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Learn about different types computers such a desktops, games consoles, laptops, smart speakers, smart TVs, smartphones, tablets, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) devices. Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 5.1.2 - Types of Device Watch on YouTube : Types of Device Applications can be developed for a range of different devices , each type of device having its own characteristics and common uses . The characteristics of popular devices, such as laptop and tablets , may be well known, but ensure you know the difference between augmented reality ( AR ), virtual reality ( VR ) and mixed reality ( MR ) devices. Types of Device Common Devices Desktops are powerful and customisable personal computers designed for use at a desk . Game consoles are designed specifically for playing video games , usually connected to a TV . Laptops are portable computers with a built-in screen and keyboard , suitable for work on the go . Smart speakers are voice-controlled devices that play music , answer questions and can control smart home gadgets . Smart TVs have internet access , interactive features and apps for streaming and browsing . Smartphones have internet , GPS and Bluetooth connectivity , apps and communication functions . Tablets use a touchscreen larger than a phone, they are more portable than a laptop and good for browsing and media . Augmented Reality (AR ) is technology that overlays digital images or information onto the real world . Virtual Reality (VR ) uses a computer-generated 3D environment that fully immerses the user , usually with a headset . Mixed Reality (MR ) is a blend of AR and VR where digital objects interact with the real world in real time . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1.2 - Types of Device: 1. Explain the difference between the three types of 'reality ' devices . [3 ] 2. Justify which devices a streaming service should consider for an app . [4 ] 3. Describe the characteristics of any devices not covered in your responses to Q1 and Q2 . [ 5 ] The AR app Pokémon Go was so popular when it released in 2016 that within the first 6 months players had walked a combined 8.7 billion kilometres ( 200,000 trips around the Earth ). D id Y ou K now? 5.1.1 - Human-Computer Inter. Topic List 5.2 - Visual Design Considerations

Learn about HTML, CSS, JavaScript, search engine indexing, the PageRank algorithm and client-side and server-side processing. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level 3.4 - Web Technologies Specification: Computer Science H446 Watch on YouTube : HTML CSS JavaScript Search engine indexing PageRank algorithm Server-Side & Client-Side Processing This topic looks at the languages that web pages are comprised of (HTML , CSS and JavaScript ) as well as search engines and network processing (client-side and server-side ). HTML HTML ( HyperText Markup Language ) is the standard language used to create and structure web pages . It uses tags enclosed in angle brackets to define elements on a page . A web page begins with , which contains a section for metadata , links and the

Learn about the different protocols used to transfer data across a network, including TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP and Ethernet. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 2.7 - Protocols Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What is a protocol? A protocol is a set of rules that allow devices on a network to communicate with each other . Protocols to Transfer Data: TCP / IP / UDP TCP ( Transmission Control Protocol ) breaks data down into small packets to be transferred across a network and reorders them back into the original data at the destination . TCP checks for errors when sending data packets, which makes it slower than UDP for data transfer, but it guarantees that no packets have been lost on the way. IP ( Internet Protocol ) is in charge of routing and addressing data packets to ensure data is transferred across networks to the correct destination . It is also an addressing system - every device on a network is given a unique IP address . TCP and IP are often used together to transfer data across the internet. UDP ( User Data Protocol ) is a faster alternative to TCP for transferring data. It is used where low latency ('low lag') is important, such as online gaming and video chat . However, UDP does not automatically check for errors so packets are more likely to be lost or received out of order . HTTP is a protocol that can be used to transfer web pages on the world wide web so that users can view them in a web browser . All URLs start with either HTTP or HTTPS (e.g. https://www.csnewbs.com ). HTTPS is a more secure version of HTTP that works with another protocol called SSL (Secure Sockets Layer ) to transfer encrypted data . You should see a padlock symbol in the URL bar if your connection to that website is secure. HTTP/HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) FTP ( File Transfer Protocol ) is used to transfer files across a network. It is used most often to upload or download files to/from a file server . ICMP ( Internet Control Message Protocol ) collects network status information (such as router errors) and is used for troubleshooting . SNMP ( Simple Network Management Protocol ) is a protocol that records network statistics , such as router usage . Network Management Protocols Email Protocols SMTP ( Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) is a protocol used to send emails to a mail server and between mail servers . POP ( Post Office Protocol ) is for downloading and storing emails from a mail server. TCP/IP Protocol Stack The TCP/IP protocol stack is a model split into 4 layers . The model is used to visualise the different parts of a network as each of the four layers has a specific role . Splitting a network design into layers is beneficial to programmers as it simplifies design , making it easier to modify and use . Each layer has a certain purpose and is associated with different protocols . 