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A tutorial to understand how to create a game in Greenfoot. A simple step-by-step guide and walkthrough featuring all code needed for the Eduqas GCSE 2016 specification. A Tutorial to Creating a Greenfoot Game Greenfoot Home Greenfoot is software that uses the programming language Java to make simple games. This is called object-oriented programming (OOP ) because objects are coded to interact in a visual environment. Work your way through the following tutorial to create a game similar to one required in the WJEC 2017 specification Component 2 exam . Topic Links: Starting from Scratch & Populating the World Move with Arrow Keys Move Randomly & Bounce on Edge Remove Objects Play Sounds The Counter Extension Ideas Pupils using the 2017 WJEC specification will use Greenfoot version 2.4.2 , despite the fact that Greenfoot is now on version 3.9.0 . See the download page . This tutorial will work on all versions . Watch on YouTube:

Learn about how communication skills contribute to software application development, including verbal, written and questioning techniques. Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 6.2 - Communication Skills Watch on YouTube : Communication skills Developers working to create applications must be able to effectively communicate with team members , clients and users in a range of different ways . There are five communication skills you need to know: appropriate language , verbal , non-verbal , questioning techniques and written communication . You need to be aware of how each communication skill contributes to software application development and when they would be used appropriately by various job roles and in different stages of application development . Communication Skills Forms of Communication Appropriate language must be used to meet the needs of the audience by tailoring vocabulary , tone and technical detail to suit the client . Non-verbal communication includes body language , facial expressions , gestures , posture , eye contact and appearance . Question techniques have different goals , such as probing questions being used to explore detail and clarifying questions to check understanding . Verbal communication relates to spoken words and includes articulation , tone and pace , but also listening skills . Written communication is through emails , reports , documentation , messages and comments . It requires clarity , accuracy and professionalism . Q uesto's Q uestions 6.2 - Communication Skills: 1. Give examples of when written communication would be used in application development and by which job roles . [3 ] 2. Describe four different types of questions , with an example of each that relates to application development . [4 ] 3. Explain why effective non-verbal communication is important in application development . [ 3 ] Studies estimate that adults ask about 30 questions a day , whereas 4-year-olds ask on average 300 questions a day . D id Y ou K now? 6.1 - Job Roles Topic List

Learn about the eight roles of an operating system including CPU management, security, managing interrupts and the user interface. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 6.1: Operating Systems Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is an Operating System? An operating system (OS ) is software that helps to manage the resources of a computer system . There are eight main roles of an operating system: Manage the CPU A critical role of the OS is to manage the CPU so that applications and processes can be run efficiently . The CPU is effectively managed by performing three further roles: Manage Memory (RAM) The OS reserves memory space in RAM for stored programs to be copied into. The FDE cycle is executed continuously to carry out the instructions. The OS also ensures that programs are appropriately managed so that data is stored in correct memory locations and not corrupted . Manage Interrupts A interrupt is an alert signal sent to the CPU when an application or hardware device requires immediate attention . The OS must efficiently manage interrupts so that a problem can be dealt with quickly if one occurs. Manage Multi-Tasking The OS manages tasks so instructions can be executed by the CPU in turn - this is called scheduling . The OS prevents processes from interfering with others and crashing. Tasks should appear to run simultaneously even though only one process can be executed at a time. Manage Backing Store The backing store is another term for secondary storage devices such as the magnetic hard disk drive , optical drives or solid state memory sticks. The OS ensures data is stored correctly and can be efficiently retrieved from the backing store. Files are organised in a hierarchical (logical) structure . Manage Peripherals A peripheral is an external device connected to a computer system to input or output data . The OS manages the receiving of data from input devices (such as a keyboard or mouse) and the transfer of data to output devices (such as a monitor or speaker). Manage Security The OS allows users to create, manage and delete accounts with different permissions. It also permits multiple users to log in and change passwords . Antivirus and firewall