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A simple HTML and CSS editor using Code Minrror libraries. Learn how to create simple web pages using HTML. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Simple HTML & CSS Editor This page is under active development.

Learn about the moral and ethical issues of computing such as computers in the workforce, automated decision making, artificial intelligence, environmental effects, censorship and the internet, monitor behaviour, analysing personal information, piracy and offensive communications, layout, colour paradigms and character sets. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level Specification: Computer Science H446 5.2 - Moral & Ethical Issues Watch on YouTube : Moral & Ethical Issues #1 Moral & Ethical Issues #2 Artifical Intelligence Technology and the internet have transformed society , bringing huge benefits but also raising new ethical , social and environmental challenges . Below are some key modern issues linked to computing and digital systems . Moral & Ethical Issues Computers in the Workforce: Computers and automation have increased productivity and created new tech-based jobs , but they have also led to job losses in areas where machines can replace human labour . This raises concerns about unemployment and retraining in many industries . Automated Decision Making: Systems such as credit checks and recruitment tools now make decisions automatically using algorithms . While this can save time and reduce human bias , it can also lead to unfair or inaccurate outcomes if the data or programming is flawed . Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI allows machines to learn and make decisions without explicit human control , improving fields like healthcare and transport . However, it also raises ethical questions about accountability , job loss and the potential misuse of intelligent systems . Environmental Effects: Computers require energy to manufacture , use and dispose of , contributing to electronic waste and carbon emissions . Recycling and energy-efficient design can help reduce the environmental impact of modern technology . Censorship and the Internet: Some governments and organisations restrict access to information online to control what people can see or share . While this can protect users from harmful content , it can also limit freedom of expression and access to knowledge . Monitoring Behaviour: Digital systems and surveillance tools can track users’ actions , such as browsing history or location . This can improve safety and security but also raises privacy concerns about who collects this data and how it’s used . Analysing Personal Information: Companies and governments can collect and analyse large amounts of personal data to improve services or target advertising . However, this creates risks of data misuse , discrimination or identity theft if information isn’t protected properly. Piracy and Offensive Communications: The internet makes it easy to copy and share content illegally , such as music , films or software , leading to lost income for creators . It can also be a platform for offensive or harmful communication , such as trolling or cyberbullying , which can have serious social effects . Layout, Colour Paradigms, and Character Sets: Design choices like layout , colour schemes and character sets affect how accessible and inclusive digital content is. Using clear design , appropriate colours and Unicode character sets helps ensure that websites and software can be used by people of all languages and abilities . YouTube video uploading soon YouTube video uploading soon YouTube video uploading soon This page is under active development. Check here for the latest progress update. Q uesto's K ey T erms Moral & Ethical Issues: moral, social, ethical, cultural, opportunities, risks, computers in the workforce, automated decision making, artificial intelligence (AI), environmental effects, censorship, the internet, monitor behaviour, analysing personal information, piracy, offensive communications, layout, colour paradigms, character sets D id Y ou K now? In 2022 , the world generated 62 million tonnes of e-waste (roughly 7.8 kg per person globally) and only 22% of it was formally collected and recycled . 5.1 - Computing Legislation A-Level Topics

About CSNewbs Plus (CSN+) CSN+ is a premium collection of resources made for teachers that follows the Computer Science specifications covered on the website . Currently, these resources are in development , with the Eduqas GCSE resource pack arriving first, based on the Eduqas GCSE Computer Science 2020 specification . < Free zip folder download of all resources for Eduqas GCSE topic 1.1 (The CPU) *Updated Jan 2021* Resources included for each topic: Lesson Slides Starter activity (to print) Task resources (e.g. diagrams or worksheets to print) Task answers What is included in the CSNewbs+ GCSE collection? 39 presentation slides 39 starters 39 task answer documents 19 revision activity pages 7 topic tests & answers See below for more details: + Complete presentation slides for each of the 39 theory topics in the Eduqas GCSE 2020 specification . PowerPoint and Google Slides compatible. Activity resources to print . Including diagrams , tables and worksheets for lesson tasks . All answers included for teachers to use. Starter questions that recap the previous topic. For teachers to print before the lesson. All answers included in the lesson slides. 39 starters . Comprehensive answers for all lesson tasks . 39 task answer documents containing answers for over 100 lesson tasks for teachers to use . Revision templates for students to complete, to print on A3 paper . 19 pages and 7 revision lesson slides . Exercise book headings and the driving question (lesson focus) 7 end-of-topic tests with brand new questions . All answers included for teachers. What is included on the presentation slides? The following breakdown shows the presentation slides for 1.1 (The CPU): A title slide The content covered from the Eduqas GCSE specification Exercise book headings and the driving question (lesson focus) Answers to the starter activity questions Lesson objectives An explanation of the topic Clear explanations of the content First task. Students use slides or CSNewbs to complete. All answers on separate teacher document. Task 2. Table provided in teacher resource pack to print. Further explanations of the content Further explanations of the content with diagrams. Further explanations of the content with diagrams. Task 3. Answers in the teacher document. Plenary to check the students' understanding of the lesson topics. < Free zip folder download of all resources for Eduqas GCSE topic 1.1 (The CPU) *Updated Jan 2021*

