Learn about business systems used by IT companies including MIS, SOP, CRM and help desk. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 3.5 - Business Systems Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 A business may use several types of complex systems to manage data , communicate with customers and ensure efficient business practice . Management Information System (MIS) A management information system (MIS ) is used to collect , store , analyse and present data for an organisation. The system processes a large amount of data and organises it (such as in databases) so that it can be used for decision-making and general data analysis . An efficient MIS can be used to display the financial status of an organisation, highlight areas of improvement and generate sales forecasts based on current data. Specifically, a bank could use an MIS for: Looking at the number of customers that visit each branch . Forecasting potential profits based on historical data of previous years. Profiling customers based on their actions and behaviour . Identifying specific customers with low activity to target them for email campaigns . Benefits of an MIS: Integrated system: A Management Information System shares a large amount of data from multiple departments within an organisation to produce accurate reports. For example, financial data can be used to generate accurate pay slips. Decision Making: An MIS can be used to inform an organisation's decision making by highlighting areas that need improvement within the company. Powerful analysis: An MIS will use large data sets to provide accurate data analysis that can be used in many different ways by an organisation. Trends and patterns can be identified easily. Backup capabilities: Data can be stored centrally and backed up easily if a disaster occurs. Limitations of an MIS: Cost and installation: An MIS is an expensive tool that needs to be professionally set up and requires technical knowledge to maintain. Requires accurate data: If any data is incorrect or out of date then the analysis will consequently be inaccurate . Potentially disastrous decisions could be made as a result of incorrect data. Training: Employees will need to be trained to use the software accurately for maximum efficiency. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) A CRM system is used to improve the relationship between an organisation and its customers . It can be used to increase customer loyalty with those who already subscribe to their services as well as used to try and increase the customer base by attracting new customers. The ultimate goal of a CRM system is to increase and retain customers which will result in more sales and higher profits . Examples of CRM systems: Marketing teams tracking which promotions customers are responding well to . Customer service teams responding quickly to customer complaints , through a variety of channels (such as social media, emails and telephone calls). Marketing teams rewarding customers who have spent a certain amount in a year. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) A standard operating procedure is a comprehensive step-by-step guide of how to carry out a business routine. An organisation will create an SOP to abide by legal requirements and high company standards . SOPs must be followed in exactly the same method each time and by each employee to ensure the same outcome and remove any inconsistencies . Benefits of Standard Operating Procedures: Ensures consistency: The outcome should be the same each time when following SOPs which ensures an efficient result . Fewer errors: If all employees follow the SOP carefully then there should be no errors . Meets legal requirements : The SOPs will be designed to meet up-to-date legislation as well as any standards that the company have set. Limitations of Standard Operating Procedures: Inflexible practice: A lot of time may be spent on creating the paperwork and admin instead of the actual job. Legal updates: The SOPs must be periodically reviewed and updated to take into account any new laws . Sales Ordering Process (SOP) This is the process of a customer buying a product or service and the company reviewing the purchase . A sales order process ( SOP ) is important as it creates a clear plan for ordering a product . Each department can use the sales order to know exactly what jobs to perform. Help Desk Help desk software is used to provide real-time support to a user from a trained member of staff to overcome a technical problem . The customer logs an issue in the form of a ticket and is assigned a technician . As the technician tries to communicate with the user and solve the issue they must follow a service level agreement that defines the high standards the technician must keep to. When the problem has been solved the ticket is closed . All tickets are archived so that persistent problems can be checked to see what worked previously . If Help Desk software is used within a company by employees (rather than with external customers) to report and solve issues, it is known as ' in-house ' . Benefits of Help Desk software: Keeping Track: C ustomers can see that their issues are being dealt with and administrators have clear