software is managed by the OS as well as some data encryption processes. Manage the User Interface The final function of an operating system is to provide a user interface , allowing a human to interact with the computer system . The way in which a user can navigate a computer system is known as human-computer interaction ( HCI ). Graphical User Interface (GUI) The most common type of user interface is a graphical user interface (GUI ) which can be presented in the following ways: Icons are displayed to represent shortcuts to applications and files. Multiple windows can be opened at the same time and switched between. A folder and file system is displayed and manipulated allowing for copying , searching , sorting and deleting data. The interface can be customised , such as changing font sizes and the desktop background . The taskbar allows shortcuts to be pinned for quick access . Menus can be opened from the Start button to display files and shortcuts. System settings can be accessed such as network and hardware options . Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1 - Operating Systems: 1. Describe each role of the operating system : 1. Manage the CPU [ 2 ] 2. Manage memory [ 2 ] 3. Manage interrupts [ 2 ] 4. Manage multi-tasking [ 2 ] 5. Manage backing store [ 2 ] 6. Manage peripherals [ 2 ] 7. Manage security [ 2 ] 8. Manage the user interface [ 2 ] 2. Describe 5 different ways the operating system can provide a graphical user interface (GUI) . [5 ] 3. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of using the following types of human-computer interaction (HCI) : a. Command-Line interface [ 4 ] b. Touch-Sensitive interface [ 4 ] c. Menu-Driven interface [ 4 ] d. Voice-Driven interface [ 4 ] Command-Line Interface Other types of user interface do exist, such as a command-line interface (CLI ). This type of interface is entirely text-based and requires users to interact with the system by typing commands . This is a complicated process and mistakes could easily accidentally delete data. There are many commands to learn so only experts who have been trained t o learn this interface will be able to efficiently make use of it. Menu-Driven Interface A menu-driven interface displays data in a series of linked menus . Examples include cash machines (ATMs) and old iPods . This type of interface is generally user friendly and easy to use as commands do not need to be memorised. However it can be annoying to find specific data through a large number of menus without a search feature. Touch-Sensitive Interface Another type of user interface is a touch-sensitive interface , used with smartphones and tablets . A human interacts with the device by pressing on a touchscreen , making it very intuitive and suitable for most users without training. Touch-sensitive interfaces may not work with dirty or wet fingers and it will take longer to write text compared to using a keyboard. Voice-Driven Interface A voice-driven interface can be controlled by speaking commands aloud to a listening device. Examples include Amazon's Alexa devices, Apple's Siri technology and Google Home . This interface is intuitive , can be used hands-free and helps to speed up processes . However commands may be misheard or limited in what can be performed. 5.1 - Data Structures Theory Topics 6.2 - Utility Software

Learn about the responsibilities of job roles such as an application designer, mobile application designer, project manager, systems analyst, systems designer, user experience designer (UXD) and user interface designer (UID). Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 6.1 - Job Roles Watch on YouTube : Job roles Developing a new application is rarely a solo project and often involves a team working together . There are seven specific job roles for application development you need to know, from application designer to user interface designer (UID ). For each job role , you must understand its main responsibilities and how it contributes to software application development . Job Roles Application Designer Application designers create the blueprint that guides developers , ensuring the software performs required tasks efficiently and logically . They design the structure and layout of software applications . Mobile Application Designer Mobile application designers ensure the software is suitable and user-friendly on mobile devices . They design apps specifically for mobile platforms (e.g. iOS or Android ) with touch-semsitive interfaces and responsive design . Project Manager Project managers keep the project organised , on track and within budget , making sure all team members work efficiently towards the same goals . They must be organised to effectively plan and oversee the entire software development process . Systems Analyst Systems analysts ensure the final software solves the right problems by fully understanding what users and businesses actually need . They gather and analyse user requirements and identify possible improvements or new system solutions . Systems Designer Systems designers provide the technical structure of the system , ensuring it functions correctly and efficiently under real-world use . They translate requirements into detailed system designs and specify data structures . User Experience Designer (UXD) UXDs ensure the software is pleasant and efficient to use, increasing user satisfaction and reducing errors or frustration . They focus on how users interact with the application and research user behaviour through testing and feedback . User Interface Designer (UID) UIDs make the application visually appealing and easy to navigate , supporting a good first impression and smooth interaction . They design the visual elements including the style of buttons , menus , icons and overall layout . Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1 - Job Roles: 1. Explain how UXDs and UIDs can work together to design applications . [5 ] 2. Describe how systems analysts contribute to application development . [4 ] 3. Describe the responsibilities of two other roles not mentioned in Q1 or Q2 . [ 6 ] There were estimates of about 6,000 developers working together across Rockstar's global video game studios to make Grand Theft Auto VI . D id Y ou K now? 5.3 - HCI Designs & Diagrams Topic List 6.2 - Communication Skills

Learn about methods of protecting data physically including biometrics, security staff and locks. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 6.5 - Physical Protection Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 RFID & Tokens Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to attach tags to physical objects . RFID tags can be embedded within 'dumb' objects such as clothing, packages and even animals. RFID is used with security tokens (such as an ID keycard ) to permit the access of authorised people to certain areas. RFID can be used by IT companies to track equipment and manage access . Shredding This is the cutting up of documents (paper or CDs ) into small pieces so that they cannot be reassembled and read. Sensitive data on paper or optical disc should be shredded when no longer required. Locks A lock can be used to prevent access to server rooms or sensitive data stores . Only authorised personnel with the right key will have access. Physical Security Measures Backup Backups should be taken regularly and stored at a secure location away from the main site. Backups could also be stored on cloud servers so that any damage to the organisation's building will not affect the backup as well. Biometrics Biometric devices require the input of a human characteristic (such a fingerprint , iris or voice scan ). The biometric data is checked against previously inputted data in a database . A match will allow access to the user. Security Staff Staff may be employed to physically prevent unauthorised people from accessing certain areas of a building where sensitive information is stored. They may check ID keycards or use surveillance like CCTV to monitor who is entering and exiting a secure area. Q uesto's Q uestions 6.5 - Physical Protection: 1. Explain how locks can be used as a physical security method within an organisation. [2 ] 2. Explain what RFID is and how it can be used with tokens as a physical security method. [3 ] 3. Explain how biometric devices can be used as a physical security method. [3 ] 4. Explain how security staff can be employed to protect data. [2 ] 5. What is the purpose of shredding ? [2 ] 6. Why should backups be stored off-site ? [1 ] 6.4 - Protection Measures Topic List 6.6 - Logical Protection

This page contains topics from the 2016 Eduqas / WJEC that are not included in the 2020 Eduqas / WJEC specification. Topics from the 2016 Eduqas Specification This page contains information from the 2016 Eduqas specification that was removed for the 2020 specification. Quick Links: Buses & Instruction Sets (RISC & CISC) Protocols (IMAP & POP3) Network Devices (Gateway) Human-Computer Interaction (Command-Line Interface, Touch-Sensitive Interface, Menu-Driven Interface, Voice-Driven Interface) Cyber Attacks (Dictionary Attack, Buffer Overflow, Human Weakness) Software Protection (Secure by Design, Too Many Permissions, Scripting Restrictions, Validation with Parameters) Data Policies (Acceptable Use Policy, Disaster Recovery, Cookies) Environmental Issues (Tips to Reduce Waste, Positive Impacts of Technology) Object Oriented Programming (Greenfoot and Java) Programming Topics (Assembly Language, HTML, Greenfoot) Buses Buses & Instruction Sets Buses Data is transferred within a computer system along pathways called buses . There are three types of bus: Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus Sends a memory address of where data is stored. The address is sent from the CPU to RAM in the FDE cycle. Transfers data between components. Data is sent both ways . Sends control signals from the control unit to other components of the system. Status signals are sent back to the CPU. An instruction set is a list of all the instructions that a CPU can process as part of the FDE cycle . CPUs can have different sets of instructions that they can perform based on their function. The two most common instruction sets are the simpler RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer ) and more complicated CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer ). Instruction Sets Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Complexity RISC has