Learn how to use App Inventor 2 to create simple programs. Try to complete tasks 4, 5 and 6 on this page. Perfect for Key Stage 3 students to experiment with block coding, objects and properties. App Inventor Tasks 4, 5 & 6 - Using Variables This page will teach you how to make three simple apps that use variables . These apps will prepare you for the final program - the Pop-up Blob game. App #4 - Button Masher The first app to make is a simple program that counts how many times a button is pressed (but don't press it too much! ) This app will introduce you to using variables in App Inventor. Open App Inventor 2 (use the button below) and create a new project. You will need to log in with a Google account. App Inventor 2 Firstly, grab a button and two labels and place them in the Viewer . Using the Properties tab, you need to make the following changes: Button Text to 'Press Me!' Button Height to 60 pixels and Width to 'Fill parent...' Label 1 Text to 'Number of Presses' Label 2 Text to '0' Both Label 1 and Label 2 Width to 'Fill parent...' Both Label 1 and Label 2 TextAlignment to 'centre : 1' In the Components tab change the component names to be easier to code later. Switch to Blocks layout and drag an initialize global to block into the centre. In the blank space type 'Presses' - this is the name of the variable that will store how many times the button has been pressed. Drag a 0 block from Math. This will set the number of presses to 0 when the app starts. Drag a when ButtonPresses Clicked from the ButtonPresses section and add the necessary code inside. This code increases the variable value of Presses by 1 every time the button is clicked. It also changes the LabelPresses text to display the number of presses. Improve Your App As you will have seen in the video at the top, I programmed the app to go a bit crazy when 35 presses were recorded. In the code below I have shown how to use an if then block to check if the number of presses is 35. If it is then I have made the button invisible - this is an important feature we will use in later programs. Copy this code and add the following features to the then part of the if statement: Set the background colour to black. Change the Label1 Text Colour to white. Change the Label1 Text Size to 40. Change the Label1 Text to 'You broke it...' Program 4 Complete! App #5 - Timer The second app to make is a timer that counts up one second at a time. It also needs a reset button that sets the timer back to 0 again. It will introduce you to the clock component and enabling / disabling components. Open App Inventor 2 (use the button below) and create a new project. You will need to log in with a Google account. App Inventor 2 The code for this program is straightforward; it will take more effort getting the layout right. In the Palette tab, drag a HorizontalArrangement from the Layout section. It will look like an empty grey box at first. Grab a Button as well and place it underneath. Now drag two labels into the grey box and place the second one directly after the first, it may take a few attempts to get them to appear side by side like below: The last component to drag over is Clock (it is in the Sensors section in the Palette tab). It will go into its own section underneath: Change the name of some of the components so that they make more sense. Now to make some changes in the Properties tab. You should know enough by now to work out how to change your components so that it looks like this in your Viewer : Change your layout to Blocks and add the code blocks to the right. This code makes the Label named Seconds update by 1 every second, just like a timer. The code to the left will make the Label named Seconds reset to 0 when the button is pressed. Improve Your App As you will have seen in the video at the top of this task, I added a pause/unpause button that will set the enabled feature of the timer to true or false. You will need to complete the following steps (I've been deliberately vague to make it a challenge - break it down into small steps and use the colours to help you): Add a new button. Add code that, when the new button is clicked , checks if the TimerEnabled is true . If it is, then change TimerEnabled to false . Else change it to true . Now you also need to change the Text of the Button to read either "Pause" or "Unpause" . Program 5 Complete! App #6 - Windy Day The third app to make is an app that blows leaves around your screen. It will introduce you to random numbers, the canvas and coordinates . Open App Inventor 2 (use the button below) and create a new project. You will need to log in with a Google account. App Inventor 2 In the Palette tab, drag a Canvas from the Drawing and Animation section. A Canvas allows sprites (objects) to move around inside of it. In Properties , change the Height and Width of Canvas to 'Fill parent...' for both, so it fills the whole screen. In the Palette tab, drag over five ImageSprites from the Drawing and Animation section and drop them anywhere inside the canvas. Download the leaf picture with all App Inventor images on the basics page here . Upload the leaf image it in the Media tab. In the Components tab change the names of your ImageSprites to be leaf1, leaf 2 etc. For each leaf sprite, in the Properties tab, change the Picture to the leaf you just uploaded and change Height and Width to 30 pixels each. Finally, in the Palette tab, in the Sensors section, drag over a Clock . Your Viewer should look like the image to the left. X axis Y axis 0 300 500 Now for an explanation of coordinates. Each sprite (leaf) has an x coordinate (horizontal) and a y coordinate (vertical). For example, the leaf in the top right would have coordinates of x = 270 and y = 100. Can you work out approximately what the other leaves coordinates would be? What the code blocks below do is randomise the x and y coordinates for leaf1 every second. The word integer means a whole number . Use this code and add to it to make all 5 leaves randomly change coordinates. Improve Your App Add a pause / unpause button, just like in the Timer app that pauses the timer so that the leaves stop blowing (and starts them blowing around again too). Find a nice picture (maybe of a park?) online and upload it in the Media tab. Set this as the Canvas BackgroundImage . Add an audio file of some whooshing (why not record it yourself?). Program 6 Complete! Task 7 KS3 Home