records of the problem. Audit Logs: All tickets are archived so if a problem occurs on the same machine the previous solution can be attempted again . Communication : Formal messages between the customer and the administrator mean there are no mixed messages and a running dialogue can take place as the problem is fixed. Limitations of Help Desk software: Cost : Setting up the necessary software and hardware and paying for an administrator to run the system can cost a large amount of money. Availability issues: A technician might not be available 24/7 or during holidays. Formal structure: This is a formal system that takes time to record and respond to which might annoy staff when it is only a minor issue to be fixed, like resetting a password. Knowledge: Technicians need technical expertise regarding the company's computer systems and need to be able to fix both hardware and software issues. This might require additional training every few years. Ticket Response Time: Administrators must ensure that all tickets are read and responded to in reasonable time so that productivity in the company is not affected. Q uesto's Q uestions 3.5 - Business Systems: 1a. What is the purpose of an MIS ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe 3 ways a bank could use an MIS . [ 3 ] 1c. Describe the benefits and limitations of an MIS . [10 ] 2a. What is the purpose of a CRM ? [ 4 ] 2b. Describe 3 ways that a CRM could be used by a company . [6 ] 3a. What are standard operating procedures (SOP ) and why are they used? [ 4 ] 3b. Describe the benefits and limitations of SOPs . [ 10 ] 4a. What is the sales ordering process ( SOP )? [ 2 ] 4b. Why is the SOP important in a company? [ 2 ] 4c. Summarise the 3 stages of the SOP . [ 4 ] 5a. What is the purpose of help desk software? [ 2 ] 5b. Explain how help desk works , including tickets , technicians and service level agreements . [3 ] 5c. Describe the benefits and limitations of Help Desks . [ 10 ] A typical sales order process will work as follows: 1. The customer orders a product or service, usually via an email or telephone conversation . 2. The order is confirmed and a sales order is created. This is a document that lists the customer’s requirements and exactly what they have purchased . 3. The sales order is sent to the relevant departments (e.g. production , finance and delivery ) so they can fulfil the customer’s request . Once the order has been completed, the customer will be sent an invoice for payment . 3.4 - Connection Methods Topic List 4.1 - Communication Methods

Navigate between all Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) topics in the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification. Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit F161: Developing Application Software These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification . Unit F161 YouTube Playlist Topic 1: Application Software Considerations 1.1 - Application Platforms 1.2 - Devices 1.3 - Storage Locations Topic 2: Data & Flow in Application Software 2.1 - Data Formats & Types 2.2 - Data Flow 2.3 - Data States Topic 3: API & Protocols 3.1 - Application Programming Interfaces (API) 3.2 - Protocols Topic 4: Application Software Security 4.1 - Security Considerations Topic 5: Operational Considerations 5.1 - Testing 5.2 - Types of Application Software Installation 5.3 - Policies Topic 6: Legal Considerations 6.1 - Legal Considerations

The final part of a quick guide to the basics of Python aimed at Key Stage 3 students. Learn about importing turtle to command a moving object. Python - #6 - Turtle Import the Turtle The turtle library stores all of the code to create and move an object called a turtle . The turtle library must be imported into your Python program before you can use it to draw lines, shapes and colours . Create a new Python program and save the file as PythonTurtle . Write import turtle as the first line of code. Basic Shapes The turtle can be controlled by writing how many pixels it should travel forward and the angle it should point left or right . Moving Forwards turtle.forward(100) will move the turtle forward by 100 pixels. turtle.forward(200) will move the turtle forward by 200 pixels. When using the left command or the right command, the turtle won't actually move , but it will rotate by the number of degrees that you state. For example, typing turtle.left(90) will point the turtle upwards . Rotating Left & Right Copy the code to the right to make the turtle draw a square. Then try to make: A Rectangle A Triangle A Pentagon A Hexagon Square Rectangle Triangle Pentagon Hexagon Hint: To work out the angles, divide 360 by the number of sides. Using Loops You can use a for loop to repeat code . This is especially helpfully with intricate shapes with many sides. The code below will print a square but in only 3 lines instead of the 8 lines from task 2. This is the number of times the code underneath will be repeated . Change it to a higher number to repeat it more often . Each line after the 'for num in range' line must be indented . Press the tab key once on your keyboard to indent your code. Task 3 - Copy the code above to make the turtle draw a square using a loop. Then try to