ASCII is 01010000 . State what the binary code for the character S would be. [1 ] 4a. A text file uses the ASCII character set and contains 400 characters . What would the file size be in kilobytes ? [ 2 ] 4b. A text file uses the Unicode character set and contains 150 characters . What would the file size be in kilobytes ? [ 2 ] 2.4b - Binary Addition & Shifts Theory Topics 2.4d - Image Storage

Learn about software development methodologies such as the waterfall lifecycle, agile methodologies, extreme programming, the spiral model and rapid application development (RAD). Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level 2.3 - Software Development Specification: Computer Science H446 Watch on YouTube : Waterfall Lifecycle Extreme Programming Spiral Model Rapid Application Development Software development models are step-by-step methods for creating and maintaining software . They are used to keep projects organised , reduce mistakes and make sure the finished program meets the user’s needs . Different models suit different types of projects . Waterfall Lifecycle The waterfall model is a linear and structured approach where each phase is completed one at a time in order . It needs all requirements to be clearly defined at the start , with little to no changes allowed once a phase is finished . This model is best suited for projects with fixed requirements and minimal risk of change . Extreme Programming Extreme Programming ( XP ) is a type of agile methodology that uses an iterative and flexible approach, progressing in small , usable chunks called iterations (or sprints ). It relies on frequent collaboration with stakeholders and user feedback to adapt to changing requirements . This model is ideal for dynamic projects where quick delivery and frequent updates are important. Spiral Model The spiral model combines iterative development and risk management , progressing through repeated cycles of planning , risk assessment , engineering ( development and testing ) and evaluation . Each loop focuses on identifying and addressing risks early in the project. It is ideal for complex and high-risk projects where requirements may change over time . Rapid Application Development The rapid application development ( RAD ) model focuses on quickly building software through iterative development and frequent user feedback . It uses reusable components , time-boxing and constant feedback to speed up the delivery of an effective final product . RAD is best suited for projects that need to be completed quickly and where requirements can evolve during development . Q uesto's K ey T erms Software Development: waterfall lifecycle, agile methodology, extreme programming (XP), spiral model, rapid application development (RAD) D id Y ou K now? Agile development is named after the ' Agile Manifesto ' - a set of principles for software development agreed by a group of developers at a ski resort in Utah , USA in 2001 . 2.2 - Applications Generation A-Level Topics 2.4 - Programming Languages

A complete list of tags required for students to know how to use in the 2016 Eduqas GCSE specification. Follow the links on each tag to see how to use them. Here you can find a list of tags. Click a tag to see how to use it. Tags for Eduqas GCSE:

Test your ability to create a more complex program in Python based on a given scenario. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Extended Task 7 'Guess the Number' Multiplayer Game A primary school teacher wants to create a fun activity for their students to play when it is raining and they have to stay inside during break and lunch. Five pupils can play the game at once. Each player chooses a number between 1 and 100 . Then a random number is generated. Whoever was furthest from the random number is out of the game . The four remaining players then pick a new number . This continues with one player being removed each round until only one player is left and they are the winner. Add your own flair and additional features to your program as an extension, including preventing the same number being chosen by multiple players . For this task, you will need to create a document and include the following sections (with screenshots where appropriate): An introduction to explain the Purpose of your program . A List of Requirements for a successful program. Screenshots of your code (with comments in your code to show understanding). Testing – Create a plan to show how you will test your program and then explanations of any errors that you found and how they were fixed . An Evaluation of what worked, what didn’t, and how you met each of your requirements from your original list. Also, discuss further improvements that you could have made to improve your program. Reminders for this task: You will need to use loops to allow the users to enter their numbers. You may wish to use subroutines to decompose the problem into separate rounds. You will need to import the random library to generate a random number in each round. You will need to compare each number to the randomly selected answer using comparison operators such as > and <. There are multiple ways to approach this program, and your solution might look different from the example. Break the problem down and focus on one part at a time. Example solution: Introduction & Round One Round Two ⬅ Extended Task 6 (Word Game)

Navigate between all Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) topics in the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification. Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit F161: Developing Application Software These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification . Unit F161 YouTube Playlist Topic 1: Application Software Considerations 1.1 - Application Platforms 1.2 - Devices 1.3 - Storage Locations Topic 2: Data & Flow in Application Software 2.1 - Data Formats & Types 2.2 - Data Flow 2.3 - Data States Topic 3: API & Protocols 3.1 - Application Programming Interfaces (API) 3.2 - Protocols Topic 4: Application Software Security 4.1 - Security Considerations Topic 5: Operational Considerations 5.1 - Testing 5.2 - Types of Application Software Installation 5.3 - Policies Topic 6: Legal Considerations 6.1 - Legal Considerations