4 Allows humans and software applications to use the network e.g. browsers (HTTP /HTTPS ), email (SMTP / POP ), file transfer (FTP ) and network management (SNMP ) applications. 3 TCP breaks the data down into data packets . This layer makes sure the data is sent and received in the correct order and reordered at the destination without errors. UDP can also be used for faster , but less reliable , data transfer . 2 The network layer is also known as the ' Internet Layer '. IP is responsible for addressing and routing data packets . The optimal route for the data to take is calculated in this layer. ICMP may be used here for network monitoring . 1 This layer handles transmission errors and passes data to the physical hardware such as routers . It also sets out the final format of data packets . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.7 - Protocols: 1. Describe each of the following protocols . Also, state the protocol's full name and draw an icon or diagram for each: a. TCP b. IP c. UDP d. HTTP & HTTPS e. FTP f. ICMP g. SNMP h. SMTP i. POP [1 each ] 2. State which protocol would be used in the following scenarios: a. Transferring a music file to a friend over the internet. b. Sending an email to a friend in Japan. c. Checking for errors on a network. d. Having a video call with a colleague in London. e. Receiving an email from the bank. f. Watching a video on YouTube. g. Checking the statistics of usage on a network [1 each ] 3. Summarise each layer of the TCP/IP stack and identify the protocols used in each layer . [ 8 ] 2.6 - Software Troubleshooting Topic List 3.1 - Server Types

Learn about how to perform binary addition and binary subtraction. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 4.3: Binary Calculations Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What are binary calculations? Binary addition and binary subtraction are methods of adding or subtracting binary values without having to convert them into denary. How to add binary numbers: How to subtract binary numbers: Overflow & Underflow Errors Overflow and underflow errors occur when there is not enough space to accurately represent a binary number in the bits available . What is an overflow error? An overflow error occurs when a binary value is too large to be stored in the bits available . In technical terms, an overflow error occurs if a carry (remainder) is present on the most significant bit (MSB ). The CPU then sets the overflow flag to true . The most significant bit (MSB ) is the largest bit (always the one furthest to the left ) of a binary value (e.g. 128 for an 8 bit value). A flag is an alert signal . It is either on or off. The overflow flag is turned on by the CPU when an overflow occurs. What is an underflow error? An underflow error occurs when a number is too small to be stored in the bits available . The value is too close to 0 to be accurately represented in binary. Q uesto's Q uestions 4.3 - Binary Calculations: 1a. Describe the terms ' most significant bit ' and ' flag '. [ 2 ] 1b. Using the terms from 1a , explain what an overflow error is. [ 2 ] 1c. Describe what is meant by an underflow error . [ 2 ] 2. Add together the following binary values. If an overflow error occurs you must state one has occurred. a. 010110012 and 010001012 [2 ] b. 110110112 and 010111012 [2 ] c. 001101102 and 011010112 [2 ] d. 110110112 and 010101112 [2 ] e. 011011012 and 110101102 [2 ] 3. Subtract the following binary values; put the first value on top of the second value: a. 100110102 and 000110002 [2 ] b. 110110112 and 010111012 [2 ] c. 011101102 and 011010112 [2 ] d. 110110112 and 010101112 [2 ] e. 111011012 and 110101102 [2 ] Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube 4.2 Signed Binary Theory Topics 4.4 - Arithmetic Shift

Learn about designing algorithms including constructing pseudocode and flowcharts. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). Exam Board: OCR 1.2: Designing Algorithms Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Inputs, Processes & Outputs Structure Diagrams Pseudocode Flowcharts Writing Code in Exams Trace Tables What is an algorithm? An algorithm is a set of instructions , presented in a logical sequence . In an exam you may be asked to read and understand an algorithm that has been written. To prove your understanding you may be asked to respond by actions such as listing the outputs of the algorithm, correcting errors or identifying an error within it. Programmers create algorithm designs as a method of planning a program before writing any code. This helps them to consider the potential problems of the program and makes it easier to start creating source code. There are two main methods of defining algorithms are pseudocode and flowcharts . In exams , OCR will display algorithms in their own 'OCR Exam Reference Language '. Visit the Python section of CSNewbs ---> OCR Exam Reference Language Below is a list of all of the code concepts from the OCR J277 GCSE specification that you need to know , presented in OCR Exam Reference Language (OCR ERL ), which is how code will be presented in the paper two exam . The code below is NOT Python . There are several differences between OCR ERL and real high-level languages like Python or Java , especially in the 'String Handling ' section and with for loops . In an exam, you can write in OCR ERL or a programming language you have learnt. All code-related videos in the CSNewbs YouTube series for Paper 2 show both OCR ERL and Python side-by-side . Basic Commands Annotation // Comments are written using two slashes Assignment name = "Harold" age = 49 Constants and Global Variables constant tax = 15 global name = "Admin" Input / Output name = input ( "Enter your name") print ("Transaction Complete") Casting str (29) int ("102") float (30) bool ("False") Random Number number = random (1,100) Selection Selection (if - then - else) if firstname == "Steven" then print("Hello" + firstname) elif firstname == "Steve" then print("Please use full name") else print("Who are you?") end if Selection (case select) switch day: case “Sat”: print(“It is Saturday”) case “Sun”: print(“It is Sunday”) default : print(“It is a Weekday”) endswitch Iteration Iteration (for loop) for i = 1 to 10 step 1 input item next i Iteration (while loop) while firstname ! = "Steven" firstname = input("Try again:") endwhile Iteration (do while loop) do firstname = input("Guess name:") until firstname == "Steven" String Handling Length of a String word = "dictionary" print(word.length ) outputs 10 Substrings word = "dinosaurs" print(word.substring (2,3)) outputs nos print(word.left (3)) outputs din print(word.right (4)) outputs aurs Concatenation name = "Penelope" surname = "Sunflower" print(name + surname) String Cases phrase = "The Cat Sat On The Mat" print(phrase .lower ) print(phrase .upper ) ASCII Conversion ASC ("C") returns 67 CHR (100) r eturns "d" File Handling File Handling - Reading Lines file1 = open ("Customers.txt") while NOT file1.endOfFile() print(file1.readLine() ) endwhile file1.close() File Handling - Writing to a (New) File newFile ("paint.txt") file2 = open ("paint.txt") paint = input("Enter a paint colour:") file.writeLine (paint) file2.close() Arrays Declare Array array names[3] array names = "Ella", "Sam", "Ali" Declare 2D Array array grid[4,5] Assign Values names[2] = "Samantha" grid[1,3] = "X" More Programming Keywords Connecting strings together using the + symbol is called concatenation . Extracting certain parts of a string (e.g. using .substring() ) is called slicing . An if statement within an if statement or a loop within a loop is called nesting . Flowcharts A flowchart can be used to visually represent an algorithm. It is more likely you will need to be able to interpret a flowchart rather than draw one. The flowchart symbols are: The terminator symbol is also known as a terminal . Algorithm Examples Below are two different methods for representing the same algorithm - a program to encourage people to buy items cheaply at a supermarket. The program allows the price of items in a supermarket to be entered until the total reaches 100. The total price and the number of items entered are tracked as the program loops. Once the total reaches 100 or more, an if statement checks how many items have been entered and a different message is printed if there are 20 or more items, 30 or more items or less than 20 items. Pseudocode // This is a program to see how many items you can buy in a supermarket before you spend over £100} total = 0 itemsentered = 0 while total < 100 itemprice = input ("enter the price of the next item") total = total + itemprice itemsentered = itemsentered + 1 endwhile if itemsentered >= 20 then print ("You are on your way to saving money.") elif itemsentered => 30 then print ("You're a real money saver.") else print ("Look for better deals next time.") endif Flowchart Reading Algorithms In an exam you may be asked to read an algorithm and prove your understanding , most commonly by listing the outputs . Start from the first line and follow the program line by line , recording the value of variables as you go . When you encounter a for loop , repeat the indented code as many times as stated in the range . Example Algorithm: procedure NewProgram() maxvalue = input() for i = 1 to maxvalue output (i * i) ??????? print("program finished") endprocedure Example Questions: 1. List the outputs produced by the algorithm if the 'maxvalue' input is 5 . 