Test your understanding of selection (if statements) and operators (mathematical and logical). Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python - Section 4 Practice Tasks Task One: Spanish Numbers Create a very simple Spanish translation program. Let the user enter a number between one and four then print the Spanish word for that number using if , three elif s and else . One in Spanish is uno , two is dos , three is tres and four is cuatro . If they enter anything else print “I only know 1 to 4 in Spanish!” . Example solutions: Enter a number between 1 and 4: 3 tres Enter a number between 1 and 4: 5 I only know 1 to 4 in Spanish! Task Two: School Trip A school is organising a trip to Alton Towers . The coaches they are hiring can fit 45 people . Enter the total number of people going on the trip and work out how many coaches will be full (using integer division ) and how many people will be left over on a partly full coach (using modulo division ). Example solutions: How many people are going on the trip? 100 There will be 2 full coaches and 10 people on another coach. How many people are going on the trip? 212 There will be 4 full coaches and 32 people on another coach. Task Three: Driving Tractors There are different rules in the United Kingdom for what farmers at certain ages can drive . Ask the user to input their age and then output the relevant information below: Children under 13 cannot drive any tractors. A trained and supervised 13 to 15 year old can drive a low-powered tractor on private flat grass. 16 year olds with a provisional category F licence can drive tractors less than 2.45 metres wide. Young adults from 17 to 20 with the correct licence and training c an drive tracked vehicles that weigh less than 3,500kg. Adults over 21 years old , with the correct licence and training, can drive all types of tractor. Note: Always be safe around machinery in farms regardless of your age. Driving without adequate training and a licence is illegal. Example solutions: How old are you? 8 You cannot drive any type of tractor. How old are you? 13 If you are trained and supervised you can drive a low-powered tractor on private flat grass. How old are you? 19 With the correct licence and training you can drive tracked vehicles that weigh less than 3,500kg. Task Four: Avoid the Three Choose a category like planets , people in your class or months of the year. Secretly choose three of them . Ask the user to enter a word in your category. If they enter one of the three that you chose, they lose . Example solutions: I have secretly selected three months you must avoid! Enter a month of the year: April AHA! You chose one of the secret months, you lose! I have secretly selected three months you must avoid! Enter a month of the year: December Well done, you didn't choose one of my three! ⬅ 4c - Logical Opera tors 5a - Random ➡

Learn how to use App Inventor 2 to create simple programs. Perfect for key Stage 3 students to experiment with block coding and objects What is App Inventor? App Inventor 2 Link App Inventor 2 is software developed by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT ), a research university in America. It allows users to create simple apps and learn about the way that they work in a fun manner. There is no need to learn how to program with text editors as everything is based around blocks, a bit like Scratch. To open App Inventor 2 (the current version of the program) click the button in the top right. You will need to log in with a Google account. There are two layouts to App Inventor, Designer and Blocks . You can switch between them with the bottoms in the top right corner. This guide will show you how to make seven simple programs and introduce you to programming concepts such as variables and properties . Download all App Inventor images you will need for the 7 tasks by clicking the camera icon. Note to Computer Science Teachers - The easiest way to test programs made using App Inventor 2 is using the emulator which should be pre-installed by the IT technician team at your school. See here for information on how to set it up. Also, Google accounts are required to access and use App Inventor 2. Viewer - This is a mock-up of what your app will look like. Components - Each component can be renamed or deleted here. Designer Layout Palette - Drag the component that you want to use in your app, into the centre. Properties - Edit the settings for each component. Media - Upload images and sound here before they can be used in your app. Blocks Layout Viewer - This is space for you to drag blocks to make things happen. Blocks - Drag the code block that you want to use into the centre. The blocks connect together like in Scratch. Warnings - Any errors with your code will be displayed here. Backpack - Drag code into to backpack to store it for later. KS3 Home Tasks 1 & 2