make: A Heptagon An Octagon A Circle A Pentagram (5-sided Star) Square Heptagon Octagon Circle Pentagram Hint: To work out the angles, divide 360 by the number of sides. Advanced Features Choose a background colour turtle .bgcolor("red") Choose the line size and colour turtle.pensize(6) turtle.color("green") Fill a shape turtle.color("yellow") turtle.begin_fill() (put your turtle's directions in here) turtle.end_fill() Lift the pen turtle.penup() turtle.pendown() Speed up/Slow down the turtle turtle.speed(speed=10) Change the turtle's appearance turtle.shape("turtle") Other options include "circle" and "arrow". Task 4 - Use the code above to make: A blue square on a red background. A yellow triangle on a pink background. Two different coloured circles - not touching each other. Three different shapes of three different colours - not touching each other. Complex Shapes Use everything that you have learned on this page to help you create more complex shapes. You could try: A Flower A Word (like your name - you will need to use the penup() and pendown() commands. A Christmas tree A Landscape (green ground, blue sky, yellow sun) <<< Selection

Learn how to create and use two-dimensional lists in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 8b - 2D Lists Creating a List with Multiple Dimensions Lists can be given another dimension to hold data that is related to each other . A scenario: Three students have taken two Chemistry tests, and their teacher has recorded the results in a 2-dimensional array (note that Python does not use arrays but uses lists instead): To create this in Python: Printing a 2D List To print the whole list, use a for loop to cycle through each record. I have altered the normal i variable to be 'record', so it is more descriptive: Use the index number to print a specific record . Look at the table above and remember that Python starts counting at 0 so Edward is record 0, Bella 1 and Jacob 2: To print a specific data value, you need to define the record number and then the data index . When using 2D lists, the first value is the row, and the second value is the column . Use the table at the very top to help you visualise this: Practice Task 1 Use the introduction at the top to help you create a 2D list with three friends in the first column, their age in the second column and their favourite colour in the third column. Print the whole list. Then print just the second person's information. Example solution: Searching Through a 2D List To search through a multi-dimensional list then you need to search through each record and then each data element for a specific value: Practice Task 2 Use the 2D list that you created in the first practice task. Ask the user to enter a name. Search through the list and print the record of that person's name. Example solution: ⬅ 8a - Using Lists 8 c - Dictionaries ➡

Learn about the different protocols used on networks - HTTP, HTTPS, TCP, IP, Ethernet, WiFi, FTP and SMTP. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 3.5: Protocols Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is a protocol? A protocol is a set of rules that allow devices on a network to communicate with each other . TCP / IP is actually two separate protocols that combine together. TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) TCP is a protocol that allows packets to be sent and received between computer systems. It breaks the data into packets and reassembles them back into the original data at the destination. IP is a protocol in charge of routing and addressing data packets . This ensures data packets are sent across networks to the correct destination . It is also an addressing system - every device on a network is given a unique IP address so data packets can be sent to the correct computer system. HTTP is used to transfer web pages over the Internet so that users can view them in a web browser . All URLs start with either HTTP or HTTPS (e.g. https://www.csnewbs.com). HTTPS is a more secure version of HTTP that works with another protocol called SSL ( Secure Sockets Layer ) to transfer encrypted data . You should see a padlock symbol in the URL bar if your connection to that website is secure. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) Ethernet is a protocol for wired connections . Ethernet is used at both the data link and physical layers to describe how network devices can format data packets for transmission. WiFi is the main standard for wireless connections . WiFi is actually a brand name that uses a protocol called IEEE 802.11 . Another wireless standard is Bluetooth , for short-range data transfer. Connection Protocols Transfer Protocols FTP ( File Transfer Protocol ) is used to transfer files across a network. It is commonly used to upload or download files to/from a web server . SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) is a protocol used to send emails to a mail server and between mail servers . Q uesto's Q uestions 3.5 - Protocols: 1. Describe each of the following protocols . It might be helpful to also draw an icon or small diagram for each one: a. TCP [ 2 ] b. IP [ 2 ] c. HTTP & HTTPS [ 3 ] d. WiFi (802.11) [ 1 ] e. Ethernet [ 2 ] f. FTP [ 2 ] g. SMTP [ 2 ] 2. State which protocol would be used in the following scenarios : a. Transferring a music file to a friend over the internet. [ 1 ] b. Sending an email to a family member in America. [ 1 ] c. Using a wireless connection to play a mobile game. [ 1 ] d. Using a webpage to enter a password securely. [ 1 ] e. Watching a video on YouTube. [1 ] 3.4 Network Hardware & Routing Theory Topics 3.6 - 7 Layer OSI Model