fewer instructions than CISC and is therefore slower for carrying out complex commands but quick for basic tasks . CISC has more complex instructions available and can therefore perform complicated tasks . Cost RISC is generally cheaper to mass produce because less circuitry is required for the smaller instruction set. CISC CPUs are generally more expensive because they require more circuitry to operate. Power RISC CPUs are designed to use less power and run without dedicated cooling systems (like fans) so that they can be used in devices like smartphones . Because CISC CPUs require more circuitry this means that they generate more heat and may require a fan . CISC CPUs therefore are commonly used in desktop computers . Clock Speed RISC CPUs run at lower clock speeds than CISC CPUs. They can perform simpler tasks more quickly than CISC, but are generally not used to carry out complex instructions . CISC CPUs run at higher clock speeds than RISC CPUs. They can perform complex tasks more quickly than RISC. Protocols Protocols POP3 ( Post Office Protocol 3 ) and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol ) are both protocols for receiving and storing emails from a mail server. Gateway Network Devices Gateway A gateway joins together two networks that use different base protocols . For example, a gateway could link together a LAN to a WAN . HCI Human - Computer Interaction Command-Line Interface Touch-Sensitive Interface Other types of user interface do exist, such as a command-line interface (CLI ). This type of interface is entirely text-based and requires users to interact with the system by typing commands . This is a complicated process and mistakes could easily accidentally delete data. There are many commands to learn so only experts who have been trained t o learn this interface will be able to efficiently make use of it. Another type of user interface is a touch-sensitive interface , used with smartphones and tablets . A human interacts with the device by pressing on a touchscreen , making it very intuitive and suitable for most users without training. Touch-sensitive interfaces may not work with dirty or wet fingers and it will take longer to write text compared to using a keyboard. Menu-Driven Interface A menu-driven interface displays data in a series of linked menus . Examples include cash machines (ATMs) and old iPods . This type of interface is generally user friendly and easy to use as commands do not need to be memorised. However it can be annoying to find specific data through a large number of menus without a search feature. Voice-Driven Interface A voice-driven interface can be controlled by speaking commands aloud to a listening device. Examples include Amazon's Alexa devices, Apple's Siri technology and Google Home . This interface is intuitive , can be used hands-free and helps to speed up processes . However commands may be misheard or limited in what can be performed. Cyber Attacks Cyber Attacks Dictionary Password Attack This uses a file containing every word in the dictionary and cycles through them all. This method is relatively easy to program but will only break the simplest passwords . Buffer Overflow Attack A buffer is a temporary storage location . A buffer overflow attack causes a program to try to store more data in a buffer than it can hold which can lead to adjacent memory locations being overwritten . An attacker can use the buffer overflow to insert malicious code to change data or steal confidential data . Human Weakness The biggest weakness in online security is often not the systems in place but carelessness or mistakes made by humans . Social engineering means to trick others into revealing their personal data by posing as a trusted source . For example, impersonating an IT technician via email and asking to send a username and password. Humans can accidentally compromise data by downloading malicious files or being unsafe online, like using the same password for multiple different accounts. Attackers can access unauthorised information in person by shoulder surfing and watching them as they enter sensitive data such as a PIN or password. Software Protection Software Protection The following methods of protection are considered in the design, testing and creation stages of developing software . Secure by Design This method puts security as the most important concept when creating and designing software . By focusing on security when designing software there should be less need for later updates and patches and attacks are less likely to succeed . Too Many Permissions Apps require permission to use device features (such as the camera or microphone of a smartphone) when they are downloaded. Programmers should only request permission for features that the software requires . Some malicious apps steal data or spy on users - and the worst part is that you've given permission for it to do it! Users can avoid suspicious apps by reading reviews, checking there are no unnecessary permission requests , only downloading the software you need / will use and uninstall apps if permissions change . Scripting Restrictions A script is a set of instructions executed on a website. For example, Facebook uses a JavaScript script