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Learn about troubleshooting tests and information to record when a hardware error occurs. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 1.6 - Hardware Troubleshooting Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What is troubleshooting? Troubleshooting means to analyse and solve a problem with a computer system. Hardware troubleshooting refers to fixing an issue with the physical parts of the computer or any connected devices. Hardware issues might occur as a result of damage (intentional or accidental), power surges or malware . Steps to Take When an Error Occurs Try to identify the problem by looking for the simplest explanation first (e.g. checking the power supply) and ask the user questions about the issue. Create a theory about what the cause of the problem could be and prepare to test the theory using a series of troubleshooting tests . Create a troubleshooting plan and record the steps that are taken before moving on to the next test. Check the system works after each stage of the plan. Create a findings document that explains if and how the problem was fixed, for future reference if the problem occurs again. Documentation Technicians and help desk (see 3.5 ) staff should document , on a fault sheet , the following information regarding the issue: The fault itself (such as 'system not turning on'). The system in question. The user logged in at the time. Exact date & time the problem occurred. Symptoms of the issue (such as 'slow load times' or 'beeping'). Problem history - checking if it has happened to this system before. Back up documentation - Whether the data been backed up recently. Troubleshooting Tools The following tools can be used to identify an error so a technician has a greater understanding of the problem. Event Viewer Event Viewer is a type of utility software that lists detailed information about an error when one occurs. It can be used to work out how to fix the issue and will display both minor and major faults. Power On Self Test (POST) On start-up, a power on self test (POST) checks memory, power, hardware and cooling systems are all working properly. Beep codes signal if an error has been detected; 1 beep will sound for no error but if multiple beeps are heard then an error has been discovered. Ping Test This is a connectivity test between two computers. A message is sent to the destination computer and waits for a return message named the echo reply . This procedure can be repeated with other systems until the source of the problem is identified from a computer that does not reply . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.6 - Hardware Troubleshooting: 1. Summarise the 'Steps to Take when an Error Occurs ' section into your own top three tips for what to do when a hardware error happens . [3 ] 2. List 6 pieces of information that an IT technician should record when a hardware error has occurred . [6 ] 3. Briefly explain the purpose of three troubleshooting tools . [6 ] 1.5 - Communication Hardware 1.7 - Units of Measurement Topic List

Learn about the purpose and characteristics of the eight application types, including examples. Application types include communication, educational, entertainment, games, lifestyle, productivity, protection & utility and web browsers. Resources based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 1.3.1 - Application Types Watch on YouTube : Application Types There are several types of applications that can be developed , each with a different purpose and common characteristics . There are eight application types you need to know for this 'Fundamentals of Application Development ' unit, including their purpose and common characteristics . Communication Purpose: Communication applications allow users to exchange information with others , most often in real-time . Data can be transferred in a range of formats including text , images and video . Education Purpose: To teach users about specific topics and help people learn new skills . This may be aimed at certain ages or user groups such as those learning a new language . Characteristics of Communication Applications: Has a simple user interface designed for quick and reliable data exchange . Supports multiple formats (text , images , audio , video and files ). Requires a network connection to send and receive data . Often has built-in security and privacy , such as end-to-end encryption . May use presence awareness such as showing ‘typing… ’ or ‘online now ’. Characteristics of Education Applications: It may be structured around learning milestones or long-term goals . Often interactive , such as quick quizzes or regular recaps of topics. Could include different formats of learning (such as text , visuals or audio ). Usually tracks skills or scores over time to show progress in a user-friendly way . Age-appropriate in content and design , possibly with difficulty levels . Examples: WhatsApp, Messenger, Zoom, Slack, Gmail Examples: Duolingo, Kahoot!, Quizlet, Memrise, Anki Entertainment Purpose: To provide enjoyment through formats such as video or audio , often with automatic suggestions based on previous interactions including watched videos , likes or comments . Characteristics of Entertainment Applications: Simple design to focus on keeping users engaged . May include streamed media content or the option to download . Designed for passive or relaxed use , e.g. watching or listening without interacting . Uses algorithms for recommendations based on user preferences . May include social features such as comments or sharing with friends . Examples: Netflix, Disney+, Spotify, YouTube, Twitch Games Purpose: To offer interactive challenges in a fun and possibly competitive way. Games may be played together online or offline for a single-player experience . Characteristics of Game Applications: Based on clear rules and objectives with reward systems , e.g. achievements . High interactivity and quick responsiveness to keep players engaged . Requires graphical rendering , user inputs and sound design . May support local multiplayer or online play with competition , like leaderboards . Often has a range of difficulty levels to keep players challenged . Examples: Minecraft, Fortnite, Among Us, EA Sports FC, Candy Crush Lifestyle Purpose: Supports a healthy and organised way of living . They often help people to manage their daily tasks and form positive personal routines . Productivity Purpose: To support users to complete tasks , manage their time or organise information in a helpful way , all to to maximise productivity . Characteristics of Lifestyle Applications: Often personalised to user preferences or personal data . May use real-time inputs such as location or health data , like steps taken . It may be integrated with smart wearable devices such as a smartwatch . Designed to be used briefly but daily (e.g. checking steps or logging meals ). Encourages improved habits or healthier improvements . Characteristics of Productivity Applications: Has a focus on efficiency , reliability and easy usability . Often allows collaboration and file sharing (e.g. working with colleagues ). Prioritises data organisation and quick access to relevant information . Usually integrated with cloud services or other apps like calendars . It may be designed for professional , personal or educational use . Examples: MyFitness Pal, Noom, Headspace, FitBit, Couch to 5k Examples: Microsoft Word, Calendar, Google Drive, Notion, Trello Protection & Utility Purpose: To secure the computer system against malicious threats and perform housekeeping tasks that maintain stability and a smooth performance . Characteristics of Protection & Utility Applications: Works in the background without frequent user interaction . Often requires permissions to access sensitive data . Needs to be updated frequently , e.g. adding new virus signatures to the database of an antivirus . May be event-driven (e.g. alerts or automatic scans at regular intervals ). Should use low system resources if it needs to be running constantly . Web Browsers Purpose: Accesses , retrieves and displays web pages from web servers . It provides tools like bookmarks , tabs and history to help users easily navigate the interne t. Characteristics of Web Browser Applications: Displays webpages that are built using HTML , CSS and JavaScript . Supports security protocols such as HTTPS , which uses encryption . Enables customisation and user control , e.g. bookmarks , extensions and themes . Contains an address bar to directly type in URLs or search terms . Allows for multiple tabs to run concurrently . Types of Application Examples: Avast Antivirus, CCleaner, 1Password, Battery Saver, Microsoft Defender Examples: Google Chrome, Safari, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Opera Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3.1 - Application Types: 1. Choose four application types and explain how each can be used in a school . [8 ] 2a. For two application types you did not mention in Q1 , explain their characteristics . [6 ] 2a. For the remaining two application types you have not mentioned , explain their purpose . [ 4 ] Minecraft is the best-selling video game of all time , with over 350 million copies sold since its official release in 2011 . D id Y ou K now? 1.2 - Operating Systems Topic List 1.3.2 - Application Software Categories

Learn about different types of human computer interaction (HCI) such as audio, movement / gesture, touch and visual (command line and graphical user interface (GUI)). Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 5.1.1 - Types of Human-Computer Interaction Watch on YouTube : Human-Computer Interaction Human-computer interaction (HCI) refers to the ways in which users engage with computers and is an important factor that must be considered when designing and developing an application . For each type of HCI you need to know its purpose , devices on which it is used , its advantages and disadvantages and how client requirements may affect its use . Human-Computer Interaction Types of User Interaction Audio allows users to interact with a system using voice commands . Body movements or gestures (e.g. hand waves or head turns ) can control or interact with applications . Touch allows users to interact by tapping , swiping , dragging or pinching directly on a screen . Graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) provide a visual interface using windows , icons , buttons and menus . Command-line interfaces ( CLIs ) only allow interaction with the system by typing text commands into a terminal or shell . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1.1 - Types of Human-Computer Interaction: 1. A company selling toys wants to create an app to advertise its latest products . Justify the suitability of each user interaction type for the company's app . [5 ] 2. Compare the GUI and CLI visual interaction methods, including their advantages and disadvantages . [8 ] 3. Explain when the audio interaction method would be appropriate . [ 3 ] In 2012 Milwaukee County Zoo started giving iPads to orangutans so they could use the touchscreen to draw pictures . D id Y ou K now? 4.3 - Decomposition Methods Topic List 5.1.2 - Types of Device