Learn how to create and use a simple graphical user interface (GUI) in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Python 11 - GUI Graphical User Interface In Python, you don’t have just to use a text display; you can create a GUI (Graphical User Interface ) to make programs that look professional. This page demonstrates the basic features of Python’s built-in GUI named tkinter . You can add images, labels, buttons and data entry boxes to develop interactive programs . Hyperlinked sections covered on this page: Setup: Title, Size & Background Creating Elements: Labels, Entry Boxes, Buttons, Images, Message Boxes Displaying Elements: Pack, Place, Grid Inputs & Outputs GUI Tasks Setup Setup: Title, Size & Background Firstly, import the tkinter command and set tkinter.Tk() to a variable such as window . GUI code can be quite complicated with multiple elements so it is sensible to use a comment for each section. Setting the title , size and background colour of your window is optional but can be easily set up at the start of your code. The .geometry() command sets the size of the window. The first number is the width , and the second number is the height . The .configure() command can be used to set the background colour . For a full list of compatible colours, check here . import tkinter #Setting up the Window window = tkinter.Tk() window.title( "Graphical User Interface" ) window.geometry( "400x400" ) window.configure(background = "lightblue" ) import tkinter #Setting up the Window window = tkinter.Tk() window.title( "Example Number Two" ) window.geometry( "300x400" ) window.configure(background = "darkorchid3" ) Creating Elements Creating Elements: Labels, Entry Boxes, Buttons, Radio Buttons, Images, Message Boxes Labels label1 = tkinter.Label(window, text = "Hello there" ) label1 = tkinter.Label(window, text = "Hello there" , fg = "black" , bg = "lightblue" , font = ( "Arial" , 12)) Simple label with default formatting: Label with custom formatting: No elements will appear in your window until you write code to put them there. See the 'Displaying Elements' section further down. Entry (Text) Boxes Simple entry box with default formatting: entry1 = tkinter.Entry(window ) Entry boxes will appear blank , the 'Example Text' shown in the images has been typed in. Entry box with custom formatting: entry1 = tkinter.Entry(window, fg = "blue" , bg = "gray90" , width = 12, font = ( "Arial" ,12)) Buttons The command property of a button is a subroutine that will be called when the button is pressed . The subroutine must be written above the button creation code. def ButtonPress (): #Code here runs when the button is pressed button1 = tkinter.Button(window, text = "Click Me" , fg = "black" , bg = "gold2" , command = ButtonPress) Radio Buttons The Radiobutton element is a multiple-choice option button . A variable needs to be created to track which option has been selected, in this example it is ‘choice ’. Each radio button needs to be linked to the variable and given a unique value (e.g. 0, 1, 2). The radio button with the the value of 0 will be automatically selected when the window opens . Although not shown below, the .set() command can also be used to select a specific radio button , e.g. choice.set(2) . choice = tkinter.IntVar() radio1 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text = "Breakfast" , variable = choice, value = 0) radio2 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text = "Lunch" , variable = choice, value = 1) radio3 = tkinter.Radiobutton(window, text = "Dinner" , variable = choice, value = 2) Message Boxes You need to import messagebox from tkinter before you can use message boxes . You only need to do this once in your program and it sensible to have it at the very start after you import tkinter (and any other libraries). from tkinter import messagebox tkinter.messagebox.showinfo( "Information" , "Welcome to the program!" ) tkinter.messagebox.showerror( "Error" , "There is a problem with the program." ) if (tkinter.messagebox.askyesno( "Warning" , "Have you understood the instructions?" )) == True : tkinter.messagebox.showinfo( "Warning" , "Thank you for understanding." ) else : tkinter.messagebox.showinfo( "Warning" , "Please read the instructions again." ) Yes / No Message Box Clicking Yes (True ) Clicking No (False ) Images Tkinter supports the image file types .png and .gif . The image file must be saved in the same folder that the .py file is. Resize the image in separate image editing software such as Paint to a specific size . Tkinter does not support all image file types, such as .jpg. Use an application like Microsoft Paint to save an image with a different extension like .png. photo1 = tkinter.PhotoImage(file = "hamster.png" ) photoLabel1 = tkinter.Label(window, image = photo1) An image can be turned into a clickable button rather than a label. def ButtonPress (): #Code here runs when the button is pressed photo1 = tkinter.PhotoImage(file = "hamster.png" ) button1 = tkinter.Button(window, image = photo1, command = ButtonPress) photo1 = tkinter.PhotoImage(file = "hamster.png" ) window.iconphoto( True , photo1) The icon of the window can be changed to an image . Displaying Elements: Pack, Place and Grid Pack .pack() puts the element in the centre of the window, with the next packed element immediately below. window.mainloop() should always be your last line of code in every program, after you have packed, placed or gridded your elements. Displaying Elements labelAdd.pack() buttonAdd.pack() labelMinus.pack() buttonMinus.pack() window.mainloop() Place The .place() command allows an element to be placed in specific coordinates , using x (horizontal ) and y (vertical ) axes. labelAdd.place(x = 25, y = 15) buttonAdd.place(x = 12, y = 35) labelMinus.place(x = 90, y = 15) buttonMinus.place(x = 83, y = 35) window.mainloop() Grid The .grid() command is used to create a grid system to set the row and column . Remember Python starts counting at 0 . You can use padx and pady to add extra space (x is horizontal , y is vertical ). labelAdd.grid(row = 0, column = 0, padx = 10, pady = 5) buttonAdd.grid(row = 1, column = 0, padx = 10) labelMinus.grid(row = 0, column = 1, padx = 10, pady = 5) buttonMinus.grid(row = 1, column = 1, padx = 10) window.mainloop() Inputs & Outputs Inputs and Outputs .config to Change an Element .config() overwrites the property of an element. It can be used with elements such as labels and buttons to change how they appear. label1.config(text = "Warning!" ) The example below (not showing setup and packing) adds 1 to a total variable when the button is pressed . Config is used in two ways: to display the updated total and to change the background of the label to green. def AddOne (): global total total = total + 1 labelTotal.config(text = total, bg = "green" ) total = 0 buttonAdd = tkinter.Button(window, text = "Add" , command = AddOne) Below is a similar program in full that increases or decreases and displays a total when the