2. State the code that has been replaced by '???????' and what the code's purpose is. Example Answers: 1. Outputs: 1 4 9 16 25 program finished 2. Missing Code: next i Purpose: Moves the loop to the next iteration. Watch on YouTube Structure Diagrams Structure diagrams display the organisation (structure ) of a problem in a visual format , showing the subsections to a problem and how they link to other subsections . The noughts and crosses structure diagram below has subsections in light yellow. Each subsection could be coded by a different person . Structure diagrams are different to flowcharts (those show how data is input, processed and output within a program or system). You may be asked in an exam to draw or fill in a simple structure diagram . Trace Tables Trace tables are used to track the value of variables as a program is run . They can be used to manually track the values in order to investigate why the program isn't working as intended . Each row in the trace table represents another iteration . Each column stores the value of a variable as it changes. See below how the trace table is updated for the simple algorithm on the left. num1 = 2 num2 = 5 for i = 1 to 3 output (num1 + num2) num2 = num2 - 1 next i print("complete") For most algorithms, not every variable will be updated in each iteration . Values may not be entered in the order of the trace table either. For example, each iteration outputs num1 + num2 and then decreases the value of num2 by 1. Q uesto's Q uestions 1.2 - Designing Algorithms: 1. What is the definition of an algorithm ? Name two ways an algorithm can be designed . [ 3 ] 2. Using a high-level programming language such as Python , or the OCR Exam Reference Language , write an algorithm that inputs 6 decimal numbers and outputs the total , largest , smallest and average values. [ 8 ] For example, entering 3.1 , 5.3 , 2.3 , 5.4 , 2.9 and 4.4 would output 23.3 (total), 5.4 (largest), 2.3 (smallest) and 3.9 (average). 3. Draw and label the flowchart symbols . [ 6 ] 4. What is the purpose of a structure diagram ? [ 2 ] 5. Create a trace table for the NewProgram() algorithm in the Reading Algorithms section on this page. [ 7 ] 1.1 - Computational Thinking Theory Topics 1.3 - Searching & Sorting

Learn about the different types of data and information sources. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 5.1 - Data Types & Sources Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 Sources of Information Internal Source Information that comes from within an organisation , such as financial reports, data analysis or employee surveys. External Source Information that comes from outside of an organisation , such as government reports, financial data of competitors or price lists from suppliers. Types of Data Primary Data Data that has been created and collected by yourself or another employee within an organisation . For example, interviews or questionnaires sent within the company. Secondary Data Data that has been created and collected by someone outside of the organisation , such as national census data collected by the government or surveys taken by a competitor. Some secondary data may need to be purchased . Qualitative Data This is descriptive data , often composed of text , that can be observed but not measured . For example, survey responses where customers are asked why they visit a particular shop. Quantitative Data This is measured data , often in the form of numbers , percentages or statistics . For example, survey responses of the amount of time it takes to reach a shop. Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1 - Data Types & Sources: 1. A supermarket wants to find out how many of their customers have bought peaches this year compared to customers at a rival shop . Describe data that they could use for each of the source and data types below (e.g. stock information for peaches in the supermarket would be an internal source of information). Internal source External source Primary data Secondary data Qualitative data Quantitative data [6 ] "Why do you visit this supermarket?" 'Because it is close to home.' 'I like the easy access to parking.' 'I've always gone here.' "How many minutes does it take you to get here ?" 10 25 30 4.3 - Green IT Topic List 5.2 - Data Flow Diagrams

Learn about two important expansion cards that can be connected to the motherboard - graphics cards and sound cards - and how they work. Expansion Cards PCI slots What are expansion cards? Expansion cards are additional components that you plug into the motherboard’s expansion slots to add or enhance features . The slots are called PCI (on older computers ) or PCIe (on newer models ). Common types are graphics cards (video ), sound cards (audio ), network cards (internet ) and capture cards (streaming ). Graphics Card A graphics card processes images , videos and 3D graphics so they look smooth and realistic . It is used for gaming , video editing , 3D modelling and Virtual Reality (VR ). It has its own processor - the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU ) - and dedicated memory (VRAM ), so it doesn’t overload the CPU or RAM . Modern graphics cards can also handle tasks like artificial intelligence (AI ) and bitcoin mining . Graphics cards usually have a cooling system, like a fan , so it doesn't overheat. The graphics processing unit ( GPU ) is a chip that renders images and video. The graphics card has ports such as HDMI or DisplayPort to connect monitors or TVs. The PCIe connector allows the graphics card to slot onto the motherboard. Sound Card The DAC ( Digital-to-Analogue Converter ) converts digital data (1s and 0s) from the computer into analogue sound waves for speakers/headphones. The ADC ( Analogue-to-Digital Converter ) converts analogue input (like voice from a microphone) into digital data the computer understands. Jacks are small round sockets where you plug in audio devices like headphones, microphones, or