Learn about methods of protecting data physically including biometrics, security staff and locks. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 6.5 - Physical Protection Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 RFID & Tokens Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to attach tags to physical objects . RFID tags can be embedded within 'dumb' objects such as clothing, packages and even animals. RFID is used with security tokens (such as an ID keycard ) to permit the access of authorised people to certain areas. RFID can be used by IT companies to track equipment and manage access . Shredding This is the cutting up of documents (paper or CDs ) into small pieces so that they cannot be reassembled and read. Sensitive data on paper or optical disc should be shredded when no longer required. Locks A lock can be used to prevent access to server rooms or sensitive data stores . Only authorised personnel with the right key will have access. Physical Security Measures Backup Backups should be taken regularly and stored at a secure location away from the main site. Backups could also be stored on cloud servers so that any damage to the organisation's building will not affect the backup as well. Biometrics Biometric devices require the input of a human characteristic (such a fingerprint , iris or voice scan ). The biometric data is checked against previously inputted data in a database . A match will allow access to the user. Security Staff Staff may be employed to physically prevent unauthorised people from accessing certain areas of a building where sensitive information is stored. They may check ID keycards or use surveillance like CCTV to monitor who is entering and exiting a secure area. Q uesto's Q uestions 6.5 - Physical Protection: 1. Explain how locks can be used as a physical security method within an organisation. [2 ] 2. Explain what RFID is and how it can be used with tokens as a physical security method. [3 ] 3. Explain how biometric devices can be used as a physical security method. [3 ] 4. Explain how security staff can be employed to protect data. [2 ] 5. What is the purpose of shredding ? [2 ] 6. Why should backups be stored off-site ? [1 ] 6.4 - Protection Measures Topic List 6.6 - Logical Protection

An overview of what desktop publishing (DTP) is, considerations designer must take and common forms such as posters, leaflets and business cards. Desktop Publishing (DTP) What is DTP? Desktop Publishing (DTP) software allows people to create documents with a mixture of graphics and text . Examples of desktop publishing software are Microsoft Publisher and Serif PagePlus . Desktop publishers can be used to produce documents such as business cards, leaflets, brochures, newspapers, magazines and newsletters . DTP software can be cheap and printers at home are more common these days so people can design and print their own documents. Professional-looking documents can be made simply and without an extensive knowledge of graphic design. The biggest advantage of using DTP is that it is frame based . Text and picture frames can be laid out on the page, and rotated, moved or resized as necessary. It is easy to import images from clip art or the web. The view of the page is known as WYSIWYG (W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G et) because the view on the computer will be very similar to what you get when it is printed. What to consider when using DTP Orientation Will your document be landscape or portrait ? Some document types are more commonly one orientation than the other. For example, business cards are generally landscape but newsletters are more often portrait. Size The size of a typical piece of paper is A4. But that is too large for most DTP documents. The larger the number, the smaller the piece of paper . A5 is half the size of A4 and A3 is twice the size of A4. Documents can also be measured in millimetres, for example, an appropriate business card size is 85mm wide and 55mm high. House Style A house style is a set of rules to ensure that each document made by a person or company is part of an identity . To be consistent , each document should use the same logo, titles, colours, graphics and layout . For example, the NHS always uses a blue colour, the same logo and similar layout on each of its documents. Some companies have perfected their house style so that they are synonymous with a single colour - e.g. McDonald's use yellow and Coca-Cola use red and white . DTP Documents Business Cards A business card is a small piece of card that must be simple and stylish . The purpose of a business card is to clearly state the contact details of a person or company. Sharing your business card with other people is one way to promote your business or skills to attract new business partners or customers. A business card must be uncluttered and clearly display relevant contact information, such as an email address, phone number or physical address. Today, business cards may also state social media contacts, such as Facebook pages or Twitter accounts. Flyers A flyer is a small handout that advertises an event or new product. The purpose of a flyer is to clearly and quickly promote an event . It must be eye-catching and to-the-point so that people can immediately understand what it is about. Flyers are often handed out in the street or posted through letterboxes so if it is not clear people will just ignore it. A flyer should use a large title to promote the event, as well as appropriate graphics and information about the date, location and time. It should also contain contact details including a telephone number, website and email address. Posters A poster is a large piece of paper that is put up to advertise an event and display more information than a flyer . Posters should promote an event by using large titles and graphics to clearly describe where the event is taking place, when it is and why people should go. Because there is much more space on a poster than a flyer, additional information can be added and some kind of persuasion to entice passers by to attend. Leaflets A leaflet is a small folded handout that provides more information about an event or new product. The purpose of a leaflet is to give additional details about an event . It can be used before an event to describe the different parts, such as the different acts in a circus or different bands at a festival. It can also be used during an event, such as at a school fair to list the different stalls. Because it is folded over it can display a large amount of information, with both text and graphics . The front of the leaflet should clearly display the purpose of it and the text inside must be readable with images to break up the words. There may also be contact information inside the leaflet, such as directions to a website or social media page .