buttons are pressed . #Setup import tkinter window = tkinter.Tk() total = 0 #Button Presses def AddOne (): global total total = total + 1 labelTotal.config(text = total) def MinusOne (): global total total = total - 1 labelTotal.config(text = total) #Create Elements labelTotal = tkinter.Label(window, text = total, font = ( "Arial" ,14)) buttonAdd = tkinter.Button(window, text = "+" , width = 6, bg = "green" , command = AddOne) buttonMinus = tkinter.Button(window, text = "-" , width = 6, bg = "red" , command = MinusOne) #Display Elements buttonAdd.pack() buttonMinus.pack() labelTotal.pack() window.mainloop() .get to Input a Value .get() returns the value of an element such as an entry box , label or the choice variable if using radio buttons . The value of the element should be stored in a variable so it can be used elsewhere, for example: name = entryName.get() number = int (entryNumber.get()) Use int when getting a value that is an integer : The full program example below checks that the values typed into the username and password entry boxes are correct . Error Messages #Setup import tkinter from tkinter import messagebox window = tkinter.Tk() window.title( "Login" ) #Button Presses def CheckDetails (): username = entryUsername.get() password = entryPassword.get() if username == "Bob Bobson" and password == "cabbage123" : tkinter.messagebox.showinfo( "Success" , "Welcome " + username) else : tkinter.messagebox.showerror( "Invalid ", "Those details are incorrect." ) #Create Elements labelUsername = tkinter.Label(window, text = "Username:" ) labelPassword = tkinter.Label(window, text = "Password" ) entryUsername = tkinter.Entry(window) entryPassword = tkinter.Entry(window) buttonLogin = tkinter.Button(window, text = "Login" , command = CheckDetails) #Display Elements labelUsername.grid(row = 0, column = 0) entryUsername.grid(row = 0, column = 1) labelPassword.grid(row = 1, column = 0) entryPassword.grid(row = 1, column = 1) buttonLogin.grid(row = 2, column = 0) window.mainloop() .bind for Key Presses (& Close Window) .get() will run a specific function when a certain key is pressed. The name of the key must be surrounded by < > brackets and speechmarks . Any associated subroutine of a key bind will need a parameter : event has been chosen and set to None . The code below closes the window using the .destroy() command when the Esc key is pressed. def Close (event = None ): window.destroy() window.bind( "" , Close) The code below will activate the button (and display a message box) by clicking on it but also by pressing the Enter ( Return ) key . def ButtonPress (event = None ): tkinter.messagebox.showinfo( "Success" , "The button was activated" ) button1 = tkinter.Button(window, text = "Press Me" , command = ButtonPress) window.bind( "" , ButtonPress) GUI Tasks GUI Programs to Make Making a program using a GUI can be overwhelming and you must decompose the problem - take it step by step : Import tkinter and create the window (set the title, size and background colour). Create the elements you will need such as labels , buttons and entry boxes . Put the components in the window using pack , place or grid . Write the subroutines for any button presses . These are written at the top of the program after the window setup. Consider your variables - do any need to be set at the start ? Have you made them global if they’re needed within a subroutine ? Put window.mainloop() as the final line of code, only have it once. Use #comments in your code to break up the different sections, the key four sections are shown below. #Setup #Button Presses #Create Elements #Display Elements GUI Task 1 (Random Number Generator ) Generate a random number between 1 and 100 when the button is pressed and display it in a label. Extension idea: Use entry boxes to allow the user to manually input the minimum and maximum value. Example solution: GUI Task 2 (Currency Exchange ) Enter a decimal value and convert it from British pounds to American dollars. You can search for the current exchange rate. Extension idea: Show the conversion rate for other currencies such as Euros and Japanese Yen. Example solution: GUI Task 3 (Random Quote Generator ) Create a list of quotes and use the choice command from the random library to select one to be displayed in a label when the button is clicked. Extension idea: Have a separate text box and button to add more quotes to the list. Example solution: GUI Task 4 (Colour Changer ) When the button is clicked change the background colour of the button with .config to the RGB colour code in the entry box. This should be # followed by 6 hexadecimal values (0-9, A-F). Extension idea: Have an error pop up in a message box if the colour code is incorrect - it must be exactly 7 characters long and start with a hashtag. Example solutions: GUI Task 5 (Class Captain Votes ) Use radio buttons to vote for different candidates in a class vote. Use an if statement when the button is pressed to check which radio button is selected using .get() and the variable you've assigned to the radio buttons ('choice' if you've followed the code in the radio buttons section on this page). Use .config to overwrite a label's value. Remember any variables you want to use in subroutines must be globalised. Extension idea: Stop the count after a certain number - e.g. 30 votes recorded. Example solution: ⬅ Section 10 Practice Tasks 12 - Error Handling ➡

Learn about different data structures such as arrays, lists and records. Also, the difference between static and dynamic data structures and how to design files. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 5.1: Data Structures & File Design Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is a Data Structure? A data structure is a way of efficiently organising data . There are two general forms of data structures: Static Data Structures The size of a static data structure cannot change e.g. if a data structure has 20 elements, no additional elements can be added or removed. The values of the data elements can be changed, but memory size is fixed when allocated at compile time. Because a static data structure holds a certain number of data elements they are easier to program because the size of the structure and the number of elements never change. An array is an example of a static data structure. Examples: A static data structure could be an array of teams in the Premier League. The data elements will change each year when teams are relegated and promoted but there will always be 20 teams. Dynamic Data Structures The size of a dynamic data structure can change as the program is being run , it is possible to add or remove data elements. Dynamic data structures make the most efficient