Learn about how sounds are represented in a computer system including how analogue sound waves are converted into binary. Also, learn about sample rate, bit depth and metadata. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 4.7: Sound Representation Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 Converting Analog Sound to Binary To store sound on a computer analog sound waves must be converted in to digital data ( binary ). The sound is sampled using an ADC (Analog to Digital Convertor) and stored as a binary value (such as 01010011) called a sample . 0010 1011 0101 0101 Analog sound wave ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Binary sample Sampling an Analog Sound Wave Digital sampling is discrete (separate) and not continuous like analog waves. To get the highest quality sound, many samples are taken to recreate the analog wave as closely as possible . Sample Rate The sample rate is the number of samples taken per second . It is measured in kilohertz (kHz), for example CD quality is 44.1kHz (44,100 samples per second). The higher the sample rate , the better the audio quality as the digital data more closely resembles an analog wave . However, higher sample rates result in larger file sizes because more data is stored for each individual sample. A low sample rate will result in a low-quality sound because the digital data does not closely resemble the original analog wave . A higher sample rate will result in a higher-quality sound because the digital data more closely resembles the original analog wave . Improving Audio Quality Bit Depth Bit Rate The bit rate is defined as the amount of audio data processed per second . It is measured in kilobytes per second (kbps ). The bit rate is calculated by multiplying the sample rate and bit depth . Because the bit rate is the measure of the sample rate and bit depth multiplied together, the higher the bit rate the higher the quality of the sound . The bit depth is the number of bits available to represent each sample . For example, a sample with a bit depth of 4 could be 0101 or 0111 or 1010. A sample with a bit depth of 8 could be 01010110 or 1010110 or 11001111. A common bit depth is 16 bits . The higher the bit depth , the more bits are available to be used for each sample. Therefore the quality is often higher as the wave more closely resembles an analog wave . The file size will also be larger if the bit depth is higher, as each sample stores additional bits . Example: A short audio sample has a bit depth of 4 and a sample rate of 10 samples per second . The clip is 15 seconds long . Calculate the bit rate by multiplying the sample rate and bit depth : 4 bits x 10 = 40 bits . Now that is the correct data for one second. Multiply the bit rate by the number of seconds in the file: 40 x 15 = 600 bits . To convert the answer from bits to bytes , divide by 8 . 600 bits ÷ 8 = 75 bytes . Calculating File Size Metadata for Sound Files Music libraries such as Apple Music or Spotify store a huge amount of metadata on each song. Metadata is additional data about a file such as: Artist Title / Track Title Product / Album Title Track Number Date Created / Year Genre Comments Copyright Software Type Duration File size Bit rate Sampling rate Channels Volume Q uesto's Q uestions 4.7 - Sound Representation: 1. Explain how an analog sound wave is converted into a binary sample . [ 2 ] 2a. What is a sample rate ? [1 ] 2b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the sample rate is increased . [4 ] 3a. What is bit depth ? [2 ] 3b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the bit depth is increased . [4 ] 3c. Explain what the bit rate is. [ 2 ] 4 . An audio sample has a bit depth of 8 , a sample rate of 10 and it is 12 seconds long . What is the file size in bytes ? [ 2 ] 5a. What is metadata ? [ 2 ] 5b. State four different types of metadata for audio files . [4 ] low bit rate = lower quality high bit rate = higher quality Converting Analog Sound to Binary 1 4.6 Graphical Representation Theory Topics 4.8 - Compression

Learn about HTML, CSS, JavaScript, search engine indexing, the PageRank algorithm and client-side and server-side processing. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level 3.4 - Web Technologies Specification: Computer Science H446 Watch on YouTube : HTML CSS JavaScript Search engine indexing PageRank algorithm Server-Side & Client-Side Processing This topic looks at the languages that web pages are comprised of (HTML , CSS and JavaScript ) as well as search engines and network processing (client-side and server-side ). HTML HTML ( HyperText Markup Language ) is the standard language used to create and structure web pages . It uses tags enclosed in angle brackets to define elements on a page . A web page begins with , which contains a section for metadata , links and the

Learn about different types computers such a desktops, games consoles, laptops, smart speakers, smart TVs, smartphones, tablets, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) devices. Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 5.1.2 - Types of Device Watch on YouTube : Types of Device Applications can be developed for a range of different devices , each type of device having its own characteristics and common uses . The characteristics of popular devices, such as laptop and tablets , may be well known, but ensure you know the difference between augmented reality ( AR ), virtual reality ( VR ) and mixed reality ( MR ) devices. Types of Device Common Devices Desktops are powerful and customisable personal computers designed for use at a desk . Game consoles are designed specifically for playing video games , usually connected to a TV . Laptops are portable computers with a built-in screen and keyboard , suitable for work on the go . Smart speakers are voice-controlled devices that play music , answer questions and can control smart home gadgets . Smart TVs have internet access , interactive features and apps for streaming and browsing . Smartphones have internet , GPS and Bluetooth connectivity , apps and communication functions . Tablets use a touchscreen larger than a phone, they are more portable than a laptop and good for browsing and media . Augmented Reality (AR ) is technology that overlays digital images or information onto the real world . Virtual Reality (VR ) uses a computer-generated 3D environment that fully immerses the user , usually with a headset . Mixed Reality (MR ) is a blend of AR and VR where digital objects interact with the real world in real time . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1.2 - Types of Device: 1. Explain the difference between the three types of 'reality ' devices . [3 ] 2. Justify which devices a streaming service should consider for an app . [4 ] 3. Describe the characteristics of any devices not covered in your responses to Q1 and Q2 . [ 5 ] The AR app Pokémon Go was so popular when it released in 2016 that within the first 6 months players had walked a combined 8.7 billion kilometres ( 200,000 trips around the Earth ). D id Y ou K now? 5.1.1 - Human-Computer Inter. Topic List 5.2 - Visual Design Considerations

Learn how to use the math library and to refresh the screen (on some editors only). Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 5e - More Libraries Clear Screen Importing the os library and using the .system() command with the "clear" parameter will clear the screen . The console won't clear on offline editors like IDLE but will work with many online editors like Replit. import os print ( "Hello" ) os. system ( "clear" ) print ( "Bye" ) Bye Clear Screen Task ( Trivia Questions ) Ask three trivia questions of your choice to the user and clear the screen between each one. You should display the total they got correct after the third question - to do this you need to set a variable called correct to equal 0 at the start and then add 1 to correct each time a correct answer is given . Example solution: The Math Library The math libraries contains several commands used for numbers: sqrt to find the square root of a number. ceil to round a decimal up to the nearest whole number and floor to round down to the nearest whole number. pi to generate the value of pi (π ). The sqrt command will find the square root of a number or variable placed in the brackets and return it as a decimal number . from math import sqrt answer = sqrt(64) print (answer) 8.0 The ceil command rounds a decimal up to the nearest integer and the floor command rounds a decimal down to the nearest integer . from math import ceil, floor answer = 65 / 8 print ( "True answer:" , answer) print ( "Rounded up:" , ceil(answer)) print ( "Rounded down:" , floor(answer)) True answer: 8.125 Rounded up: 9 Rounded down: 8 The pi command generates a pi value accurate to 15 decimal places . Pi is used for many mathematical calculations involving circles . The area of a circle is pi x radius² . The first example below uses 5.6 as the radius . from math import pi radius = 5.6 area = pi * (radius * radius) print ( "The area of the circle is" , area) The area of the circle is 98.5203456165759 The example below uses an input to allow the user to enter a decimal (float ) number for the radius. It also uses the ceil command to round the area up . from math import pi, ceil radius = float(input( " Enter the radius: " )) area = pi * (radius * radius) print ( "The area of the circle is" , ceil(area)) Enter the radius: 2.3 The area is 17 Clear Screen Task ( Area of a Sph ere ) The formula of a sphere is 4 x π x r² where π represents pi and r is the radius . Use an input line to enter the radius and then calculate the area of the sphere . Round the answer down to the nearest integer using floor and print it. Example solution: Enter the radius: 7.1 The area of the sphere is 633 ⬅ 5d - Coloram a Section 5 Practice Tasks ➡

Learn about the wide range of style data and information can be presented in, both digitally and physically. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 2.1 - Information Styles Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 There are many different ways that information can be styled and presented , both on-screen and physically . There are many more benefits and limitations to using each information style but some key ideas have been described below. T Text Text is a written (or typed ) format of information. ✓ Text provides detailed summaries and explanations . ✓ The format of text can be changed to suit its purpose (e.g. include bullet points or different colours). ✓ Text can be written in different languages so that all literate people can understand. X Large amounts of text can be difficult and time-consuming to read. It is generally less engaging than most other methods. X Text may include spelling errors or be factually incorrect . Graphics Graphics are a visual form of information. Examples include logos , photographs and diagrams . ✓ Graphics are multilingual - they can be understood by anybody regardless of