Learn about how sounds are represented in a computer system including how analogue sound waves are converted into binary. Also, learn about sample rate, bit depth, bit rate and metadata. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 2.4e: Sound Storage Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Sample Rate Bit Depth Sound File Size Converting Analogue Sound to Binary Analogue sound waves must be digitally recorded and stored in binary . To record the sound, the amplitude (height ) of the analogue sound wave is measured and recorded in binary at specific intervals . 0010 1011 0101 0101 Analog sound wave ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Binary sample Sampling an Analogue Sound Wave Digital sampling is discrete (separate) and not continuous like analogue waves. To get the highest quality sound, many samples are taken to recreate the analogue wave as closely as possible . Sample Rate The sample rate (sampling frequency) is the number of times per second the amplitude of the sound wave is measured . It is measured in kilohertz (kHz), for example CD quality is 44.1kHz (44,100 samples per second). The higher the sample rate , the better the audio quality as the digital data more closely resembles an analogue wave . However, higher sample rates result in larger file sizes because more data is stored for each individual sample. A low sample rate will result in a low-quality sound because the digital data does not closely resemble the original analog wave . A higher sample rate will result in a higher-quality sound because the digital data more closely resembles the original analog wave . Bit Depth The bit depth is the number of bits available to represent each sample . For example, a sample with a bit depth of 4 could be 0101 or 0111 or 1010. A sample with a bit depth of 8 could be 01010110 or 1010110 or 11001111. A common bit depth is 16 bits . The higher the bit depth , the more bits are available to be used for each sample. Therefore the quality is often higher as the wave more closely resembles an analog wave . The file size will also be larger if the bit depth is higher, as each sample stores additional bits . low bit rate = lower quality high bit rate = higher quality sound file size = sample rate x bit depth x duration Example: A short audio sample has a bit depth of 4 and a sample rate of 10 samples per second . The clip is 15 seconds long . 4 bits x 10 = 40 bits per second. 40 x 15 = 600 bits . To convert the answer from bits to bytes , divide by 8 . 600 bits ÷ 8 = 75 bytes . Calculating File Size Q uesto's Q uestions 2.4e - Sound Storage: 1. Explain how an analogue sound wave is converted into a binary sample . [ 2 ] 2a. What is a sample rate ? [2 ] 2b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the sample rate is increased . [4 ] 3a. What is bit depth ? [2 ] 3b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the bit depth is increased . [4 ] 4 . An audio sample has a bit depth of 8 , a sample rate of 10 and it is 12 seconds long . What is the file size in bytes ? [ 2 ] 2.4d Image Storage Theory Topics 2.5 - Compression

Learn about Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), including their roles, types (composite, internal, private, public, partner) and architecture (REST, SOAP, RPC). Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 3.1 - Application Programming Interface (API) Watch on YouTube : API roles API architecture You must know the role and uses of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs ) as well as the uses , advantages and disadvantages of each API type (composite , internal , private , public , partner ). You must also understand the uses , advantages and disadvantages of API architecture (REST , SOAP , RPC ). What You Need to Know API Roles ? YouTube video uploading soon API Architecture ? YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's Q uestions 3.1 - Application Programming Interface (API): 1. What? [2 ] 2. What? [1 ] 3. What? [1 ] 4. What? [1 ] ? D id Y ou K now? 2.3 - Data States Topic List 3.2 - Protocols

Learn how to handle numbers in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 9b - Number Handling Rounding Numbers The round() command is used to round a value to a certain number of decimal places . Type your variable into the round command brackets, add a comma and state the number of decimal places to round to. Fixed Decimal Places (Currency) The round function will remove any trailing 0s , for example 30.1032 will become 30.1 even if you specified to round to 2 decimal places . Instead, you can use an f -string and write :.2f after a bracketed variable to use exactly 2 decimal places . The number can be changed from 2. books = int ( input ( "How many books would you like to buy? " )) total = books * 3.99 print ( f"The total is £ {total:.2f} - Thanks for your order!" ) How many books would you like to buy? 10 The total is £39.90 - Thanks for your order! How many books would you like to buy? 100 The total is £399.00 - Thanks for your order! Practice Task 1 Ask the user to enter any large number. Ask the user to enter another large number. Divide the two numbers and print the answer to 3 decimal places. Example