use of memory but are more difficult to program , as you have to check the size of the data structure and the location of the data items each time you use the data. A list is an example of a dynamic data structure. A dynamic data structure could be a list of all teams in the Premier League that won their last match. Data elements (teams) will be added or removed across the season. Types of Data Structures List A list is a dynamic data structure that has the data elements stored in the order they were originally added to memory . Every data structure starts at 0, not 1 . Lists store data elements in the order they were added, so the first doctor is 0 and the most recent doctor is 12. An example list of the main Doctor Who actors Array An array is a static data structure that can hold a fixed number of data elements . Each data element must be of the same data type i.e. real, integer, string. The elements in an array are identified by a number that indicates their position in the array. This number is known as the index. The first element in an array always has an index of 0 . You should know how to write pseudo code that manipulates arrays to traverse, add, remove and search data. The following steps uses Python as an example. Traversing an Array To traverse (' move through ') an array a for loop can be used to display each data element in order. 'Inserting' a value In an array the size is fixed so you cannot insert new values, but you can change the value of elements that already exist. Overwriting the fourth element (Daphne) with a new value (Laura) will change it from Daphne to Laura. Example code for traversing: Example code for inserting: Output: Output: 'Deleting' a value In an array the size is fixed so you cannot delete values, but you can overwrite them as blank . Overwriting the second element (Shaggy) with a blank space makes it appear deleted. Example code for deleting: Output: Searching an Array Example code for searching: For large arrays a for loop is needed to search through each element for a specific value . This example checks each name to see if it is equal to Velma. Output: Two-Dimensional Array Often the data we want to process comes in the form of a table . The data in a two dimensional array must still all be of the same data type , but can have multiple rows and columns . The two-dimensional array to the right shows the characters from Scooby Doo along with their associated colour and their species. Each value in the array is represented by an index still, but now the index has two values . For example [3] [0] is 'Daphne'. We measure row first , then column . Searching a two-dimensional array: To print a specific data element you can just use the index number like Daphne above. To search for a specific value you will need two for loops, one for the row and another for the values of each row. The example to the right is looking for the value of 'Velma' and when it is round it prints the associated data from the whole row. Example code for printing: Output: Example code for searching: Output: Records Unlike arrays, records can store data of different data types . Each record is made up of information about one person or thing. Each piece of information in the record is called a field (each row name). Records should have a key field - this is unique data that identifies each record . For example Student ID is a good key field for a record on students as no two students can have the same Student ID. Data files are made up of records with the same structure. It would be most efficient for the fields in a record to be stored next to each other so that the data can be read into the record data structure in memory for processing by the CPU. In an exam you may be asked to state and design a data structure for a given scenario. If the data structure can hold values of the same data type you should draw an array , usually a 2D array for multiple rows and columns. Remember that a record is required to store values of different data types . Example questions: "A video gamer has recorded their three lap times in four Mario Kart courses." " State and design the most suitable data structure for this data." A two-dimensional array is most suitable because only one data type ( real ) is stored. "A vet surgery stores data on all dogs and cats including the animal's name, age (in years), weight (in kg) and whether or not it has been vaccinated." " State and design the most suitable data structure for this data for four animals ." A record is most suitable because the data structure requires different data types . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1 - Data Structures: 1. Give two differences between static and dynamic data structures . [ 4 ] 2. Describe the differences between a list , array and record . [ 3 ] 3. A one-dimensional array looks like this: TigerBreeds("Sumatran","Indian","Malayan,"Amur") Write the code to: a. Print the element with the index of 3. [ 2 ] b. Change Indian to South China. [ 2 ] c. Remove the Amur element. [ 2 ] d. Search through the array for 'Malayan'. [ 2 ] 4. State and design the most suitable data structure for these scenarios: a. For each book in a bookshop, the staff need to record the title, author, number of pages and whether or not it is a signed copy. Include data for three books. [ 3 ] b. Four dieters are recording how many kilograms they have lost each month for 5 months. [ 4 ] 5. Design a file that stores the first initial, surname, age and hair colour of each member of a family. [ 8 ] Designing Data Structures Data is stored in files when it needs to be kept after the program has stopped running . To learn how to write code for file handling (e.g. opening, writing to, reading from and closing files) in Python click here . Designing a file requires more than just the field name (e.g. Name) and data values (e.g. Rebecca). The data type (e.g. string) and any validation checks (e.g. format check) should also be considered. Below is an example file design for a bakery. Designing Files 4.8 Compression Theory Topics 6.1 - Operating Systems

Learn how to create more HTML pages and link them together using the anchor tag. 10. More Pages HTML Guide Watch on YouTube: Create a New Page Create a new page by either clicking the new page icon in Notepad ++ or selecting File then New . Then you need to save your new page with an appropriate name as a HTML file . Create a new page, save it and add information to it. Your new page needs the same essential tags as your original page: Then you can add the rest of your content . Link to Other Pages The tag is used to link between pages , just like it is used to hyperlink to other websites. Make sure you type your web pages exactly as you have saved them. Make sure all of your web pages are saved in the same folder . Include links between pages on each new page. A link to the second page. Don't forget a link back to your homepage on each new page. Why not add more pages to make your website more detailed? 9. Colours & Fonts HTML Guide