speakers. The PCIe connector allows the sound card to slot onto the motherboard. A sound card improves the quality of audio input/output compared to the motherboard’s built-in sound . They are not needed by most users , because of the motherboard's built-in sound , but they are used by music production , gaming or professional audio work . It can support surround sound systems , high-quality microphones , and musical instruments using jacks (audio ports ). Integrated cards Built directly into the motherboard . Cheaper , uses less power and is good enough for basic tasks (e.g. web browsing , watching videos and office work ). Shares the computer’s RAM and processor (CPU ) instead of having its own . An example is integrated graphics on a laptop for browsing and schoolwork . Dedicated cards These are separate expansion cards (e.g. graphics card or sound card ) to connect to the motherboard 's PCIe slots . They usually have their own processor and memory (e.g. GPU & VRAM for graphics ). Much more powerful , ideal for gaming , video editing , 3D design or professional audio . Uses more power and costs more . KS3 Home

Learn how to change the colour of text in Python using the colorama library. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 5d - COlorama What is Colorama? Colorama is a library that allows the colour of text to be changed. Information about the library can be found on the Python Package Index (PyPi) website . Copyright of the library is held by Jonathan Hartley & Arnon Yaari. Colorama can be imported when using some online editors like Replit . Colorama is not available as a default library on the standard Python offline editor (IDLE) . Using Colorama The three main commands using Colorama are: Fore to change the text colour. Back to change the highlight colour. Style to make the text appear dim or bright. from colorama import Fore print (Fore. GREEN + "Hello There" ) Hello There from colorama import Back print (Back.YELLOW + "Goodbye Now" ) Goodbye Now from colorama import Style print (Style.DIM + "Hi Again" ) Hi Again There are 8 possible colours to choose with the Fore and Back commands. You must write the colour name in CAPITAL LETTERS . BLACK CYAN GREEN MAGENTA RED WHITE YELLOW There is also the RESET option, e.g. Fore.RESET The 2 options to choose with the Style command are DIM and BRIGHT . You can also use Style.RESET_ALL Colorama Task 1 ( Traffic Lights) Create a simple traffic light program . The user is prompted for an input . Typing "GO " will output a suitable message in GREEN , typing "WAIT " will output a message in YELLOW and typing "STOP " will output a response in RED . Example solutions: What should the driver do? STOP You must stop your car. What should the driver do? GO It is safe to continue driving. ⬅ 5c - Date & Tim e 5e - M ore Libraries ➡

Navigate between all Unit 1 (Fundamentals of IT) topics in the OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT 2016 specification. OCR Cambridge Technicals IT Level 3 Unit 1: Fundamentals of IT These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Technicals 2016 Level 3 IT specification . This website is in no way affiliated with OCR . This qualification stopped in July 2025. The pages on the site will remain for at least two years. LO1 (Computer Hardware ) 1.1 - Computer Hardware 1.2 - Computer Components 1.3 - Types of Computer System 1.4 - Connectivity 1.5 - Communication Hardware 1.6 - Hardware Troubleshooting 1.7 - Units of Measurement 1.8 & 1.9 - Number Systems & Conversion LO2 (Computer Software ) 2.1 - Types of Software 2.2 - Applications Software 2.3 - Utility Software 2.4 - Operating Systems 2.5 - Communication Methods 2.6 - Software Troubleshooting 2.7 - Protocols LO3 (Networks & Systems ) 3.1 - Server Types 3.2 - Virtualisation 3.3 - Network Characteristics 3.4 - Connection Methods 3.5 - Business Systems LO4 ( Employability & Communication ) 4.1 - Communication Skills 4.2 - Communication Technology 4.3 - Personal Attributes 4.4 - Ready for Work 4.5 - Job Roles 4.6 & 4.7 - Bodies & Certification LO5 (Issues & Security ) 5.1 - Ethical Issues 5.2 - Operational Issues 5.3 - Threats 5.4 - Physical Security 5.5 - Digital Security 5.6 - Data & System Disposal

Learn about the fundamentals of programming - selection, sequence and iteration. Also find out the difference between local and global variables and constants. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 2.1: Programming Fundamentals Watch on YouTube : Programming Fundamentals Sequence Selection Iteration Operators This section of the specification includes programming topics that are outlined in 1.2 (Designing Algorithms). You must have an understanding of a range of programming techniques , such as how to use selection , loops and operators . The best practice for learning is to try the tasks in the Python pages on this website (see the link to the right). Visit the Python section of CSNewbs ---> Programming Constructs There are three constructs ( ideas of programming ) that are used to control the flow of a program : Sequence Structuring code into a logical, sequential order . Selection Decision making using if statements . Iteration Repeating code using for or while loops . Variables Variables are used to store data in programs. They can be changed as the program runs . A variable has two parts - the data value such as "Emily" and