solution: Using Numbers as Strings The following techniques all require the integer to be converted into a string first using the str command. Just like a string, you can shorten a variable to only display a certain length . Remember that Python starts at zero . You can select a specific digit in the same manner as when selecting characters in a string. If you want to use your variable as an integer again later you would need to convert it from a string to an integer using the int command. Again, reversing a number is the same as reversing a string. You can also use other string handling methods such as .startswith() or .endswith() Practice Task 2 Ask the user to enter a 10 digit number. Select the 2nd and 8th digits and add them together. Print the total. Example solution: ⬅ 9a - String Handling Section 9 Practice Tasks ➡

Learn about the cultural, environmental, ethical and legal impacts of technology. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 11.1: Impacts of Technology Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + What are the issues created by technology? As the use of computers and technological devices continues to rise every year, this increase brings with it a range of different types of issues . Categories of issues described on this page include: Cultural issues Environmental issues Ethical issues Legal & Privacy issues Cultural Issues Culture relates to society and how different parts of the world vary in terms of computer and internet usage . The Digital Divide This term relates to the gap between those people who have access to modern digital technology (such as computers and the internet) and those who have limited access . 'Limited access' could be devices at home or shared devices or having lower-performance (cheaper) computers and low-speed internet connections. The digital divide can be seen in different ways , such as: People in cities vs. People in rural areas . Younger people vs. Elderly people. Developed countries vs. Developing countries. The digital divide is an important ethical issue because digital technologies have led to numerous international benefits including boosted growth , improved product delivery , enhanced communication and increased opportunities . However, this impact is uneven and these positive impacts are mostly occurring in technologically-advanced regions such as North America , Western Europe and Japan . Regions like some nations in Africa and Central Asia have limited digital infrastructure and government instability , leading to poor internet speeds , high costs and limited resources . Discussion Points: What do you think can be done to bridge the digital divide? Whose job is it to bridge the gap? Who will pay for the technology? Changes to Work The internet , the development of new technologies such as cloud storage and increased video communication have transformed the way that many businesses operate across the world. Staff may be able to work from home or access documents collaboratively outside of the traditional workplace, such as cafes or on public transport. Some jobs have moved abroad to save costs, such as help centres for online issues. Tasks can be outsourced to freelancers in other countries where people are content to be paid less for their time and services. For example, some companies will hire temporary web developers from countries such as India to work for them for a lower salary than local workers. Another change to work that technology has brought is the loss of jobs , especially low-skilled jobs such as factory workers that have seen their roles replaced by technology and automation . However, technology has also created millions of new jobs , including installing and maintaining the machines that replace other roles. Environmental Issues Environmental issues concern the natural world and the negative effects of producing , using and discarding computer systems and devices. Energy and Material Consumption In the past 30 years, the number of technological devices has increased astronomically and thousands of new devices are manufactured each day . These devices need to be assembled using a range of materials , including plastics , metals and some rarer elements and need a considerable amount of electrical power to run. Certain systems like web servers and data centres must be powered on all day , every day, which uses a large amount of energy . Pollution and Waste Generating the electricity to power computers creates pollution - an average PC could require up to 50% more energy per year than a fridge. Computers are difficult to recycle and discarded components can lead to land, water and air pollution due to harmful materials , such as lead and mercury , leaking into the environment. Smartphone trends are also negative for the environment as new devices are released yearly , with minor upgrades that people buy to appear fashionable and up-to-date. To lessen the environmental impact, people should reuse and recycle their devices. Ethical Issues Ethics relates to what is considered right or wrong . Often this is subjective - people may have differing opinions on the issue. Drones Uses of drones: Filming and photography for television, movies and