Test your ability to create a more complex program in Python based on a given scenario. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Extended Task 5 Collection of Colours A new paint company , 'Sparkle and Shine Paint Schemes ' needs a program that can manage the different colours they sell to customers. They currently have a file with many different colours and want a program made with features to add, remove and list the different colours . For this task, you will need to create a document and include the following sections (with screenshots where appropriate): An introduction to explain the Purpose of your program . A List of Requirements for a successful program. Screenshots of your code (with comments in your code to show understanding). Testing – Create a plan to show how you will test your program and then explanations of any errors that you found and how they were fixed . An Evaluation of what worked, what didn’t, and how you met each of your requirements from your original list. Also, discuss further improvements that you could have made to improve your program. Reminders for this task: You will need to create a selection of options for the user to choose from. Subroutines and a while true loop may help. Section 10 will help you to open, write and read from files . Section 10c shows how to remove lines from a file. There are multiple ways to approach this program, and your solution might look different from the example. Break the problem down and focus on one part at a time. Example solution: Use a menu to select the different options using a command word. Download the colours file: Selecting Total will list the number of colours in the file. This should change whenever a new colour is added or one is removed . Selecting Add will allow the user to enter the name of a new colour to be added to the file . Selecting Letter will allow the user to enter a letter . All colours beginning with that letter should be displayed . Selecting Remove will allow the user to enter a colour to be removed from the file . Selecting Random will display a random colour from the file. Selecting End will stop the program. ⬅ Extended Task 4 (Vet Surgery) Extended Task 6 (Word Game) ➡

Learn about required internal hardware including the CPU, motherboard and PSU. Find out about ports and expansion cards. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 1.2 Computer Components Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 This page describe the various components inside of computer systems . The first three are necessary in every type of computer: Processor Motherboard Power Supply Unit The main role of a processor is to manage the functions of a computer system by processing data and instructions . The primary processor of each computer system is the Central Processing Unit ( CPU ). A processor is attached to the motherboard using a connection point called a CPU socket . The motherboard is the main circuit board of a computer on which components such as the CPU and ROM are connected . The motherboard contains PCI slots for expansion cards and ports for external devices to be connected . The power supply unit (PSU ) converts electricity from AC (Alternating Current) from the mains power supply to DC (Direct Current) which the computer system can use . The PSU of desktop computers is internal whereas portable devices require an external 'charger '. Memory Computer memory is split into two types - volatile and non-volatile . Volatile storage is temporary (data is lost whenever the power is turned off ). Non-volatile storage saves the data even when not being powered , so it can be accessed when the computer is next on and can be stored long-term . Random Access Memory (RAM) Read-Only Memory (ROM) Cache Memory RAM is volatile (temporary) storage that stores all programs that are currently running . RAM also stores parts of the operating system to be accessed by the CPU. RAM is made up of a large number of storage locations, each can be identified by a unique address . ROM is non-volatile storage that cannot be changed . ROM stores the boot program / BIOS for when the computer is switched on. The BIOS then loads up the operating system to take over managing the computer. Cache memory is volatile (temporary) storage that stores frequently accessed data . It is very quick to access and faster than other types of memory like RAM because it is stored on the processor itself. RAM ( R andom A ccess M emory) ROM ( R ead O nly M emory) Cache Memory Secondary Storage Magnetic Storage Optical Storage Optical Storage Characteristics: X - Low CAPACITY : 700 MB (CD ), 4.7 GB (DVD ), 25 GB (Blu-ray ). X - Not DURABLE because discs are very fragile and can break or scratch easily. ✓ - Discs are thin and very PORTABLE . X - Optical discs have the Slowest ACCESS SPEED . Magnetic