their spoken language. Companies like IKEA will use the same graphics globall y . ✓ Graphics can present an idea or message immediately and can use associations (e.g. the colour red is associated with temperature or anger). ✓ Graphics are a more engaging method of presenting information than text. X Images may take longer to load over a data-restricted network, for example, images in an email may not be automatically downloaded. Video Videos are visual formats of information, often with audio . ✓ More engaging and easier to follow than reading large amounts of text. ✓ Videos can be used to convey a message in a short space of time , e.g. television adverts. ✓ Audio can be added to videos such as music for engagement or narration to explain a process. X Videos usually take up a relatively large amount of storage space , longer videos may take time to upload / download / transfer along a network. X Videos take a long time to create including filming, editing and narration. Animated Graphics Animated graphics are images with multiple frames , such as an animation of the heart showing individual steps that a user can pause and step through in their own time. ✓ Can be used to show a process and is easier to understand than reading text. ✓ Can be understood by all ages and language speakers . X Creating an animated graphic takes time to create , especially educational resources with multiple frames and annotation. 9 Numerical Numerical information is represented by numbers . This can include a wide array of different information including statistics, financial data, dates, ages and distances . ✓ Statistical data is easier to understand and manage in a numerical format than standard text - 234,567 is simpler to work with than "two hundred and thirty-four thousand, five hundred and sixty-seven". ✓ Numerical data can be exported into spreadsheets and presented as graphs to visualise the dat a . X Long numbers can be entered by humans incorrectly and lead to incorrect results . X Formatted data like telephone numbers cannot be stored as numerical because numerical does not allow spaces and does not allow the number to start with 0 . Audio Audio is an information type using sound waves. A common form of audio is music , such as the millions of tracks stored in music libraries like Spotify and YouTube. Non-music examples include spoken instructions and podcasts . ✓ Users can listen to information when they are otherwise busy and could not read, such as when walking or driving. ✓ Visually impaired users who are unable to read can still hear audio and interact with voice recognition software . ✓ Some users prefer listening to instructions rather than reading text . X Audio may not be suitable in some environments e.g. noisy areas . X Words may be misheard and misunderstandings made, possibly due to pronunciations or accents. Tactile Images Tactile images are a form of physical information that can be interpreted by touch . Specialist software is used to create raised lines on paper that people can experience by touching . Geographers can create 3D physical objects of environments such as valleys or volcanoes. This allows researchers and land surveyors to have a better understanding of a geographic area. ✓ Users can better understand a physical environment or prospective design if it is physically built. ✓ Visually-impaired users can feel the object instead of being able to see it. ✓ The tactile image can be used as a prototype for a target audience to feel and comment on. X It is difficult to share a tactile image without physically moving it, unlike digital or paper information styles. X Creating a tactile image requires specialist equipment like a 3D printer. *screams* Subtitles Subtitles are a textual form of information that can be shown along with visual data such as a video. Subtitles are written to transcribe audio , such as speech, into words . ✓ Hearing-impaired users can access audio information formats such as video by reading the subtitles. ✓ Subtitles can be used in noisy environments or when sound cannot be played. ✓ Subtitles can be used for translated speech , such as in promotional videos or television programmes. X Auto-generated subtitles are often incorrect . X Subtitles written by a human take a long time to type up and sync in time with the audio. Tables & Spreadsheets Tables and spreadsheets can store both numerical and textual data ready for analysis . Examples include simple database tables and financial spreadsheets of a company's profits this year. Microsoft Access is an example of database software that uses tables and Microsoft Excel is an example of spreadsheet software. When using spreadsheets (or databases) records can be locked ('record locking' ) so that only one person can make edits at any one time . Edits will be saved before unlocking the file. This will stop data being incorrectly overwritten and will ensure that the data in the spreadsheet is up-to-date , accurate and fit for purpose . Spreadsheets can be linked to other documents such as forms to directly import data from. This data can be ordered into different groups and conditional formatting can be used to automatically organise and style the data. Graphs and charts can be created using values stored in a spreadsheet to easily