special events. Monitoring pollution levels in the atmosphere. Tracking and monitoring wildlife , such as rhino populations in Africa. Disaster zone response , such as searching for survivors following an earthquake. Delivery companies are developing drones to quickly deliver goods across cities. Drones are used by the military to target sites in other countries, such as American soldiers deploying surveillance drones in Syria. Discussion Points: Should you need a licence to buy and fly a drone? Should drones be used to monitor the public? Like flying CCTV? Should drones be used to deliver items? Like Amazon packages? If a drone hits a plane and it crashes, what should the punishment be? A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV ) that is remotely operated and can be used for a wide range of purposes. Self-Driving Cars Self-driving cars (also known as autonomous vehicles ) are currently in the development and testing stage with companies like Tesla and Amazon. Benefits of self-driving cars include: In theory, driving will be safer because cars are less likely to make mistakes that humans do and they can’t become distracted or tired . Self-driving cars should be more fuel-efficient because they take the most direct route to destinations and do not get lost. ‘Drivers’ in the car can perform other tasks instead of driving, such as work or planning. Autonomous vehicles could include trucks and vans to automate the delivery and freight industries . Trucks could drive overnight to deliver goods whereas currently, human drivers must take breaks every few hours. Drawbacks of self-driving cars include: Cars could still crash as code and software processes may fail. The technology is still in development and will be very expensive for the first few years when self-driving cars are available to purchase. Jobs may be lost such as delivery and truck drivers whose vehicles are equipped with self-driving technology. Other industries like motorway services and hotels may also be affected. Discussion Points: Would you trust a car to drive itself? Who is to blame if a self-driving car crashes? The car maker? The people in the car? The software writers? What should happen to the people whose jobs are taken by self-driving vehicles? Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI ) is the act of computers replacing humans to analyse data and make decisions . In recent years AI has become more common in the home and on devices like smartphones; assistants such as Siri and Alexa are prime examples of modern home AI. The weather today is cloudy. Benefits of AI include: Processes are sped up as computers can analyse large amounts of data much quicker than a human. AI can be used when a human is unavailable , such as using a symptom checker on the internet for a minor illness rather than booking and waiting for a doctor. Repetitive or time-consuming tasks can instead be completed by a computer , such as searching and sorting scientific data. Drawbacks of AI include: AI can store and process a lot of personal data , especially personal assistants like Alexa which are always listening for ‘wake words’. This data can be viewed by the company that develops it and could be hacked by attackers. AI is programmed by humans and mistakes in code could have disastrous consequences if the AI is used to make important decisions , such as military deployment. Discussion Points: If a robot harms a human who is to blame? The robot? The programmer? The manufacturer? Us? Would you trust a walking, talking robot assistant in your home? Should AI make decisions for us? Legal & Privacy Issues Legal and privacy issues regard laws that have been introduced by the UK government to protect data, systems and networks from unauthorised access . See 11.2 for explanations about important computing legislation in the UK. Loss of Privacy & Hacking There has been a lot of criticism in the last few years about how internet companies and governments are using personal data to invade privacy and track civilians . Facebook was involved in a scandal with using personal data for reasons that were not the original intention. In reverse, WhatsApp and Apple have been criticised for encrypting messages sent by terrorists that police have been unable to track and read. Every week a new company seems to announce that its data has been hacked . Attackers are constantly using botnets and infected systems to crack poorly secured databases and attempting to phish individuals for usernames and passwords. In the past few years, major hacking breaches include Sony, Yahoo and TalkTalk. Discussion Points: Should the UK government be able to see the websites you have visited in the last year? What should happen if a major company is hacked and bank details are stolen? Should they be fined? Pay customers? Prison? Should WhatsApp allow authorities to access encrypted messages? What if they know a terrorist is using it to communicate? Should the UK debate privacy laws before they go into place? Online Crime Unlawfully obtaining personal information and using it for identity theft or fraud . Harassment and threatening others on social media or private messages; blackmail . Cyber attacks are