Disks are spelled with a k and Optical Discs have a c. Magnetic Storage Characteristics: ✓ - Large CAPACITY and cheaper per gigabyte than solid state . X - Not DURABLE and not very PORTABLE when powered on because moving it can damage the device. ✓ - Relatively quick ACCESS SPEED but slower than Solid State . Optical storage uses a laser to project beams of light onto a spinning disc, allowing it to read data from a CD , DVD or Blu-Ray . This makes optical storage the slowest of the four types of secondary storage. Disc drives are traditionally internal but external disc drives can be bought for devices like laptops. A magnetic hard disk drive (HDD ) is a common form of secondary storage within desktop computers. A read/write head moves nanometres above the disk platter and uses the magnetic field of the platter to read or edit data. Hard disk drives can also be external and connected through a USB port . An obsolete (no longer used) type of magnetic storage is a floppy disk but these have been replaced by solid state devices such as USB sticks which are much faster and have a much higher capacity. Another type of magnetic storage that is still used is magnetic tape . Magnetic tape has a high storage capacity but data has to be accessed in order (serial access ) so it is generally only used by companies to back up or archive large amounts of data . Solid State Storage Cloud Storage When you store data in 'the cloud ', using services such as Google Drive, your data is stored on large servers owned by the hosting company . The hosting company (such as Google) is responsible for keeping the servers running and making your data accessible on the internet . Cloud storage is typically free for a certain amount of storage and users can buy more storage space when they need it - the scalable nature of this storage type makes it very flexible for businesses. Cloud storage is very convenient as it allows people to work on a file at the same time and it can be accessed from different devices . However, if the internet connection fails , or the servers are attacked then the data could become inaccessible . Cloud storage is also known as 'virtual storage ' because the data is saved remotely , freeing up physical storage space for users on their own devices . There are no moving parts in solid state storage . SSD s (Solid State Drives ) are replacing magnetic HDDs (Hard DIsk Drives) in modern computers and video game consoles because they are generally quieter , faster and use less power . A USB flash drive ( USB stick ) is another type of solid state storage that is used to transport files easily because of its small size. Memory cards , like the SD card in a digital camera or a Micro SD card in a smartphone , are another example of solid state storage. Solid State Characteristics: X - High CAPACITY but more expensive per gigabyte than magnetic . ✓ - Usually DURABLE but cheap USB sticks can snap or break . ✓ - The small size of USB sticks and memory cards mean they are very PORTABLE and can fit easily in a bag or pocket. ✓ - Solid State storage has the fastest ACCESS SPEED because they contain no moving parts . Cloud Storage Characteristics: ✓ - Huge CAPACITY and you can upgrade your subscription if you need more storage. ✓ / X - Cloud storage is difficult to rank in terms of PORTABILITY , DURABILITY and ACCESS SPEED because it depends on your internet connection. A fast connection would mean that cloud storage is very portable (can be accessed on a smartphone or tablet) but a poor connection would make access difficult . Storage Protocols SCSI ( Small Computer System Interface ) is a protocol (set of rules) for attaching external devices to a computer system, such as a printer, storage drive or scanner. SAS ( Serial Attached SCSI ) is an improved version of SCSI that enables many more external devices (up to 128) to be connected at the same time to a computer system. Expansion Cards Expansion cards are dedicated circuit boards with a specific purpose that are attached to the motherboard . Most of the following expansion cards can also exist as integrated components on the motherboard, rather than a separate card. Graphics Card Sound Card Processes graphical data (e.g. videos or animations) and converts it into a displayable output on a monitor . Network Interface Card (NIC) 0010 1011 0101 0101 0110 0111 0101 0001 0101 Sound cards convert analogue sound waves into digital data (binary) when inputting audio through a microphone. Sound cards also convert digital data (binary) into analogue sound waves to output audio through speakers or headphones. 