visualise the data . Modelling can be used to see the effect of variable changes (e.g. will raising the price of one product affect overall profit?). Database tables use queries (advanced searches) to find and display data based on given criteria (such as all males under 35). Mail merge can be used to automatically send emails to the customers highlighted in the query . A report can be generated from the query results to display the information in a structured format . This can be used to make decisions and analyse data . Boolean Boolean is a data type that can only have one of two specified values . These values are most commonly 'True' and 'False' or sometimes 'yes' and 'no'. Braille Braille is an example of a tactile image that can be physically touched . Braille characters represent letters or numbers that can be 'read' by touch - used primarily by those with visual impairments . Devices like braille terminals convert characters on a screen into braille, line-by-line so that blind people can understand the information through touch . A braille printer is used to output braille dots onto paper. ✓ Allows visually impaired users to interact with a computer system using a braille terminal . ✓ A braille printer can print documents written using braille to be given to blind people to 'read'. X Braille terminals can only display a limited amount of information at a time. X Braille is not used by many people except visually impaired people so few resources are written using braille. Charts & Graphs Charts and graphs can be used to present numerical data in a format that is easier to visualise and understand . They can be labelled to show different data values and they make it easier for viewers to identify trends and make comparisons between data. Large quantities of data, like census results, are easier to visualise in a graph than reading huge tables of numbers. ✓ Charts present numerical data in a format that is easier to visualise and understand . ✓ Charts and graphs can summarise information into one image data that would take paragraphs to explain in text. ✓ Displaying information in a graph allows users to easily identify trends and make comparisons between data . X Charts can be misleading or can display incorrect information if the numerical data is wrong. Q uesto's Q uestions 2.1 - Information Styles: 1. Describe the following information styles : a. Tactile Images [2 ] b. Braille [2 ] c. Boolean [2 ] 2. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages for each of the following information styles : a. Text [8 ] b. Graphics [8 ] c. Video [8 ] d. Animated Graphics [8 ] e. Numerical [8 ] f. Audio [8 ] g. Tactile Images [8 ] h. Subtitles [8 ] i. Braille [8 ] j. Charts & Graphs [8 ] 3a. Spreadsheets and database tables can be record locked . Explain what record locking is and why it is used . [4 ] 3b. Describe different ways that spreadsheets can be used. [6 ] 3c. Describe different ways that databases can be used. [6 ] 1.7 & 1.8 - Internet Pros & Cons 2.2 - Information Classification Topic List

Learn about security threats, including botnets and DDoS attacks and both physical and digital security mitigations. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 4.1 - Security Considerations Watch on YouTube: Security threats Physical security Digital security You need to know the risks that specific security threats pose to applications , including botnets , DDoS attacks , hacking and malware . You need to know how both physical security mitigations (e.g. biometrics , locks and RFID ) and digital security mitigations (e.g. encryption , firewalls and anti-malware ) protect application software against threats . What You Need to Know Security Threats Common threats to application software include: Botnet A botnet is a group of compromised devices that are remotely controlled by an attacker , often without their owners knowing , and used together to carry out malicious activities . DoS / DDoS Attack A Denial of Service (DoS ) attack attempts to make a system or service unavailable by overwhelming it with requests or traffic . A Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS ) attack does this using many devices at the same time , often through a botnet . Hacking Hacking is the process of gaining unauthorised access to a computer system , network or data . This potentially allows data to be viewed , changed , stolen or deleted . Lack of Supplier Support A lack of supplier support occurs when a developer no longer provides updates , security patches or technical assistance for its software , leaving newly discovered vulnerabilities potentially unfixed . Malicious Spam Malicious spam is unwanted messages sent to large numbers of users that contain harmful or deceptive content . This may include links designed to steal information or distribute malware . Malware Malware is software intentionally designed to damage , disrupt or gain unauthorised access to systems or data . Examples include viruses , worms , ransomware and spyware . Out-of-date Software Out-of-date Hardware Out-of-date Firmware Out-of-date software may contain known security vulnerabilities that newer versions have fixed , making it easier for attackers to compromise the system . Out-of-date hardware may lack modern security features , be