more common - see 3.8 for information about DOS attacks , IP spoofing , SQL injection and more. Sharing copyrighted material such as television programmes, music and video games. Distributing prohibited material such as drugs or weapons on the dark web. See 11.2 for explanations about different laws that have been created to tackle online crime . The increased popularity of the internet and the rising number of users has led to a wave of online crime , taking many different forms, including: Q uesto's Q uestions 11.1 - Impacts of Technology: Cultural Impacts 1a. What is the digital divide ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe 2 examples of how the digital divide can be seen . [ 2 ] 2. Describe in detail 3 ways that technology has changed the way people work . [9 ] Environmental Impacts 1. Describe the different ways that the increasing use of technology negatively impacts the environment . [ 5 ] Ethical Impacts 1a. What is a drone ? [1 ] 1b. Make a list of all of the positive impacts and the negative impacts of using drones . You should have at least 3 on each side. [ 6 ] 2. Describe 2 benefits of using self-driving cars and 2 negative consequences . [4 ] 3. Describe how artificial intelligence can be used for good . [ 2 ] Legal & Privacy Impacts 1. A hack on a bank has occurred. Describe what you think the impacts would be on the following groups of people: a. The customers . b. The bank managers . c. The general public . [ 6 ] 2. Describe 4 different types of online crime . [ 8 ] 10.3 - Programming Errors Theory Topics 11.2 - Legislation

Learn about policies related to application development, including a user guide, acceptable use policy (AUP), backup, codes of practice, staying safe online and the use of information. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 5.3 - Policies Watch on YouTube : Policies You need to know the purpose , content and application of each policy to be considered when related to developing application platforms . What You Need to Know Policies ? YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's Q uestions 5.3 - Policies: 1. What? [2 ] 2. What? [1 ] 3. What? [1 ] 4. What? [1 ] ? D id Y ou K now? 5.2 - Application Installation Topic List 6.1 - Legal Considerations

Learn about operational issues including disaster planning, change management and data security. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 5.2 - Operational Issues Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What are operational issues? Operational issues refer to potential problems that could disrupt the workflow and efficiency of an organisation . They relate to processes within an organisation and the way that the company operates on a daily basis . Security of Information Definition: Organisations must ensure that data is stored securely to minimise the chances of data loss , corruption or unauthorised manipulation . Having information stolen through a hacking attempt, for example, would negatively impact the company and its customers and possibly lead to consequences such as poor publicity , a loss of business and reputation , fines and bankruptcy . One principle of the Data Protection Act is that data must be stored securely . Organisations can use security methods such as firewalls , antiviruses or physical protection such as biometrics to keep personal information secure . Health & Safety Definition: Ensuring that employees, clients and visitors are physically protected on-site . The organisation should create a health and safety policy that staff need to read and possibly sign at the start of their work placement. The policy should include information about how to avoid injury when using the systems, how to safely maintain the equipment and whom to contact for help . Disaster & Recovery Planning Important data is often stored on a computer network, so a detailed and effective disaster recovery policy must be in place in case an unexpected disaster occurs. Disasters include natural disasters (e.g. fire, flood, lightning), hardware failure (e.g. power supply unit failing), software failure (e.g. virus damage) and malicious damage (e.g. hacking). There are three clear parts to a disaster recovery policy: Before the disaster: All of the possible risks should be analysed to spot if there are any weaknesses in preparation. Preventative measures should be taken after the analysis, such as making rooms flood-proof or storing important data at a different location . Staff training should take place to inform employees what should happen in the event of a disaster. During the disaster: The staff response is very important – employees should follow their training and ensure that data is protected and appropriate measures are put in place. Contingency plans should be implemented while the disaster is taking place, such as uploading recent data to cloud storage or securing backups in a safe room and using alternative equipment until the disaster is over. After the disaster: Recovery measures should be followed, such as using backups to repopulate computer systems. Replacement hardware needs to be purchased for equipment that is corrupted or destroyed. Software needs to be reinstalled on the