to post a status and another to read your private messages. The Same Origin Policy (SOP) is a security precaution that prevents websites from using scripts on other sites that you have open . For example, if you are using JavaScript to post a status on Facebook then visit an infected site, that site can't also use JavaScript to access your Facebook data, because even though they both use JavaScript, they are from a different origin . Without SOP an infected website could access personal data or infect a computer with malware by maliciously using the same scripts as other websites you have used . Programmers should set scripting restrictions when creating websites. Validation with Parameters A parameter is a measure that is used when validating data , it is usually a range or limit. For example, the parameters of a length check may be whether the data is between 1 and 10 characters . Programmers must ensure validation is used on websites with suitable parameters to prevent attacks such as an SQL injection. Data Policies Data Policies Data policies are written documents that clearly define how data should be managed in an organisation. It is important that all employees stick to these policies and requirements so that data is kept safe and can be replaced if lost or corrupted. The following methods are examples of common data policies. Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) Workplaces and schools often require people to sign an acceptable use policy (AUP) before being allowed to use the network. It is a list of rules and expected behaviour that users must follow when using the computer systems. Typical rules include: Which websites are off-limits (such as social media or gambling sites), Download permissions (such as who can download and install software) Email communication (such as appropriate language). Punishments if rules of the AUP are broken. The AUP is sometimes known as a Code of Conduct . This is an example of a formal code of practice , with written rules and clear expectations . An informal code of practice would not be officially written down , such as personal habits and preferences (e.g. email layout or desk organisation). Disaster Recovery With important data often stored on a computer network, it is absolutely vital that a detailed and effective disaster recovery policy is in place in the event of data being lost due to an unexpected disaster. Disasters include natural disasters (e.g. fire, flood, lightning), hardware failure (e.g. power supply unit failing), software failure (e.g. virus damage) and malicious damage (e.g. hacking). There are three clear parts to a disaster recovery policy: Before the disaster: All of the possible risks should be analysed to spot if there are any weaknesses in preparation. Preventative measures should be taken after the analysis, such as making rooms flood-proof or storing important data at a different location . Staff training should take place to inform employees what should happen in the event of a disaster. During the disaster: The staff response is very important – employees should follow their training and ensure that data is protected and appropriate measures are put in place. Contingency plans should be implemented while the disaster is taking place, such as uploading recent data to cloud storage or securing backups in a safe room and using alternative equipment until the disaster is over. After the disaster: Recovery measures should be followed, such as using backups to repopulate computer systems. Replacement hardware needs to be purchased for equipment that is corrupted or destroyed. Software needs to be reinstalled on the new hardware. Disaster recovery policies should also be updated and improved . Cookies A cookie is a small piece of data that is stored by websites when you visit them. They allow the website to identify the user and are often used to speed up processes , such as: Automatic login (by saving account details) Save items into a basket (such as pizza delivery sites) Display adverts related to your previous search terms . Although they can be used to save time, some argue that cookies can be intrusive and store too much information. Environmental Issues Environmental Issues Tips to Reduce Waste Turn off computers , monitors and other connected devices when not in use . Adjust power options to help minimise power consumption. Devices with the Energy Star sticker use between 30% and 70% less electricity than usual. Repair older devices rather than throwing them away. Ink jet printers use up to 95% less energy than laser jets. Think twice about printing paper, don't waste ink and remember to recycle paper . Positive Environmental Impacts Communication advancements (such as video messengers) reduces pollution as people do not have to travel to speak to each other. This is especially beneficial in business - workers can talk from the office and do not need to catch a plane to speak. Smart devices can monitor usage and reduce energy waste - such as smart air conditioners and home security systems. Collaboration software (such as cloud-based technology and Google Docs) allows experts to work together and share data. The internet and research databases allows scientists to study the