Learn how to edit code in Greenfoot to make objects move randomly across the screen. This can be used on 'enemy' objects. Part 3 of the Greenfoot Tutorial for the Eduqas / WJEC GCSE 2016 specification. 3. Random Movement 1. Code for Random Movement Greenfoot Tutorial Watch on YouTube: Right-click on your enemy class on the main screen and select ' Open editor '. The enemy character should always be moving, so start with move(1); Next we will use an if statement to start the random movement. This code generates 10 random numbers and if it is less than 1 then it will run the proceeding code. If we don't do this, the character will turn too much or too little . This code generates a random angle between 0 and 90. The - 45 part is necessary otherwise the character will always move to the right . See the diagram below for an explanation: 2. Bounce at World Edge You may have noticed that the enemy objects can get 'stuck' in the corners or when they hit the edge of the world. In the act() method, below the random movement code , add the code in the red box . This code checks to see if the object is at the edge , and turns it around ( 180 degrees ) if it is. 3. Compile and Run Click the Compile button at the top of the code editor . Then you can go back to the main Greenfoot window and click Run to test if your enemy objects move . Click on me if you've got an error that you're stuck with. < Part 2 - Movement with the Arrow Keys Part 4 - Remove Objects >

Learn about arrays, records and SQL (structured query language) including the SELECT, FROM and WHERE commands. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 2.3: Additional Programming Techniques Watch on YouTube : String Manipulation File Handling Arrays Subprograms Random Numbers SQL This section of the specification includes programming topics that are outlined in 1.2 (Designing Algorithms). You must have an understanding of more complex programming techniques , such as how to manipulate strings , handle files and use subprograms . The best practice for learning is to try the tasks in the Python pages on this website (see the link to the right). Visit the Python section of CSNewbs ---> Subprograms What is a subprogram? Large programs are often broken down into smaller subprograms (also called subroutines ). Each subprogram focuses on a specific function of the code, helping to decompose a complex problem into more manageable chunks . Defining subprograms A subprogram is defined (identified) using the def command in Python. A program may use many subprograms , which are usually defined at the start of the code . Calling subprograms Running a line of code that includes the name of a subprogram will call (activate) it. When called , the program will run the subprogram code before returning back to the line that called it . Subprograms are only run when called , so depending on decisions made, a program may end without calling every (or any) subroutine. Parameters A parameter is a value that is passed into a subprogram when it is called , allowing the value to be used within the subprogram . A subprogram may not use a parameter , e.g. multiply() , or one parameter , e.g. multiply(num) , or several e.g. multiply(num1,num2) . Any parameters must be identified when the subprogram is defined , e.g. def multiply(num): Return The return command will send a value back to the line the subprogram was called on, allowing it to be used there . For example, the 'quad' subprogram in the example below returns the value of the 'result' variable back to the main program, allowing it to be printed . A subprogram will end either by reaching the last line of code within it, or when it reaches a return command . Subprograms that return a value are called functions . Subprogram example This subprogram is defined using the identifier 'quad ' with a parameter named number . The subprogram is called in the main program, multiplies the number passed in as a parameter by 4 and returns a value back to the main program to be printed. def quad (number): result = number * 4 return result #Main Program number = int ( input ( "Enter a number: " )) print ( "The number quadrupled is" , quad(number)) Enter a number: 5 The number quadrupled is 20 Functions and Procedures There are two types of subprograms . A function is a subprogram that returns a value , using the return command, which allows the value to be used in the line of code the function was called in. The 'divide' function below returns the value of the variable 'total' to the main program to be printed. A procedure is a subprogram that does not return a value . Example of a Procedure def multiply (num): total = num * 2 print ( "The number doubled is" , total) #Main Program num = int ( input ( "Enter a number: " )) multiply(num) Enter a number: 4 The number doubled is 8 Example of a Function def divide (num): total = num / 2 return total #Main Program num = int ( input ( "Enter a number: " )) print ( "The number halved is" , divide(num)) Enter a number: 9 The number halved is 4.5 Advantages of using subprograms Subprograms break a complex program down into smaller parts , making it easier to design and test . Each subroutine can be tested separately and abstraction can be used to simplify a complicated problem . Using subprograms allows code to be easily reused in other programs , as it has already been written , making it quicker to develop new programs or build on existing work. Using subprograms avoids code repetition , as they can be called as many times as necessary . This makes programs shorter and quicker to develop , making them easier to maintain and debug . Work can easily be split up between team members to work on different subprograms at the same time . Array An array is a static data structure that can hold a fixed number of data elements . Each data element must be of the same data type i.e. real, integer, string. The elements in an array are identified by a number that indicates their position in the array. This number is known as the index. The first element in an array always has an index of 0 . You should know how to write pseudo code that manipulates arrays to traverse , add , remove and search for data . The following steps use Python as an example, although Python does not use arrays and uses a similar data structure called a list (that can change in size as the program runs ). See the 8a and 8b Python pages for