new hardware. Disaster recovery policies should also be updated and improved . Organisational Policies Definition: Creating policies that outline acceptable computer and network use . Workplaces and schools often require people to sign an acceptable use policy ( AUP ) before being allowed to use the network . An AUP may include the philosophy of the organisation , rules for the personal use of IT resources and the consequences of breaching the policy . An AUP is similar to codes of practice from 5.1 . Change Management Definition: Change management is a formal approach by an organisation to lead a change in the way a business or project is run . This may include editing budgets , redefining expected deadlines , reconsidering how resources are used or changing staff roles . Advantages of change management: Reduces the likelihood of things going wrong during development. Creates a clear log of changes and improvements that are to be made. Allows changes to be approved and discussed before they happen. Formalises the process and sets out clear rules for changes . Disadvantages of change management: Can make the process of change more complicated . It can reduce the responsiveness of developers if everything must go through a formal process. It can be challenging to implement successfully. To work effectively, it needs everyone to follow the process . Scales of Change There are two main reasons why major change will occur in an organisation. Change Drivers Definition: Companies must change to stay up to date with the times and new technology . Change drivers are factors that force a business to change , such as: New legislation New competitors in the market New platforms (e.g. mobile technology and game consoles) to sell products on Economic changes Changes in business practice Social changes Change Needs Definition: Companies must change if the needs and focus of the organisation are altered over time . This reflects the changing needs of the business , often due to advancements in technology , such as: New equipment (e.g. replacing a slow network with a faster fibre optics network) Customer interaction (e.g.communicating with customers in new ways, such as social media apps) Workplace shifts (e.g. providing remote access for employees to access work and services at home) Q uesto's Q uestions 5.2 - Operational Issues: 1. Describe 3 possible consequences to an organisation if data is not stored securely . [6 ] 2. Describe the purpose of a health and safety policy and state 3 things that may be included in one. [4 ] 3a. Describe, giving specific examples , different types of possible disaster . [5 ] 3b. Describe the steps an organisation should take before , during and after a disaster occurs . [10 ] 4. Describe 3 things that may be included within an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP ). [3 ] 5a. What is change management ? Give 2 examples of when change management may be used. [4 ] 5b. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a company deciding to implement change management . [8 ] 6a. Describe the difference between change drivers and change needs . [2 ] 6b. Describe 3 examples of change drivers and 3 examples of change needs . [6 ] 5.1 - Ethical Issues Topic List 5.3 - Threats

Learn about 7 key threats to avoid on the internet, including virus, worm, trojan interception, social engineering and eavesdropping. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 5.3 - Threats Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What are the 7 threats to computer systems? Phishing Misleading individuals or organisations into giving up sensitive information (such as passwords or bank details), often through the use of emails . Hacking Exploiting weaknesses in a system or network to create, view, modify or delete files without permission. Similar to data theft - illegally removing copies of personal or company data from computer systems. :( Trojan Appears to be a useful or well-known program but when downloaded and installed it secretly gives the attacker a ' backdoor ' to your system. Through this backdoor the attacker can access data without the user knowing. Football 2020 FREE Interception Data packets on a network are intercepted by a third party (e.g. hacker) and copied, edited or transferred to a different location than the intended destination. Eavesdropping Intercepting , in real-time , private communication traffic such as instant messages or video calls . Social Engineering Tricking individuals into giving sensitive information , e.g. by claiming to be from the IT department and asking for their password and username to check for viruses. Virus A virus can replicate itself and spread from system to system by attaching itself to infected files that are then downloaded and opened. Once activated, a virus can modify data or corrupt a system so that it stops working. Q uesto's Q uestions 5.3 - Threats: 1. An IT company is making an information booklet about the different types of online threats . Describe each type of threat: a. Phishing b. Hacking / Data Theft c. Trojan d. Interception e. Eavesdropping f. Social Engineering g. Virus [2 each ] 5.2 - Operational Issues Topic List 5.4 - Physical Security