environment more efficiently. Documents can be viewed on a screen rather than printed out - books and newspaper articles can be read on kindles / tablets saving paper and ink . New materials and more environmentally-friendly processes have been developed thanks to increased technology and research. Object Oriented Programming Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Java is an example of object-oriented programming (OOP) where a programmer is able to code objects that can be visually placed onto a background. Greenfoot is an IDE for Java . Superclass A class from which other 'subclasses' will inherit characteristics ; e.g. hippos, crocodiles and polar bears will inherit properties from the Animals superclass. Object A single object from a class ; e.g. one crocodile object from the Crocodile class. Class A set of objects which share the same properties ; e.g. all PolarBears will behave in a similar way. Comment Two / symbols will allow you to write a comment to explain the code . Method A series of instructions that an object will follow . The act() method will loop in Greenfoot when the play button is pressed. Programming Programming Topics Variable Scope & Lifetime The scope of a variable refers to the parts of the program where the variable can be viewed and used , e.g. a variable with global scope can be accessed anywhere in the program . The lifetime of a variable is the amount of time the variable is stored in memory and therefore can be used , e.g. local variables can only be accessed throughout the subroutine they are created in. Programming Languages: Assembly Language HTML Greenfoot Theory Topics

Learn about how sounds are represented in a computer system including how analogue sound waves are converted into binary. Also, learn about sample rate, bit depth, bit rate and metadata. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 2.4e: Sound Storage Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Sample Rate Bit Depth Sound File Size Converting Analogue Sound to Binary Analogue sound waves must be digitally recorded and stored in binary . To record the sound, the amplitude (height ) of the analogue sound wave is measured and recorded in binary at specific intervals . 0010 1011 0101 0101 Analog sound wave ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) Binary sample Sampling an Analogue Sound Wave Digital sampling is discrete (separate) and not continuous like analogue waves. To get the highest quality sound, many samples are taken to recreate the analogue wave as closely as possible . Sample Rate The sample rate (sampling frequency) is the number of times per second the amplitude of the sound wave is measured . It is measured in kilohertz (kHz), for example CD quality is 44.1kHz (44,100 samples per second). The higher the sample rate , the better the audio quality as the digital data more closely resembles an analogue wave . However, higher sample rates result in larger file sizes because more data is stored for each individual sample. A low sample rate will result in a low-quality sound because the digital data does not closely resemble the original analog wave . A higher sample rate will result in a higher-quality sound because the digital data more closely resembles the original analog wave . Bit Depth The bit depth is the number of bits available to represent each sample . For example, a sample with a bit depth of 4 could be 0101 or 0111 or 1010. A sample with a bit depth of 8 could be 01010110 or 1010110 or 11001111. A common bit depth is 16 bits . The higher the bit depth , the more bits are available to be used for each sample. Therefore the quality is often higher as the wave more closely resembles an analog wave . The file size will also be larger if the bit depth is higher, as each sample stores additional bits . low bit rate = lower quality high bit rate = higher quality sound file size = sample rate x bit depth x duration Example: A short audio sample has a bit depth of 4 and a sample rate of 10 samples per second . The clip is 15 seconds long . 4 bits x 10 = 40 bits per second. 40 x 15 = 600 bits . To convert the answer from bits to bytes , divide by 8 . 600 bits ÷ 8 = 75 bytes . Calculating File Size Q uesto's Q uestions 2.4e - Sound Storage: 1. Explain how an analogue sound wave is converted into a binary sample . [ 2 ] 2a. What is a sample rate ? [2 ] 2b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the sample rate is increased . [4 ] 3a. What is bit depth ? [2 ] 3b. Explain two ways an audio file will be affected if the bit depth is increased . [4 ] 4 . An audio sample has a bit depth of 8 , a sample rate of 10 and it is 12 seconds long . What is the file size in bytes ? [ 2 ] 2.4d Image Storage Theory Topics 2.5 - Compression

Learn about application software installation methods, including clean, remote, cloud, mobile and network installation. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 5.2 - Application Software Installation Watch on YouTube : Application installation You need to know how different installation processes (e.g. clean , remote , cloud , network and mobile installs) work as well as their advantages , disadvantages and appropriate uses . What You Need to Know Application Installation ? YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's Q uestions 5.2 - Application Software Installation: 1. What? [2 ] 2. What? [1 ] 3. What? [1 ] 4. What? [1 ] ? D id Y ou K now? 5.1 - Testing Topic List 5.3 - Policies