incompatible with newer security software or no longer receive support from its manufacturer . Firmware is software built into a device that controls how its hardware operates . Out-of-date firmware may contain unpatched security vulnerabilities that attackers could exploit to access or interfere with the device . Physical Security Mitigations Physical security mitigations are measures used to prevent unauthorised physical access to systems that run application software . Biometrics Biometrics use unique physical characteristics, such as fingerprints or facial features , to verify a person's identity and prevent unauthorised users from physically accessing devices and application software . Cable Locks Cable locks physically secure devices such as laptops to a fixed object like a table , reducing the risk of equipment being stolen and the application software or data on it being accessed . Cameras Cameras like CCTV can monitor and record areas containing computer equipment , helping to deter unauthorised access or theft and providing evidence if a security incident occurs . Locks Locks restrict physical access to rooms , cabinets or equipment for unauthorised people , helping prevent devices and the application software they contain from being accessed , stolen or damaged . RFID Radio Frequency Identification (RFID ) uses radio waves to communicate wirelessly between an RFID tag or card and a reader . It can be used to identify authorised users and control physical access to restricted areas , such as server rooms . Safe A safe provides secure physical storage for devices or storage media , protecting them against unauthorised access , theft and potentially physical damage . Swipe Cards Swipe cards require users to swipe or scan an authorised card to enter restricted areas , preventing unauthorised people from physically accessing devices and systems containing application software . Digital Security Mitigations Digital security mitigations use software and technology to protect applications and data from security threats . Access Rights Access rights control what resources and actions different users are allowed to access , such as viewing , editing or deleting data . This helps prevent unauthorised access or changes . Anti-Malware Anti-malware is software that detects , blocks and removes malware , such as a virus or worm . It helps prevent malicious software from damaging applications , stealing data or gaining unauthorised access . Back-up A back-up creates a separate copy of data that can be restored if the original is lost , damaged or corrupted , for example following a malware attack or hardware failure . Cryptography Cryptography uses mathematical techniques to protect data and communications , helping keep data confidential , verify its authenticity and prevent unauthorised changes . 2FA Two-factor authentication (2FA ) requires a user to provide two different forms of authentication before gaining access , such as a password plus a code from another device . This makes unauthorised access more difficult if one factor is compromised . Encryption Encryption converts data (plaintext ) into an unreadable form (ciphertext ) that requires the correct key to decrypt . It prevents unauthorised users from understanding the data if they gain access . Encryption at rest protects stored data , such as files on a device or records in a database , if the storage is accessed or stolen . Encryption in transit protects data while it is being transferred across a network , reducing the risk of intercepted data being read . Firewall A firewall monitors and controls network traffic using security rules , helping prevent unauthorised or suspicious connections . A hardware firewall is a physical network device , often built into a router , that can protect multiple devices by filtering traffic entering or leaving a network . A software firewall is installed on a specific device that monitors and controls network traffic for that device and its applications . Q uesto's Q uestions 4.1 - Security Considerations: 1. Describe the following security threats : botnets , DoS/DDoS attacks , hacking , lack of supplier support , malicious spam and malware . [ 2 each ] 2. Explain why out-of-date software , hardware and firmware can create security risks for application software . [3 ] 3. Explain how physical security measures , including biometrics , cable locks , cameras , locks , RFID , safes and swipe cards , can protect application software and systems. [2 each ] 4. Explain how access rights , anti-malware , backups , cryptography , encryption , firewalls and 2FA can protect application software from security threats. [2 each ] 5. For an online mobile game , recommend suitable physical and digital security mitigations and justify how they would protect against specific threats . [6 ] The WannaCry ransomware attack of 2017 affected hundreds of thousands of computers worldwide , including NHS systems . It exploited a vulnerability in older or unpatched Windows systems and resulted in an estimated 19,000 NHS appointments and operations being cancelled . D id Y ou K now? 3.2 - Protocols Topic List 5.1 - Testing

