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Learn how to use variables in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 1d - Using Variables Printing Variables Within Sentences Join sentences and variables together using a plus symbol (+ ). Joining strings together like this is called concatenation . name = "Marina" print( "Hello " + name + ", nice to meet you." ) = Hello Marina, nice to meet you. Remember to use speech marks for your printed statements but no speech marks for variable names . You need to use the + symbol before and after each variable. direction = "north" country = "Wales" print ( "Have you been to the " + direction + " of " + country + "?" ) = Have you been to the north of Wales? Commas can be used an alternative to the + symbol but they will automatically add a space . day = "Saturday" print ( "My birthday is on a" + day + "this year." ) print ( "My birthday is on a" , day , "this year." ) = My birthday is on aSaturdaythis year. My birthday is on a Saturday this year. Using Variables Task 1 ( Pizza Toppings) Use a variable named topping1 and another named topping2. Print a sentence that uses both variables names. Example solution: My favourite pizza is ham and mushroom. Printing Number Variables Within Sentences To join strings and number values then you must use a comma as a plus will not work: cookies = 4 print ( "Munch! There's only" , cookies , "left." ) = Munch! There's only 4 cookies left. You need to use a comma before and after each variable. Using Variables Task 2 ( Stars ) Make a variable named stars and set it to a large number. Print a sentence with the stars variable. Example solution: I think there are 827392012 stars in the sky! Using Variables Task 3 ( Age & Month) Use a variable named age and set it to your current age. Make a variable named month and set it to the month you were born. Remember to use speech marks for text , e.g. month = "August" but no speech marks for numbers (your age). Print a sentence that uses both variables names . Example solution: I am 14 and I was born in August. Using f-Strings Another method of using variables within a printed sentence is to use f-strings . Type the letter f before your output and place your variable names in curly brackets - { } Variables of any data type can be used with f-strings. name = "Tony Stark" alias = "Iron Man" print( f"Did you know {name} is actually {alias} ?" ) = Did you know Tony Stark is actually Iron Man? Using Variables Task 4 ( F-Strings) Create and give a value to three variables : movie_name actor year Use an f-string to print a sentence that uses all three variables. Example solution: Did you know that Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix stars Daniel Radcliffe and was released in 2007? ⬅ 1c - Creating Variables Sec tion 1 Practice Tasks ➡

Learn about different types of utility software including anti-virus, firewall and defragmentation. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 5.2: Utility Software Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Utility Software What is utility software? Utility software are dedicated programs used for the maintenance and organisation of a computer system (this is known an 'housekeeping '). Utilities are required to run additional tasks not performed by the operating system . Anti-malware (such as an anti-virus or anti-spyware ), firewall and encryption software are examples of utilities and have been explained in section 4.2 . Data Compression is another utility that has been explained in section 2.5 . Other utility software include backup software , disk checkers , disk formatters and auto-updaters . Defragmentation What is fragmentation and how does it happen? Over time files stored on a hard disk drive may become fragmented - this is when the file is split into parts that are saved in different storage locations . Fragmentation occurs when there is limited contiguous space in which to store a file . This may happen as data is stored and then later deleted on the hard drive . New files are created which may be bigger than the spaces left by the deleted files . The new files are then split up . Fragmentation increases access time - files that are fragmented take longer to load and read because of the distance between the fragments of the file. How does defragmentation work? Empty spaces are collected together on the hard disk drive and file fragments are moved to be stored together. This means that fewer disc accesses are needed (requiring less physical movement ) as file fragments can be read consecutively . What are the effects of defragmentation? A defragmented file takes less time to read and access because the data is stored contiguously . The read/write head of the hard drive does not need to move as far to read the next piece of data because it is in the adjacent memory location , saving time . It also quicker to save new files because there is more free space together so it does not need to split the file and can store the data contiguously . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.2 - Utility Software: 1. Explain what fragmentation is and how a file may become fragmented . [ 3 ] 2. Describe the process of defragmentation . [ 3 ] 3. Explain the effects of defragmenting a hard disk drive. [ 3 ] 5.1 - Operating Systems Theory Topics 6.1a - Impacts of Technology