tasks on how to use lists . What Traversing an Array To traverse (' move through ') an array a for loop can be used to display each data element in order. Example code for traversing: Output: 'Inserting' a value In an array the size is fixed so you cannot insert new values, but you can change the value of elements that already exist. Overwriting the fourth element (Daphne) with a new value (Laura) will change it from Daphne to Laura. Example code for inserting: Output: 'Deleting' a value In an array the size is fixed so you cannot delete values, but you can overwrite them as blank . Overwriting the second element (Shaggy) with a blank space makes it appear deleted. Example code for deleting: Output: Searching an Array For large arrays a for loop is needed to search through each element for a specific value . This example checks each name to see if it is equal to Velma. Example code for searching: Output: Two-Dimensional Array Often the data we want to process comes in the form of a table . The data in a two dimensional array must still all be of the same data type , but can have multiple rows and columns . The two-dimensional array to the right shows the characters from Scooby Doo along with their associated colour and their species. Each value in the array is represented by an index still, but now the index has two values . For example [3] [0] is 'Daphne'. Unless stated in an exam , measure row first , then column . Searching a two-dimensional array: To print a specific data element you can just use the index number like Daphne above. To search for a specific value you will need two for loops , one for the row and another for the values of each row . The example to the right is looking for the value of ' Velma ' and when it is found it prints the associated data from the whole row . Example code for printing: Output: Example code for searching: Output: Records Unlike arrays, records can store data of different data types . Each record is made up of information about one person or thing . Each piece of information in the record is called a field (each row name). Records should have a key field - this is unique data that identifies each record . For example Student ID is a good key field for a record on students as no two students can have the same Student ID. A 2D array may be used to represent database tables of records and fields . SQL SQL (structured query language ) is a language that can be used to search for data in a database . The format of an SQL statement is: SELECT field1, field2, field3… FROM table WHERE criteria Example of an SQL statement using the Cars table: SELECT Make, Colour FROM Cars WHERE Miles > 1000 AND Age > 8 Cars table SQL uses wildcards which are symbols used to substitute characters . The * symbol represents ALL fields . Example: SELECT * FROM Cars WHERE Colour = “blue” < Click the banner to try a self-marking quiz (Google Form) about records and SQL. Q uesto's Q uestions 2.3 - Additional Programming Techniques: 1a. Describe what the following terms mean: subprogram , parameter , function , procedure . [ 2 each ] 1b. Describe three advantages of using subprograms . [ 6 ] 2. Describe the differences between a 1D array , 2D array and record . [ 3 ] 3. A one-dimensional array looks like this: TigerBreeds["Sumatran","Indian","Malayan,"Amur"] Write the code to: a. Print the element with the index of 3. [ 2 ] b. Change Indian to South China. [ 2 ] c. Remove the Amur element. [ 2 ] d. Search through the array for 'Malayan'. [ 2 ] 4a. Use the Cars table above to write the SQL statement to display the make and miles for cars that are grey OR blue . [ 3 ] 4b. Write an SQL statement to display all fields for cars that are 10 years old or less . [ 3 ] 2.2 Data Types Theory Topics 3.1 - Defensive Design

The final part of a quick guide to the basics of Python aimed at Key Stage 3 students. Learn about importing turtle to command a moving object. Python - Iteration For Loops Editor Execute A for loop is a count controlled loop. It repeats for a certain number of times as stated in the range brackets. The first number (1) states the number to start on . The second number is an exclusive end . This means it actually finishes on the number before . (11 will end on 10). You need a colon at the end of the loop line . Each line to be repeated must be indented (press the tab key). You can use the loop number within the loop itself. 1. Write a for loop to print your name 8 times . (Count it to double-check it prints eight times.) 2. Use a for loop to print each number between 10 and 50 . 3. Use a for loop from 1 to 10 . Print the 3 times table by multiplying number by 3 underneath the loop. 4. Ask the user to input a whole number (call it num1 ). Write num1 in your range brackets to repeat any message that many times. 5. Ask the user to input a whole number (call it num1 ) and then input a word . Print the word by the number they entered . (Hint: Use num1 in the range.) 6. Delete your code and copy these 3 lines: #Delete the space after the colon for number in range(0,21,2): print(number) What happens when you run this code? 7. Use Q6 to help you print 0 to 100 , going up in 5s . Think about the 3 values you need in the range brackets. 8. Use Q6 to help you print 100 down to 0 , backwards by 1 . Think about the 3 values you need in the range brackets. Tasks While Loops Editor Execute A while loop is a condition controlled loop . While loops repeat as long as the condition is true . As soon as the condition becomes false , the loop will end . 1. Change the program in the editor to repeat the loop while a number is not equal to 33 . 2. Make a new while loop that asks the user to enter a whole number . While the number is less than or equal to 1000 , keep repeating. 3. Make a new while loop for while a colour is not equal to purple (or any colour you want). Ask the user to enter a colour inside of the loop . Don't forget to set colour to "" before you start. 4. Edit your colour program to count how many guesses were made. Make a new variable called count and set it to 0 at the start of the program. Increase it by 1 in the loop, using count = count + 1 . 5. While a total is less than 100 , ask the user to input a decimal number . When it is over 100 , print ‘COMPUTER OVERLOAD’ . You need a variable called total . Increase the total each time with total = total + number . Don't forget to start it at 0 . Tasks != means ‘not equal to ’. The loop below will repeat as long as the password is not equal to “abc123” . Any variable you use in your condition must have a value first . You can’t check for your password if it doesn’t exist. That’s why I have written password = “” , to give password a value before we check it .