0010 1011 0101 0101 0110 0111 0101 0001 0101 Allows computers to connect to networks (such as the Internet ) and enables them to transfer data to other computers. Transfers data between servers across a network. Fibre channel allows for quick transfer speeds and is primarily used to connect data storage to servers in large data centres. Fibre Channel Card Storage Controller Card Required for the computer to manage and use any attached storage devices . Ports A port is the interface between external devices and the computer . Ports allow data to be transferred from and to these devices. USB Port Connects storage devices such as USB sticks or external hard drives . Connects input devices such as a keyboard or mouse, as well as other devices for data transfer such as a camera or smartphone. Ethernet Port Connects computers to network devices such as a modem or router, allowing access to the internet . FireWire Port Developed for Apple products, FireWire transfers data at a high speed from devices such as camcorders and external hard drives . FireWire supports isochronous devices , meaning data is sent in a steady , continuous stream . SATA Port Allows fast data transfer to external HDD , SSD or optical drives . SD Port Enables data from an SD card to be transferred from a device like a camera to the computer. Micro SD Port Allows data from a micro SD card to be transferred from devices such as smartphones , tablets and handheld games consoles to a computer. Q uesto's Q uestions 1.2 - Computer Components: Vital Components: 1. Describe the purpose of the following components : a. The CPU (Central Processing Unit ) [2 ] b. The motherboard [2 ] c. The PSU (Power Supply Unit ) [2 ] Primary Memory: 2a. What is the difference between primary and secondary memory ? [2 ] 2b. What is the difference between volatile and non-volatile storage ? [2 ] 2c. For each of the three types of primary memory , describe its role and give an example of what it can store. [6 ] Secondary Storage: 3a. For magnetic , optical and solid-state storage rank these three secondary storage mediums in terms of capacity , durability , portability and speed . [9 ] 3b. For the following scenarios justify which secondary storage medium should be used and why it is the most appropriate : Sending videos and pictures to family in Australia through the post. [3 ] Storing a presentation to take into work. [3 ] Storing project files with other members of a group to work on together. [3 ] Backing up an old computer with thousands of file to a storage device. [3 ] Additional Components: 4a. State the purpose of five different expansion cards . [5 ] 4b. What is the purpose of the motherboard ? [2 ] Ports: 5a. Describe the six different ports . [6 ] 5b. What is the difference between SCSI and SAS ? [2 ] 1.1 - Computer Hardware Topic List 1.3 - Computer System Types

Learn about the main character sets - ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and Unicode. Also, discover the five data types - character, string, integer, real and Boolean. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 4.5: Character Sets & Data Types Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is a Character Set? A character set is a table that matches together a character and a binary value . Character sets are necessary as they allow computers to exchange data . Two common character sets are ASCII and Unicode . ASCII Unicode ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) 0100 0001 0100 0010 0100 0011 Uses Binary 128 Tiny Set of Characters Less Memory Required Per Character U+0042 U+0055 U+004E Uses Hexadecimal 36,536+ Large Set of Characters More Memory Required per Character What are the different data types? When programming, variables should be given appropriate data types . Character String Integer A single character , such as a letter, number or punctuation symbol. Examples: A sequence of characters , including letters, numbers and punctuation. Examples: A whole number . Examples: T 8 ? Harry Waters 14:50pm Ice Age 4 475 -8432 56732 Real Boolean Telephone numbers are always stored as a string , not an integer. True / False Yes / No 0 / 1 An answer that only has two possible values . Examples: A decimal number . Examples: 65.3 -321.1234 909.135 Be careful with punctuation. 32.10 is a real but £32.10 is a string. Q uesto's Q uestions 4.5 - Character Sets & Data Types: 1. What is a character set and why are they needed ? [ 2 ] 2. Describe 3 differences between ASCII and Unicode . [6 ] 3. State the 5 different data types . [ 5 ] 4. State which data type is most suitable for the following variables: a. Age [ 1 ] b. Surname [ 1 ] c. Height (in metres) [ 1 ] d. First Initial [ 1 ] e. Phone number [ 1 ] f. Right-Handed? [ 1 ] 4.4 Arithmetic Shift Theory Topics 4.6 - Graphical Representation

An explanation and introduction to the OCR Level 3 Cambridge Advanced National in Computing specification. This certificate (H029) or extended certificate (H129) is an Alternative Academic Qualification (AAQ). Level 3 Alternative Academic Qualification (AAQ) / Cambridge Advanced National In Computing Computing: Application Development Everything you need to know about this course: The Cambridge Advanced National in Computing: Application Development is a new course that began in September 2025 . It contains both exam and NEA (coursework ) units and focuses on developing software prototypes for applications such as websites , video games and even virtual reality . The video to the left explains all the key details of this new course, but remember, things can change so the OCR website will have the latest updates . Exam Units: Unit F160: Fundamentals of Application Development F160 YouTube Playlist Unit F161: Developing Application Software F161 YouTube Playlist These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification .

Learn about searching algorithms such as linear and binary search. Also learn about sorting algorithms such as merge, bubble and insertion sorts. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 1.3: Searching & Sorting Algorithms Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Linear Search Binary Search Bubble Sort Merge Sort Insertion Sort Key features of a bubble sort: Uses an outer while loop (condition controlled ) to check no swaps have been made . Uses an inner for loop (count controlled ) to repeat through the length of the data set . Uses a flag (a Boolean value ) to track if a swap has been made and uses a temporary value to help correctly swap elements . Linear Search A linear search is the most simple search algorithm. Each data item is searched in order from the first value to the last as if they were all laid out in a line . The list does not have to be in any order before it is searched . This search is also known as a sequential search because the list is searched in a sequence from start to end. For large lists , this search is not very efficient . Binary Search A binary search is a much more efficient searching algorithm as it generally searches through fewer data and is often much quicker - especially for large data sets . In a binary search, the middle point of the data is selected with each iteration and compared to the value being searched for . When the midpoint matches the target value , it as been found and the search can stop. ! ! However there is a prerequisite of using a binary search - the list of data must already be sorted . A prerequisite is a condition that must be satisfied before an algorithm will work correctly . Merge Sort Merge sort is a sorting algorithm based on the idea of ‘divide and conquer ’. A merge sort divides a list into half , again and again until each data item is separate . Then the items are combined in the same way as they were divided , but now in the correct order . When the individual lists are all merged together as one list again, then the data is in order and the algorithm will end . Bubble Sort This algorithm is based on the comparison of adjacent data elements . Data elements are swapped if they are not in the correct order . The algorithm will only stop when a complete iteration through the data is completed with no swaps made . A bubble sort is not suitable for large sets of data . Insertion Sort The list is logically split into sorted values (on the left) and unsorted values (on the right). Starting from the left, values from the unsorted part are checked and inserted at the correct position in the sorted part. This continues through all elements of the list until the last item is reached, and sorted. Insertion sorts are efficient for small data sets but would be slow to sort large sets , compared to alternatives such as a merge sort. Key features of a linear search: A loop is used to check the first value in a list and increment by 1 , checking each value for a match to the target . Reaching the last element of the list without finding a match means the value is not included . Key features of a binary search: A midpoint , lowpoint and highpoint are calculated . A while loop is used to repeatedly compare the midpoint to a target value . The upper half or lower half of the data is ignored if the midpoint does not equal the target . Key features of a merge sort: This algorithm calls itself from within the subroutine (this is known as a recursive algorithm ). It continually splits sublists into a left side and a right side until each sublist has a length of 1 . Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Key features of a insertion sort: Uses an outer for loop (count controlled ) to iterate through each value in the list . Uses an inner while loop (condition controlled ) to find the current value’s correct position in the sorted part of the list . An insertion sort moves ‘ backwards ’ to find the correct position of each value, by decreasing the index within the while loop. Watch on YouTube Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3 - Searching & Sorting Algorithms: Linear Search Explain step-by-step how the number 8 would be found in the following list using a linear search : 12, 5, 3, 2, 8, 19, 14, 6 [4 ] Binary Search Explain step-by-step how the number 2 would be found in the following list using a binary search : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 [6 ] Merge Sort Explain step-by-step how a merge sort would sort the following list of numbers: 4, 8, 5, 1, 3, 6, 7, 2 [6 ] Bubble Sort Explain step-by-step how a bubble sort would sort the following list of numbers: 3, 1, 6, 5, 2, 4 [6 ] Insertion Sort Explain step-by-step how an insertion sort would sort the following list of numbers: 5, 2, 6, 3, 1, 4 [6 ] 1.2 - Designing Algorithms Theory Topics 2.1 - Programming Fundamentals

Learn about software development methodologies such as the waterfall lifecycle, agile methodologies, extreme programming, the spiral model and rapid application development (RAD). Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level 2.3 - Software Development Specification: Computer Science H446 Watch on YouTube : Waterfall Lifecycle Extreme Programming Spiral Model Rapid Application Development Software development models are step-by-step methods for creating and maintaining software . They are used to keep projects organised , reduce mistakes and make sure the finished program meets the user’s needs . Different models suit different types of projects . Waterfall Lifecycle The waterfall model is a linear and structured approach where each phase is completed one at a time in order . It needs all requirements to be clearly defined at the start , with little to no changes allowed once a phase is finished . This model is best suited for projects with fixed requirements and minimal risk of change . Extreme Programming Extreme Programming ( XP ) is a type of agile methodology that uses an iterative and flexible approach, progressing in small , usable chunks called iterations (or sprints ). It relies on frequent collaboration with stakeholders and user feedback to adapt to changing requirements . This model is ideal for dynamic projects where quick delivery and frequent updates are important. Spiral Model The spiral model combines iterative development and risk management , progressing through repeated cycles of planning , risk assessment , engineering ( development and testing ) and evaluation . Each loop focuses on identifying and addressing risks early in the project. It is ideal for complex and high-risk projects where requirements may change over time . Rapid Application Development The rapid application development ( RAD ) model focuses on quickly building software through iterative development and frequent user feedback . It uses reusable components , time-boxing and constant feedback to speed up the delivery of an effective final product . RAD is best suited for projects that need to be completed quickly and where requirements can evolve during development . Q uesto's K ey T erms Software Development: waterfall lifecycle, agile methodology, extreme programming (XP), spiral model, rapid application development (RAD) D id Y ou K now? Agile development is named after the ' Agile Manifesto ' - a set of principles for software development agreed by a group of developers at a ski resort in Utah , USA in 2001 . 2.2 - Applications Generation A-Level Topics 2.4 - Programming Languages

Learn how to split, edit and removes lines using files in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Python 10c - REMOVE & Edit LINES Splitting a File The split command is used to split up a line of a file into different parts . The character or string in brackets after the split command is the value that will denote each split . In the example below I have split the file at each comma . Remember that Python numbering starts at 0 so the first section is 0, not 1. 0 1 2 3 The program below splits each line of the file at each forward-slash ( / ). The printed statement is the employee's first name, surname and job position. 0 1 2 3 4 Practice Task 1 Create a file (new txt document in Notepad) called movies. Type in the movie name, main actor, genre (e.g. horror), year it was released and your rating out of 10. Print just the movie name and year it released. Example solution: Deleting Lines in a File Exact Line Name The code below shows how to remove a line from a file using the exact name of the line , which will only work for short or simple files . First open the file in read move to save each line in a variable I've named lines. Then ask the user to input the exact line they want to remove (e.g. 'plum' in my example). Then open the file in write mode and use a for loop to read each line and only write it back into the file if it isn't equal to the line the user entered - such as 'plum'. The line.rstrip() command is important as it removes any spaces or empty lines that may interfere with matching the line to the input. Deleting Lines in a File Word in the Line The code below shows how to remove a line from a file if a certain word appears in that line , although this could be dangerous with large files. In my example I have written apple which has also removed pineapple! The difference from the previous program is to change the for loop so that it checks if the inputted word appears in the line . If it does appear then nothing happens (except a print statement to acknowledge it's been found). If the word doesn't appear then that line can be safely rewritten to the file . Practice Task 2 Download the trees text file. Give the user a choice of removing a specific tree or a type of tree. If they choose a specific tree then remove the line if it is an exact match (e.g. Field Maple). If they choose to remove a type of tree remove all lines that contain the name of that tree (e.g. willow) Make sure you actually check the file to see if the lines have been removed correctly! Example solution: Download the trees file: Sorting a File Sorting a file into alphabetical (or numerical ) order is a simple process. Open the file in read mode and save the lines into a list . The sort c ommand will automatically order the list of lines. If necessary, in the brackets type reverse = True to sort the list in reverse. Practice Task 3 Expand on your tree program from the previous practice task. As well as SPECIFIC or TYPE, allow the user to enter SORT to sort the tree file either in alphabetical order or reverse alphabetical order. Check the text file to see if it has been sorted correctly. You may make this a separate program from task 2 if you wish. Example solution: Editing Lines in a File Overwriting data in a file is a tricky process. The program below uses the same Employees.txt file as above but allows the user to change the address of an employee . A temporary file is created to store the lines of the employee file, but the line with the changes is replaced specifically with the new address. I have explained each line of the program to the right: When I executed the program below I entered Thomas Wynne's details and changed his address. When I opened the employees file the address had been updated : 1: Importing os allows me to rename and remove files later in the program. 3: Opens the employee file in read mode . 5 - 8: Input lines allow the user to enter the first name, surname and the person's new address. 10: A found flag is set up and set to False . 12: The for loop cycles through each line in the file. 13: Each line is split into separate parts from each / . 15: An if statement checks if the first name and surname match an employee in the file. 16: A replacement line is created by putting the original line together but with the new address. 18: The found flag is changed to True because the employee first name and surname matched . 19: A temporary file is created and opened in write mode . 20: The seek command restarts the file at line 0 . 22: The for loop cycles through each line of the employee file from the beginning. If the first name and surname match it will write the new line to the file, otherwise it will rewrite the original line . 28 & 29: Both files are closed . 31 & 32: If the names didn't match , an appropriate message is printed. 34 - 37: If the address was changed, the original file is renamed and deleted and the temp file is renamed as the original file. Practice Task 4 Use the movie file you created for practice task 1. Ask the user to enter the name of a movie. Ask them to enter an updated rating out of 10. Update the file to change the rating to the new value. Example solution: ⬅ 10b - Read & Search Files Section 10 Practice Tasks ➡