Learn how to create simple programs in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Setting up Python Downloading Python If you are using Python in Computer Science lessons, then your school should already have it downloaded and installed on the school computers. It is a good idea to download it on a home computer too so you can practice outside of lessons. Python is free and can be downloaded from the official website. You should download the most up-to-date version of Python 3. Save the file and then run it to start installing. Official Download Page Using Python When you run the Python application, it will open the shell. This window will display the outputs of any program you have created. Do not type into the shell . Click on the File tab then New File to open the editor. Python Shell - This displays the outputs of your program. Do not write directly into the shell . Python Editor - All code is written into the editor. When you want to test a program press the F5 key (or click the Run tab then Run Module ). The first time you test a program, it will prompt you to save the file. Make sure you save it somewhere you will remember - it is a good idea to create a folder named 'Python' where you can keep all your practice programs. The next page looks at actually creating a program but above shows how code has been typed into the editor and then displayed in the shell. You never need to save the shell window. Also, the editor saves automatically every time you run the program. Opening a Saved Program When you want to re-open and edit a file you have created previously double-clicking on it won't work . Right-click on the file and select Edit with IDLE : https://trinket.io/python/76b41b35c5 1 a - Printing ➡

Learn how binary numbers can be multiplied or divided using arithmetic shift. Understand the effect the shift has on the binary value. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 4.4: Arithmetic Shift Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is arithmetic shift? Arithmetic shift is used to multiply and divide binary numbers . The effect of shifting left is to multiply a binary number. The effect is doubled by each place that is shifted . x The effect of shifting right is to divide a binary number. ÷ Shifting by 1 has an effect of 2 . Shifting by 2 has an effect of 4 . Shifting by 3 has an effect of 8 . For example, shifting left by 2 places has an effect of multiplying by 4 . Another example: Shifting right by 3 places has an effect of diving by 8 . How to shift a binary number: An exam question may ask you to arithmetically shift a binary number of up to 16 digits . Q uesto's Q uestions 4.4 - Arithmetic Shift: 1a. Draw a diagram to show the effect of multiplying and dividing a binary number . [2 ] 1b. Draw a diagram or table to show the effect a shift has for each place from 1 to 4 . For example, a shift of 1 place has an effect of 2. [4 ] 2. State the effect of the following shifts: a. Shift right by 2 places. b. Shift left by 1 place. c. Shift left 3 places. d. Shift right by 4 places. [ 1 each ] 3. Shift the following binary numbers and state the effect of the shift: a. 10101011 : Shift left by 2 places. b. 11101100 : Shift right by 3 place. c. 00001011 : Shift right by 2 places. d. 01101110 : Shift left by 1 place. [ 2 each ] Watch on YouTube 4.3 Binary Calculations Theory Topics 4.5 - Character Sets & Data Types

An overview of what desktop publishing (DTP) is, considerations designer must take and common forms such as posters, leaflets and business cards. Desktop Publishing (DTP) What is DTP? Desktop Publishing (DTP) software allows people to create documents with a mixture of graphics and text . Examples of desktop publishing software are Microsoft Publisher and Serif PagePlus . Desktop publishers can be used to produce documents such as business cards, leaflets, brochures, newspapers, magazines and newsletters . DTP software can be cheap and printers at home are more common these days so people can design and print their own documents. Professional-looking documents can be made simply and without an extensive knowledge of graphic design. The biggest advantage of using DTP is that it is frame based . Text and picture frames can be laid out on the page, and rotated, moved or resized as necessary. It is easy to import images from clip art or the web. The view of the page is known as WYSIWYG (W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G et) because the view on the computer will be very similar to what you get when it is printed. What to consider when using DTP Orientation Will your document be landscape or portrait ? Some document types are more commonly one orientation than the other. For example, business cards are generally landscape but newsletters are more often portrait. Size The size of a typical piece of paper is A4. But that is too large for most DTP documents. The larger the number, the smaller the piece of paper . A5 is half the size of A4 and A3 is twice the size of A4. Documents can also be measured in millimetres, for example, an appropriate business card size is 85mm wide and 55mm high. House Style A house style is a set of rules to ensure that each document made by a person or company is part of an identity . To be consistent , each document should use the same logo, titles, colours, graphics and layout . For example, the NHS always uses a blue colour, the same logo and similar layout on each of its documents. Some companies have perfected their house style so that they are synonymous with a single colour - e.g. McDonald's use yellow and Coca-Cola use red and white . DTP Documents Business Cards A business card is a small piece of card that must be simple and stylish . The purpose of a business card is to clearly state the contact details of a person or company. Sharing your business card with other people is one way to promote your business or skills to attract new business partners or customers. A business card must be uncluttered and clearly display relevant contact information, such as an email address, phone number or physical address. Today, business cards may also state social media contacts, such as Facebook pages or Twitter accounts. Flyers A flyer is a small handout that advertises an event or new product. The purpose of a flyer is to clearly and quickly promote an event . It must be eye-catching and to-the-point so that people can immediately understand what it is about. Flyers are often handed out in the street or posted through letterboxes so if it is not clear people will just ignore it. A flyer should use a large title to promote the event, as well as appropriate graphics and information about the date, location and time. It should also contain contact details including a telephone number, website and email address. Posters A poster is a large piece of paper that is put up to advertise an event and display more information than a flyer . Posters should promote an event by using large titles and graphics to clearly describe where the event is taking place, when it is and why people should go. Because there is much more space on a poster than a flyer, additional information can be added and some kind of persuasion to entice passers by to attend. Leaflets A leaflet is a small folded handout that provides more information about an event or new product. The purpose of a leaflet is to give additional details about an event . It can be used before an event to describe the different parts, such as the different acts in a circus or different bands at a festival. It can also be used during an event, such as at a school fair to list the different stalls. Because it is folded over it can display a large amount of information, with both text and graphics . The front of the leaflet should clearly display the purpose of it and the text inside must be readable with images to break up the words. There may also be contact information inside the leaflet, such as directions to a website or social media page .