an identifier such as First_Name . An efficient program will use variables with sensible identifiers that immediately state their purpose in the program. Using variable names like 'TotalNum' and 'Profit' rather than 'num1' and 'num2' mean that other programmers will be able to work out the purpose of the code without the need for extensive comments. Local & Global Variables Large programs are often modular - split into subroutines with each subroutine having a dedicated purpose. Local variables are declared within a specific subroutine and can only be used within that subroutine . Global variables can be used at any point within the whole program . Local variable advantages Saves memory - only uses memory when that local variable is needed - global variables use memory whether they are used or not. Easier to debug local variables as they can only be changed within one subroutine. You can reuse subroutines with local variables in other programs. Global variable advantages Variables can be used anywhere in the whole program (and in multiple subroutines). Makes maintenance easier as they are only declared once. Can be used for constants - values that remain the same. Constants π As specified before, a variable is data that can change in value as a program is being run. A constant is data that does not change in value as the program is run - it is fixed and remains the same. An example of a constant in maths programs is pi - it will constantly remain at 3.14159 and never change. Operators Comparison Operators Comparison operators are used to compare two data values . A table of common comparison operators used in programs are below: Arithmetic Operators Arithmetic operators are used to mathematically manipulate values . The most common arithmetic operators are add (+ ), subtract (- ), multiply (* ) and divide (/ ). Further arithmetic operators are shown below: Modulo division (also known as modulus ) reveals the remainder from the last whole number . For example: 9 % 4 = 1 (4 goes into 9 twice (8) with a remainder of 1) Integer division (also known as quotient ) reveals the ‘whole number of times ’ a number can be divided into another number : 9 // 4 = 2 (4 goes into 9 fully, twice) The symbol ^ represents exponentiation . However, Python uses ** to represent exponentiation. For example '2^3 = 8' is equivalent to '2³ = 8'. Logical Operators Logical operators typically use TRUE and FALSE values which is known as Boolean . You can find more information about Boolean values in section 4.1 . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.1 - Programming Fundamentals: Programming Constructs 1. Describe and draw a diagram for the 3 programming constructs . [6 ] Variables 1. What is the difference between local and global variables ? [4 ] 2. Describe two advantages of using local variables . [2 ] 3. Describe two advantages of using global variables . [2 ] 4. What is a constant ? Give an example . [2 ] 1.3 - Searching & Sorting Theory Topics 2.2 - Data Types

Learn about the three elements of computational thinking - abstraction, decomposition and algorithmic thinking. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 1.1: Computational Thinking Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 There are three key components to computational thinking (smart problem solving): Abstraction is when you ignore unnecessary information and focus only on the important facts . Abstraction is used because it simplifies a problem to make it less complex . This makes it more straightforward to understand the problem and create a solution . Decomposition is when you break a problem down into smaller tasks so that it is easier to solve . Each individual problem can be separately tested and solved . Decomposition also enables different people to work on the different parts of a larger problem that can later be recombined to produce a full solution . Algorithmic thinking is the final stage as logical steps are followed to solve the problem . The problem is broken down using decomposition into smaller problems . The required data and relevant data structures are considered using abstraction . Watch on YouTube : Abstraction Decomposition Algorithmic Thinking Q uesto's Q uestions 1.1 - Computational Thinking: 1. What does the term 'abstraction ' mean? Why is it important ? [2 ] 2. What is meant by ' decomposition '? Why is it important ? [ 2 ] 3. What is algorithmic thinking ? What does it involve? [3 ] Theory Topics 1.2 - Designing Algorithms

Learn about ethical, legal, cultural, privacy and environmental impacts of digital technology. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 6.1a: Impacts of Technology Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Impacts of Technology What are the issues created by technology? As the use of computers and technological devices continues to rise every year, this increase brings with it a range of different types of issues . Categories of issues described on this page include: Cultural issues Environmental issues Ethical issues Legal & Privacy issues Cultural Issues Culture relates to society and how different parts of the world vary in terms of computer and internet usage . The Digital Divide This term relates to the gap between those people who have access to modern digital technology (such as computers and the internet) and those who have limited access . 