Learn about Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), including their roles, types (composite, internal, private, public, partner) and architecture (REST, SOAP, RPC). Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 3.1 - Application Programming Interface (API) Watch on YouTube : API roles API architecture You must know the role and uses of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs ) as well as the uses , advantages and disadvantages of each API type (composite , internal , private , public , partner ). You must also understand the uses , advantages and disadvantages of API architecture (REST , SOAP , RPC ). What You Need to Know API Roles ? YouTube video uploading soon API Architecture ? YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's Q uestions 3.1 - Application Programming Interface (API): 1. What? [2 ] 2. What? [1 ] 3. What? [1 ] 4. What? [1 ] ? D id Y ou K now? 2.3 - Data States Topic List 3.2 - Protocols

Learn about the tools of an integrated development environment (IDE) including the editor, debugger, library, trace, memory inspector and error diagnostics. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 9.1: IDE Tools Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 An IDE (Integrated Development Environment ) provides programmers with the following facilities (tools ) to help create programs : Editor The editor is software that allows a programmer to enter and edit source code . Editor features may include: Automatic formatting (e.g. automatic indentation). Automatic line numbering (this helps to identify exactly where an error has occurred). Automatic colour coding (e.g. Python turns loop commands orange and print commands purple). Statement completion (e.g. offering to auto-complete a command as the user is typing.) Libraries A library is a collection of commonly used functions and subprograms that can be linked to a program . For example, Python can import functions from its code library including random or time commands). Libraries must be linked to the main program using a linker . Linker Links together pre-compiled code from software libraries . For example, the import random command in Python links to the random library. Loader Pre-compiled code is loaded into RAM to be executed. Code Optimisation The code is optimised so it is fast , efficient and uses as little of the computer's resources as possible. Debugger Identifies errors in the code with the exact line of the error to help fix the problem . Break point The programmer selects a specific line and the program is paused once it reaches it. Variable values at that point are shown . Variable Watch cost Displays the current value of a selected variable . A variable can be watched line-by-line to see how the value changes . Trace Memory Inspector Logs the values of variables and outputs of the program a s the code is executed line by line . Displays the contents of a section of memory and how it is being used by the program . Error Diagnostics Displays information about an error when it occurs, such as the line it occurred on and the error type (e.g. syntax or runtime). This helps the programmer to fix the error . Specific errors can be detected such as a syntax error . See 10.3 . Compilers & Interpreters Both tools convert the source code written by a programmer into machine code to be executed by the CPU. A compiler converts the entire source code into executable machine code at once . After compilation, the program can be run again without having to recompile each time. An interpreter converts source code into machine code line by line . An interpreter must reinterpret the code each time the program is required to run . See 10.1 for both tools. Subroutines & Functions A subroutine is a section of code that can be re-used several times in the same program. There are two types of subroutines: A procedure just executes commands , such as printing something a certain number of times. A function can receive data from the main program (called a parameter ) and return a value upon completion. Subroutines (procedures and functions) are designed to be repeated and have three key benefits: Subroutines make programs easier to read and design . They reduce the duplication of code . Makes it is easier to debug a program. Q uesto's Q uestions 9.1 - IDE Tools: 1. Describe the purpose of each type of IDE facility : a. Editor b. Interpreter c. Compiler d. Linker e. Loader f. Debugger g. Break point h. Variable Watch i. Trace j. Memory Inspector k. Error Diagnostics [ 2 each ] 8.5 - Validation & Verification Theory Topics 10.1 - Translators