Learn about legislation and regulations related to application development, including the Data Protection Act, Computer Misuse Act and Freedom of Information Act. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 6.1 - Legal Considerations Watch on YouTube : Computer Misuse Act Data Protection Act UK General Data Protection Regulation Freedom of Information Act Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations Independent bodies UK Information Commissioner's Office You need to know the latest version and main purpose of each act /regulation , as well as actions taken to comply with the act and the impacts of not complying with it. You must also understand how Privacy and Electronic Communications Regulations (PECR ) relate to the Data Protection Act and UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR ), and the role of the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO ) in the UK. What You Need to Know Computer Misuse Act ? YouTube video uploading soon Data Protection Act ? YouTube video uploading soon UK GDPR ? YouTube video uploading soon Freedom of Information Act ? YouTube video uploading soon PECR ? YouTube video uploading soon ICO & Independent Bodies ? YouTube video uploading soon Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1 - Legal Considerations: 1. What? [2 ] 2. What? [1 ] 3. What? [1 ] 4. What? [1 ] ? D id Y ou K now? 5.3 - Policies Topic List

Learn about different categories of computer systems that can be used to access information including handheld, fixed and shared devices. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 1.3 - Access & Storage Devices Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 Handheld Devices Examples of handheld devices: Handheld devices are small, light and possibly can be worn on the human body. These devices are very portable and easy to transport but their small size restricts the space for a powerful processor or high memory capacity. Handheld devices are becoming more powerful over time with extra features, storage options and network connectivity. Advantages: Light and portable so they can be easily carried on a person or in a pocket . Runs on battery power so do not need to be plugged into a power source (unless to charge) allowing for freedom of movement . Disadvantages: Low processing power due to small size and no cooling system . Relies on battery power which may not last for long. More likely to be lost, damaged or stolen . Generally small memory / storage capacity and low versatility . Smartphone Small Tablet eReader Smartwatch Portable Devices Examples of portable devices: Portable devices are larger and more powerful than handheld devices and can be carried easily in a bag. Laptops and larger tablets are the main examples of portable devices. Advantages: Light and portable so they can be easily transported in a laptop bag or small rucksack. Runs on battery power so they can work without a power outlet , such as to complete work on a train or in a library. More powerful and versatile than handheld devices. Disadvantages: Lower processing power and smaller memory / storage capacity than fixed devices like desktops. Reliant on their battery power which may only be a few hours. Laptop Large Tablet Fixed Devices Examples of fixed devices: Fixed devices are bulky devices that require a constant power connection . The most common example of a fixed device is a desktop computer which has a higher processing power and storage capacity than handheld and portable devices. Advantages: Desktop computers have the highest processing power of commercially available home / work computers and contain sufficient cooling systems to maintain temperature. Desktops and games consoles have large storage capacities and can be upgraded / expanded to even larger sizes. Desktop computers are very versatile and are powerful enough to be used for thousands of different purposes, from basic word processing and web browsing to server roles and data mining. Disadvantages: Reliant on a power outlet and cannot be transported whilst on. Heavy and difficult to move . May require additional components like a monitor. Typically more expensive than handheld and portable devices. Desktop Games Console Smart TV Shared Devices A shared device allows multiple users to access data at the same time . Cloud storage is the most common example of a shared device and is used by individuals, schools and businesses around the world through services such as Google Drive, Apple's iCloud and Microsoft's One Drive. A data centre is a dedicated building that contains computer systems - Facebook uses data centres across the globe so that their social media service can be available to users every second of the day. Database servers were explained in Unit 1 section 3.1 . Advantages: A ccessible by multiple users at the same time . For example, the database server can be accessed by employees of a bank simultaneously. Data centres allow online services to run all hours of the day and year . For example, Google uses data centres across the world to ensure their services can be accessed all of the time. Cloud storage frees up physical space for users as the storage is located (usually) on third-party servers. Cloud storage devices allow authorised users such as clients or staff members to access information or work remotely (outside of the office). Disadvantages: Shared devices are reliant on stable network connections . If a connection is lost, access to the device will be affected . Setting up shared devices within an organisation requires technical knowledge , especially for companies establishing their own cloud storage or data centre. Examples of shared devices: Cloud Storage Data Centre Database Server Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3 - Access & Storage Devices: 1. Identify the type of device that the following devices fit into: a. Laptop b. Cloud storage c. Desktop computer d. Smartphone [4 ] 2. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using each of the 4 types of storage devices. a. Handheld devices [6 ] b. Portable devices [6 ] c. Fixed devices [6 ] d. Shared devices [6 ] 3. For the following scenarios explain which specific device (not type) which would be suitable. You must also justify your choice . a. Working on a spreadsheet on a train before work. [4 ] b. Taking a video of a penalty in a football match to upload to Twitter. [4 ] c. Working on a file with team members located across the country. [4 ] d. Playing Civilization VI on highest settings whilst listening to rock climbing podcasts in a separate tab. [4 ] 1.2 - Storage Media Topic List 1.4 - Internet Connections