'Limited access' could be devices at home or shared devices or having lower-performance (cheaper) computers and low-speed internet connections. The digital divide can be seen in different ways , such as: People in cities vs. People in rural areas . Younger people vs. Elderly people. Developed countries vs. Developing countries. The digital divide is an important ethical issue because digital technologies have led to numerous international benefits including boosted growth , improved product delivery , enhanced communication and increased opportunities . However, this impact is uneven and these positive impacts are mostly occurring in technologically-advanced regions such as North America , Western Europe and Japan . Regions like some nations in Africa and Central Asia have limited digital infrastructure and government instability , leading to poor internet speeds , high costs and limited resources . Discussion Points: What do you think can be done to bridge the digital divide? Whose job is it to bridge the gap? Who will pay for the technology? Changes to Work The internet , the development of new technologies such as cloud storage and increased video communication have transformed the way that many businesses operate across the world. Staff may be able to work from home or access documents collaboratively outside of the traditional workplace, such as cafes or on public transport. Some jobs have moved abroad to save costs, such as help centres for online issues. Tasks can be outsourced to freelancers in other countries where people are content to be paid less for their time and services. For example, some companies will hire temporary web developers from countries such as India to work for them for a lower salary than local workers. Another change to work that technology has brought is the loss of jobs , especially low-skilled jobs such as factory workers that have seen their roles replaced by technology and automation . However, technology has also created millions of new jobs , including installing and maintaining the machines that replace other roles. Environmental Issues Environmental issues concern the natural world and the negative effects of producing , using and discarding computer systems and devices. Energy and Material Consumption In the past 30 years, the number of technological devices has increased astronomically and thousands of new devices are manufactured each day . These devices need to be assembled using a range of materials , including plastics , metals and some rarer elements and need a considerable amount of electrical power to run. Certain systems like web servers and data centres must be powered on all day , every day, which uses a large amount of energy . Pollution and Waste Generating the electricity to power computers creates pollution - an average PC could require up to 50% more energy per year than a fridge. Computers are difficult to recycle and discarded components can lead to land, water and air pollution due to harmful materials , such as lead and mercury , leaking into the environment. Smartphone trends are also negative for the environment as new devices are released yearly , with minor upgrades that people buy to appear fashionable and up-to-date. To lessen the environmental impact, people should reuse and recycle their devices. Ethical Issues Ethics relates to what is considered right or wrong . Often this is subjective - people may have differing opinions on the issue. Drones Uses of drones: Filming and photography for television, movies and special events. Monitoring pollution levels in the atmosphere. Tracking and monitoring wildlife , such as rhino populations in Africa. Disaster zone response , such as searching for survivors following an earthquake. Delivery companies are developing drones to quickly deliver goods across cities. Drones are used by the military to target sites in other countries, such as American soldiers deploying surveillance drones in Syria. Discussion Points: Should you need a licence to buy and fly a drone? Should drones be used to monitor the public? Like flying CCTV? Should drones be used to deliver items? Like Amazon packages? If a drone hits a plane and it crashes, what should the punishment be? A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV ) that is remotely operated and can be used for a wide range of purposes. Self-Driving Cars Self-driving cars (also known as autonomous vehicles ) are currently in the development and testing stage with companies like Tesla and Amazon. Benefits of self-driving cars include: In theory, driving will be safer because cars are less likely to make mistakes that humans do and they can’t become distracted or tired . Self-driving cars should be more fuel-efficient because they take the most direct route to destinations and do not get lost. ‘Drivers’ in the car can perform other tasks instead of driving, such as work or planning. Autonomous vehicles could include trucks and vans to automate the delivery and freight industries . Trucks could drive overnight to deliver goods whereas currently, human drivers must take breaks every few hours. Drawbacks of self-driving cars include: Cars could still crash as code and software processes may fail. The technology is still in development and will be very expensive for the first few years when self-driving cars are available to purchase. Jobs may be lost such as delivery and truck drivers whose vehicles are equipped with self-driving technology. Other industries like motorway services and hotels may also be affected. Discussion Points: Would you trust a car to drive itself? Who is to blame if a self-driving car crashes? The car maker? The people in the car? The software writers? What should happen to the people whose jobs are taken by self-driving vehicles? Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI ) is the act of computers replacing humans to analyse data and make decisions . In recent years AI has become more common in the home and on devices like smartphones; assistants such as Siri and Alexa are prime examples of modern home AI. AI Chatbots like ChatGPT have become more popular in recent years but have lead to issues such as plagiarism , misinformation and breaking copyright laws . The weather today is cloudy. Benefits of AI include: Processes are sped up as computers can analyse large amounts of data much quicker than a human. AI can be used when a human is unavailable , such as using a symptom checker on the internet for a minor illness rather than booking and waiting for a doctor. Repetitive or time-consuming tasks can instead be completed by a computer , such as searching and sorting scientific data or generating ideas , images or audio from a prompt . Drawbacks of AI include: AI can store and process a lot of personal data , especially personal assistants like Alexa which are always listening for ‘wake words’. This data can be viewed by the company that develops it and could be hacked by attackers. AI is programmed by humans and mistakes in code could have disastrous consequences if the AI is used to make important decisions , such as military deployment. AI GPT tools like ChatGPT can give incorrect results , may use copyrighted material in their response and students may use it to submit work that is not their own . Discussion Points: If a robot harms a human who is to blame? The robot? The programmer? The manufacturer? Us? Would you trust a walking, talking robot assistant in your home? Should ChatGPT be banned in schools or can it be helpful? Should AI make decisions for us? Legal & Privacy Issues Legal and privacy issues regard laws that have been introduced by the UK government to protect data, systems and networks from unauthorised access . See 11.2 for explanations about important computing legislation in the UK. Loss of Privacy & Hacking There has been a lot of criticism in the last few years about how internet companies and governments are using personal data to invade privacy and track civilians . Facebook was involved in a scandal with using personal data for reasons that were not the original intention. In reverse, WhatsApp and Apple have been criticised for encrypting messages sent by terrorists that police have been unable to track and read. Every week a new company seems to announce that its data has been hacked . Attackers are constantly using botnets and infected systems to crack poorly secured databases and attempting to phish individuals for usernames and passwords. In the past few years, major hacking breaches include Sony, Yahoo and TalkTalk. Discussion Points: Should the UK government be able to see the websites you have visited in the last year? What should happen if a major company is hacked and bank details are stolen? Should they be fined? Pay customers? Prison? Should WhatsApp allow authorities to access encrypted messages? What if they know a terrorist is using it to communicate? Should the UK debate privacy laws before they go into place? Online Crime Unlawfully obtaining personal information and using it for identity theft or fraud . Harassment and threatening others on social media or private messages; blackmail . Cyber attacks are more common - see 3.8 for information about DOS attacks , IP spoofing , SQL injection and more. Sharing copyrighted material such as television programmes, music and video games. Distributing prohibited material such as drugs or weapons on the dark web. See 6.1b for explanations about different laws that have been created to tackle online crime . The increased popularity of the internet and the rising number of users has led to a wave of online crime , taking many different forms, including: Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1a - Impacts of Technology: Cultural Impacts 1a. What is the digital divide ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe 2 examples of how the digital divide can be seen . [ 2 ] 2. Describe in detail 3 ways that technology has changed the way people work . [9 ] Environmental Impacts 1. Describe the different ways that the increasing use of technology negatively impacts the environment . [ 5 ] Ethical Impacts 1a. What is a drone ? [1 ] 1b. Make a list of all of the positive impacts and the negative impacts of using drones . You should have at least 3 on each side. [ 6 ] 2. Describe 2 benefits of using self-driving cars and 2 negative consequences . [4 ] 3. Describe how artificial intelligence can be used for good . [ 4 ] Legal & Privacy Impacts 1. A hack on a bank has occurred. Describe what you think the impacts would be on the following groups of people: a. The customers . b. The bank managers . c. The general public . [ 6 ] 2. Describe 4 different types of online crime . [ 8 ] 5.2 - Utility Software Theory Topics 6.1b - Legislation