Learn about the five main roles of an operating system including CPU management, security, managing processes and the user interface. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 5.1: Operating Systems Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Operating Systems What is an Operating System? An operating system (OS ) is software that helps to manage the resources of a computer system and provide the interface between the user and the computer’s hardware . There are five main functions of an operating system: Memory Management & Multitasking All programs must be temporarily stored in RAM for the CPU to be able to process them. The OS transfers programs in and out of memory from the hard drive (or virtual memory ) when processing is required - programs are removed from RAM when closed to free up space for other tasks. The operating system can only perform one process at a time , but through memory management it can appear that more than one process is being executed - this is called multitasking . Peripherals Management & Drivers A peripheral is an external device connected to a computer system to input or output data . Data is transferred between external devices and the processor and this process needs to be managed by the operating system . A device driver is a program that provides an interface for the OS to interact and communicate with an external device . Drivers are hardware dependent and OS-specific . The driver translates the OS’ instructions into a format the specific hardware can understand . Because the CPU and the peripheral will process data at different speeds , a buffer is typically used to temporarily store data until it can be processed . User Management The OS allows users to create , manage and delete individual accounts . User accounts can be granted different access rights such as an administrator or guest . The OS will manage security settings such as allowing passwords to be reset and can also be used to monitor login activity . File Management The operating system creates and maintains a logical management system to organise files and directories (folders ). File management allows files to be named , renamed , opened , copied , moved , saved , searched for , sorted and deleted . It also allows users to set access rights for specific files and to view file properties . User Interface The final function of an operating system is to provide a user interface , allowing a human to interact with the computer system . The way in which a user can navigate a computer system is known as human-computer interaction ( HCI ). Graphical User Interface (GUI) The most common type of user interface is a graphical user interface (GUI ) which can be presented in the following ways: Icons are displayed to represent shortcuts to applications and files. Multiple windows can be opened at the same time and switched between. A folder and file system is displayed and manipulated allowing for copying , searching , sorting and deleting data. The interface can be customised , such as changing font sizes and the desktop background . The taskbar allows shortcuts to be pinned for quick access . Menus can be opened from the Start button to display files and shortcuts. System settings can be accessed such as network and hardware options . Command-Line Interface Other types of user interface do exist, such as a command-line interface (CLI ). This type of interface is entirely text-based and requires users to interact with the system by typing commands . This is a complicated process and mistakes could easily accidentally delete data. There are many commands to learn so only experts who have been trained t o learn this interface will be able to efficiently make use of it. Other Interfaces Humans can interact with computers using other types of interface , such as: Touch-sensitive interface (e.g. smartphones ). Voice-sensitive interface (e.g. smart speakers ). Menu-driven interface (e.g. ATMs in banks). Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1 - Operating Systems: 1. Describe each role of the operating system : Providing a user interface [ 3 ] Memory management (and multitasking) [ 3 ] Peripheral management (and drivers) [ 3 ] User management [ 3 ] File management [ 3 ] 2. Describe 5 different ways the operating system can provide a graphical user interface (GUI) . [5 ] 4.2 - Preventing Vulnerabilities Theory Topics 5.2 - Utility Software

Test your understanding of subroutines (procedures and functions) in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python - Section 7 Practice Tasks Task One Example solution: Create a program with three different subroutines (procedures ). One subroutine asks the user their name and prints a response. The second asks for their age and prints a response. The third asks for their favourite colour and prints a response. Remember to write subroutines before the main program. Task Two Create a program that asks a user to input the length of a side in a square. Write a function that takes this value and returns it to be printed. Example solution: Task Three Example solution: Create a program that takes 3 inputs from the user – a name, a villain and a place. Write a function that outputs a story using the user’s answers. Task Four Create a calculator program that uses four different subroutines (add, subtract, multiply and divide). In the main program ask the user to make a choice of which operator to use and then to enter two numbers. Keep looping until the user types stop. Use the 'Using Subroutines as a Menu' section in the 7b to help you. Example solution: ⬅ 7b - Functions 8a - Using Lists ➡