Learn how to handle numbers in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 9b - Number Handling Rounding Numbers The round() command is used to round a value to a certain number of decimal places . Type your variable into the round command brackets, add a comma and state the number of decimal places to round to. Fixed Decimal Places (Currency) The round function will remove any trailing 0s , for example 30.1032 will become 30.1 even if you specified to round to 2 decimal places . Instead, you can use an f -string and write :.2f after a bracketed variable to use exactly 2 decimal places . The number can be changed from 2. books = int ( input ( "How many books would you like to buy? " )) total = books * 3.99 print ( f"The total is £ {total:.2f} - Thanks for your order!" ) How many books would you like to buy? 10 The total is £39.90 - Thanks for your order! How many books would you like to buy? 100 The total is £399.00 - Thanks for your order! Practice Task 1 Ask the user to enter any large number. Ask the user to enter another large number. Divide the two numbers and print the answer to 3 decimal places. Example solution: Using Numbers as Strings The following techniques all require the integer to be converted into a string first using the str command. Just like a string, you can shorten a variable to only display a certain length . Remember that Python starts at zero . You can select a specific digit in the same manner as when selecting characters in a string. If you want to use your variable as an integer again later you would need to convert it from a string to an integer using the int command. Again, reversing a number is the same as reversing a string. You can also use other string handling methods such as .startswith() or .endswith() Practice Task 2 Ask the user to enter a 10 digit number. Select the 2nd and 8th digits and add them together. Print the total. Example solution: ⬅ 9a - String Handling Section 9 Practice Tasks ➡

Learn about the four types of secondary storage - magnetic, optical, solid-state and cloud. Also, learn about the data storage units from bit to yottabyte. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 1.4: Secondary Storage & Data Units Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 Secondary storage (also known as backing storage ) is non-volatile storage used to save and store data that can be accessed repeatedly. Secondary storage is not directly embedded on the motherboard (and possibly even external ) and therefore further away from the CPU so it is slower to access then primary storage . Storage Characteristics: CAPACITY : The maximum amount of data that can be stored. DURABILITY : The physical strength of the device, to withstand damage. PORTABILITY : How easy it is to carry the device around. ACCESS SPEED : How quickly data on the device can be read or edited . COST : The average price it costs to purchase a storage device. Magnetic Storage Optical Storage A magnetic hard disk drive (HDD ) is the most common form of secondary storage within desktop computers. A read/write head moves nanometres above the disk platter and uses the magnetic field of the platter to read or edit data. An obsolete (no longer used) type of magnetic storage is a floppy disk but these have been replaced by solid state devices such as USB sticks which are much faster and have a much higher capacity. Another type of magnetic storage that is still used is magnetic tape . Magnetic tape has a high storage capacity but data has to be accessed in order (serial access ) so it is generally only used by companies to back up or archive large amounts of data . Optical storage uses a laser to project beams of light onto a spinning disc, allowing it to read data from a CD , DVD or Blu-Ray . This makes optical storage the slowest of the four types of secondary storage. Disc drives are traditionally internal but external disc drives can be bought for devices like laptops. Magnetic Storage Characteristics: ✓ - Large CAPACITY and cheaper COST per gigabyte than solid state . X - Not DURABLE and not very PORTABLE when powered on because moving it can damage the device. X - Slow ACCESS SPEED but faster than optical storage . Optical Storage Characteristics: X - Low CAPACITY : 700 MB (CD ), 4.7 GB (DVD ), 25 GB (Blu-ray ). X - Not DURABLE because discs are very fragile and can break or scratch easily. ✓ - Discs are thin and very PORTABLE . Also very cheap to buy in bulk. X - Optical discs have the Slowest ACCESS SPEED . Magnetic Disks are spelled with a k and Optical Discs have a c. Solid State Storage Cloud Storage There are no moving parts in solid state storage. SSD s (Solid State Drives ) are replacing magnetic HDDs (Hard DIsk Drives) in modern computers and video game consoles because they are generally quieter , faster and use less power . A USB flash drive ( USB stick ) is another type of solid state storage that is used to transport files easily because of its small size. Memory cards , like the SD card in a digital camera or a Micro SD card in a smartphone , are another example of solid state storage. When you store data in 'the cloud', using services such as Google Drive or Dropbox, your data is stored on large servers owned by the hosting company . The hosting company (such as Google) is responsible for keeping the servers running and making your data accessible on the internet . Cloud storage is very convenient as