An explanation and introduction to the OCR Level 3 Cambridge Advanced National in Computing specification. This certificate (H029) or extended certificate (H129) is an Alternative Academic Qualification (AAQ). Level 3 Alternative Academic Qualification (AAQ) / Cambridge Advanced National In Computing Computing: Application Development Everything you need to know about this course: The Cambridge Advanced National in Computing: Application Development is a new course that began in September 2025 . It contains both exam and NEA (coursework ) units and focuses on developing software prototypes for applications such as websites , video games and even virtual reality . The video to the left explains all the key details of this new course, but remember, things can change so the OCR website will have the latest updates . Exam Units: Unit F160: Fundamentals of Application Development F160 YouTube Playlist Unit F161: Developing Application Software F161 YouTube Playlist These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification .

Learn how to use mathematical operators in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 4b - Mathematical Operators Modulo Division The modulo operator - the percentage symbol % - will work out the remainder left over when one value is divided by another. print (30 % 6) = 0 30 ÷ 6 = 5, which is a whole number, so there is no remainder and 0 is output . print (30 % 7) = 2 30 ÷ 7 = 4 remainder 2 ; so the remainder is output . You can use modulo with variables too: num1 = 33 num2 = 4 print ( "The remainder is" , num1 % num2) The remainder is 1 = A common use of modulo is to check if a number is odd or even . If a number has no remainder when divided by 2 then it is even . = num = int ( input ( "Enter a number: " )) if num % 2 == 0: print (num, "is even." ) else : print (num , "is odd." ) Enter a number: 400 400 is even. Enter a number: 191 191 is odd. = Modulo Div i sion Task 1 ( Remainder) Ask the user to input a whole number . Use the modulo operator ( % ) to check if there is a remainder when the user's number is divided by 5 . Print the re mainder. Example solution: Enter a number: 123 The remainder when divided by 5 is 3 Modulo Div i sion Task 2 ( Rollercoaster) Use the odd/even program above to help solve this problem: A rollercoaster only lets people on in groups of 4 . Ask the user to input a number for how many people are in their group. Check if that number is directly divisible by 4 using modulo division ( % ). If it is then print “Perfect groups of four!” Else print “You will be split up” . Example solutions: Welcome to the Hyper Coaster! How many in your group? 6 You will be split up! Welcome to the Hyper Coaster! How many in your group? 12 Perfect groups of four! Integer Division Integer division removes any decimal numbers when performing division , leaving just the integer (whole number ). In Python integer division is performed using // . print (20 / 3) print (20 // 3) = 6.666666666666667 6 Integer Div i sion Task 1 ( Integer Division by 5 ) Use an input line with int to ask the user to enter a number . Use integer division ( // ) to divide the number by 5 without keeping any decimal values . Challenge: Improve your solution by altering the print line to be more user friendly . Example solutions: Enter a number: 27 5 Enter a number: 27 5 goes into 27 5 times. Integer Div i sion Task 2 ( Plane Rows) A large plane has 6 seats in each row. Input the number of passengers on the plane and use integer division to work out how many full rows will be filled. Example solution: How many passengers are there in total? 174 There will be 29 full rows on the plane. Exponent (Powers) An exponent is the number of times a value is multiplied by itself , for example 2 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 . The symbol to represent an exponent in Python is ** . For example: 4**2 represents 4 which is also 4 x 4 . 3 2 print (4**4) = 256 base = 5 exponent = 4 print (base**exponent) 625 = Exponent Task 1 ( Square Number) Use an input line with int to ask the user to enter a number . Output the square of this number. Example solution: Enter a number: 12 12 squared is 144 Exponent Task 2 ( Custom Exponent) Use an input line with int to ask the user to enter a number, this will be the base . Make another input line with int to ask for the exponent . Use ** between the base and the exponent and print it. Challenge: Make your solution better by including the base and exponent in the print line. Example solutions: Enter the base: 7 Enter the exponent: 3 343 Enter the base: 7 Enter the exponent: 3 7 to the power of 3 is 343 ⬅ 4a - If Statements 4 c - Log ical Operators ➡