Learn about different types of utility software including firewall, anti-virus, defragmenter, compressor and backup software. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 2.3: Utility Software Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 What is utility software? Utility software are dedicated programs used for the maintenance and organisation of a computer system. Antivirus Software Antivirus software is used to locate and delete viruses on a computer system. The antivirus scans each file on the computer and compares it against a database of known viruses . Files with similar features to viruses in the database are identified and deleted . There are thousands of known viruses but new ones are created each day by attackers so antivirus software must be regularly updated to keep systems secure. Other roles of an antivirus: Checking all incoming and outgoing emails and their attachments . Checking files as they are downloaded . Scanning the hard drive for viruses and deleting them . Firewall A firewall manages incoming and outgoing network traffic . Each data packet is processed to check whether it should be given access to the network by examining the source and destination address . Unexpected data packets will be filtered out and not accepted to the network. Defragmentation As files are edited over time they will become fragmented - this is when the file is split into parts that are stored in different locations on the hard disk drive . Files that are fragmented take longer to load and read because of the distance between the fragments of the file. Defragmentation software is used to rearrange the file on the hard disk drive so that all parts are together again in order. Defragmentation improves the speed of accessing data on the hard disk drive. Compression Compression is used to decrease the size of a file . This is beneficial as more files can be stored on a storage device if the size has been reduced. Compressed files can be transferred faster across a network because they are smaller in size . Monitors, Managers & Cleaners Other roles of a firewall include: Blocking access to insecure / malicious web sites . Blocking certain programs from accessing the internet . Blocking unexpected / unauthorised downloads . Preventing specific users on a network accessing certain files . Monitoring network ports . System monitors check the resources of a computer and display how much CPU time and memory current applications are using. Task managers allow a user to close processes and applications if they have stopped responding or if one is using too many resources. Press Ctrl + Alt + Delete on any Windows computer to open Windows Task Manager which is a system monitor and task manager tool. A disk cleaner is used to scan a hard disk drive and remove unused files . This is used to free up space on the hard drive. A disk scanner will scan a hard disc for any errors and attempt to repair them . Backing Up Data A backup is a copy of data that can be used if the original data is corrupted or lost . Backups of all data should be made regularly and stored in an alternative location . Alternatively, imaging (also known as disk cloning ) creates an identical image of a storage drive to be stored in a different location . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.3 - Utility Software: 1. What is the purpose of utility software ? [1 ] 2a. Describe how antivirus software works. [ 2 ] 2b. Describe 3 further roles of antivirus software . [ 3 ] 3a. What is the purpose of a firewall ? [ 2 ] 3b. Describe 3 further roles of a firewall . [ 3 ] 4a. Describe what is meant by defragmentation . [ 2 ] 4b. Explain why defragmentation software is used . [ 2 ] 5. Describe 2 benefits of using compression . [ 2 ] 6a. Explain why system monitor / task management software could be used . [ 2 ] 6b. Explain the purpose of disk cleaners and disk scanners . [ 2 ] 7a. Explain what a backup is and why they are are important. [ 2 ] 7b. Describe what imaging is. [ 2 ] 2.2 - Applications Software Topic List 2.4 - Operating Systems