it allows people to work on a file at the same time and it can be accessed from different devices. However, if the internet connection fails , or the servers are attacked then the data could become inaccessible . Solid State Characteristics: X - High CAPACITY but more expensive COST per gigabyte than magnetic . ✓ - Usually DURABLE but cheap USB sticks can snap or break . ✓ - The small size of USB sticks and memory cards mean they are very PORTABLE and can fit easily in a bag or pocket. ✓ - Solid State storage has the fastest ACCESS SPEED because they contain no moving parts . Cloud Storage Characteristics: ✓ - Huge CAPACITY and you can upgrade your subscription if you need more storage. ✓ / X - Cloud storage is difficult to rank in terms of PORTABILITY , DURABILITY and ACCESS SPEED because it depends on your internet connection. A fast connection would mean that cloud storage is very portable (can be accessed on a smartphone or tablet) but a poor connection would make access difficult . ✓ - Cloud storage is typically free for a certain amount of storage. Users can then buy a subscription to cover their needs - Dropbox allows 2 GB for free or 2 TB for £9.99 a month. Data Storage Units 0 / 1 All data in a computer system is made up of bits . A single bit is a 0 or a 1 . 4 bits (such as 0101 or 1101) is called a nibble . 1,024 bytes is called a kilobyte . A kilobyte can store a short email . A 8 bits is called a byte . A byte can store a single character . 1,024 kilobytes is called a megabyte . A megabyte can store about a minute of music . 1,024 megabytes is called a gigabyte . A gigabyte can store about 500 photos . 1,024 terabytes is called a petabyte . A petabyte can store about 1.5 million CDs . 1,024 gigabytes is called a terabyte . A terabyte can store about 500 hours of films . More data storage units: 1,024 petabytes is called a exabyte . 1,024 exabytes is called a zettabyte . 1,024 zettabytes is called a yottabyte . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.4 - Secondary Storage: 1. Rank magnetic , optical and solid-state storage in terms of capacity , durability , portability , speed and cost . For example, magnetic has the highest capacity , then solid-state, then optical. This could be completed in a table . [15 ] 2. Justify which secondary storage should be used in each scenario and why it is the most appropriate: a. Sending videos and pictures to family in Australia through the post . [ 2 ] b. Storing a presentation to take into school . [ 2 ] c. Storing project files with other members of a group to work on together . [ 2 ] d. Backing up an old computer with thousands of files to a storage device. [ 2 ] 3. Put the following data storage units in order from smallest to largest : a . kilobyte - gigabyte - byte - megabyte - nibble - bit [3 ] b. gigabyte - petabyte - kilobyte - exabyte - terabyte - megabyte [ 3 ] 1.3 - Primary Storage 1.5 - Performance Theory Topics

Navigate between all Unit 1 (Fundamentals of IT) topics in the OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT 2016 specification. OCR Cambridge Technicals IT Level 3 Unit 1: Fundamentals of IT These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Technicals 2016 Level 3 IT specification . This website is in no way affiliated with OCR . This qualification stopped in July 2025. The pages on the site will remain for at least two years. LO1 (Computer Hardware ) 1.1 - Computer Hardware 1.2 - Computer Components 1.3 - Types of Computer System 1.4 - Connectivity 1.5 - Communication Hardware 1.6 - Hardware Troubleshooting 1.7 - Units of Measurement 1.8 & 1.9 - Number Systems & Conversion LO2 (Computer Software ) 2.1 - Types of Software 2.2 - Applications Software 2.3 - Utility Software 2.4 - Operating Systems 2.5 - Communication Methods 2.6 - Software Troubleshooting 2.7 - Protocols LO3 (Networks & Systems ) 3.1 - Server Types 3.2 - Virtualisation 3.3 - Network Characteristics 3.4 - Connection Methods 3.5 - Business Systems LO4 ( Employability & Communication ) 4.1 - Communication Skills 4.2 - Communication Technology 4.3 - Personal Attributes 4.4 - Ready for Work 4.5 - Job Roles 4.6 & 4.7 - Bodies & Certification LO5 (Issues & Security ) 5.1 - Ethical Issues 5.2 - Operational Issues 5.3 - Threats 5.4 - Physical Security 5.5 - Digital Security 5.6 - Data & System Disposal

Learn how to easily remove objects in Greenfoot in only two lines of code. Part 4 of the Greenfoot Tutorial for the Eduqas / WJEC GCSE 2016 specification. 4. Remove Objects Greenfoot Tutorial 1. Removing Objects Watch on YouTube: Open the editor for your main character . Underneath the if statements for using the arrow keys is where we type the removal code . If you have chosen a different collectible object, type the exact name of that class instead of Orange (e.g. Apples or Ants). 2. Add Danger to your Game Use the same code as you did earlier but change the class (instead of Orange. class I have chosen Sheep. class ). Time to code your main character to be removed if they are touched by the enemy objects ! Open the editor for your enemy class . The removal code is placed beneath the code you have already written. Check out the extension page if you want the game to stop when the main character is removed. < Part 3 - Random Movement Part 5 - Play Sounds >