Learn about the main character sets - ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) and Unicode. Also, discover the five data types - character, string, integer, real and Boolean. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 4.5: Character Sets & Data Types Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is a Character Set? A character set is a table that matches together a character and a binary value . Character sets are necessary as they allow computers to exchange data . Two common character sets are ASCII and Unicode . ASCII Unicode ( American Standard Code for Information Interchange ) 0100 0001 0100 0010 0100 0011 Uses Binary 128 Tiny Set of Characters Less Memory Required Per Character U+0042 U+0055 U+004E Uses Hexadecimal 36,536+ Large Set of Characters More Memory Required per Character What are the different data types? When programming, variables should be given appropriate data types . Character String Integer A single character , such as a letter, number or punctuation symbol. Examples: A sequence of characters , including letters, numbers and punctuation. Examples: A whole number . Examples: T 8 ? Harry Waters 14:50pm Ice Age 4 475 -8432 56732 Real Boolean Telephone numbers are always stored as a string , not an integer. True / False Yes / No 0 / 1 An answer that only has two possible values . Examples: A decimal number . Examples: 65.3 -321.1234 909.135 Be careful with punctuation. 32.10 is a real but £32.10 is a string. Q uesto's Q uestions 4.5 - Character Sets & Data Types: 1. What is a character set and why are they needed ? [ 2 ] 2. Describe 3 differences between ASCII and Unicode . [6 ] 3. State the 5 different data types . [ 5 ] 4. State which data type is most suitable for the following variables: a. Age [ 1 ] b. Surname [ 1 ] c. Height (in metres) [ 1 ] d. First Initial [ 1 ] e. Phone number [ 1 ] f. Right-Handed? [ 1 ] 4.4 Arithmetic Shift Theory Topics 4.6 - Graphical Representation

A tutorial to understand how to create a game in Greenfoot. A simple step-by-step guide and walkthrough featuring all code needed for the Eduqas GCSE 2016 specification. A Tutorial to Creating a Greenfoot Game Greenfoot Home Greenfoot is software that uses the programming language Java to make simple games. This is called object-oriented programming (OOP ) because objects are coded to interact in a visual environment. Work your way through the following tutorial to create a game similar to one required in the WJEC 2017 specification Component 2 exam . Topic Links: Starting from Scratch & Populating the World Move with Arrow Keys Move Randomly & Bounce on Edge Remove Objects Play Sounds The Counter Extension Ideas Pupils using the 2017 WJEC specification will use Greenfoot version 2.4.2 , despite the fact that Greenfoot is now on version 3.9.0 . See the download page . This tutorial will work on all versions . Watch on YouTube:

Learn about how communication skills contribute to software application development, including verbal, written and questioning techniques. Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 6.2 - Communication Skills Watch on YouTube : Communication skills Developers working to create applications must be able to effectively communicate with team members , clients and users in a range of different ways . There are five communication skills you need to know: appropriate language , verbal , non-verbal , questioning techniques and written communication . You need to be aware of how each communication skill contributes to software application development and when they would be used appropriately by various job roles and in different stages of application development . Communication Skills Forms of Communication Appropriate language must be used to meet the needs of the audience by tailoring vocabulary , tone and technical detail to suit the client . Non-verbal communication includes body language , facial expressions , gestures , posture , eye contact and appearance . Question techniques have different goals , such as probing questions being used to explore detail and clarifying questions to check understanding . Verbal communication relates to spoken words and includes articulation , tone and pace , but also listening skills . Written communication is through emails , reports , documentation , messages and comments . It requires clarity , accuracy and professionalism . Q uesto's Q uestions 6.2 - Communication Skills: 1. Give examples of when written communication would be used in application development and by which job roles . [3 ] 2. Describe four different types of questions , with an example of each that relates to application development . [4 ] 3. Explain why effective non-verbal communication is important in application development . [ 3 ] Studies estimate that adults ask about 30 questions a day , whereas 4-year-olds ask on average 300 questions a day . D id Y ou K now? 6.1 - Job Roles Topic List

Learn about the eight roles of an operating system including CPU management, security, managing interrupts and the user interface. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 6.1: Operating Systems Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is an Operating System? An operating system (OS ) is software that helps to manage the resources of a computer system . There are eight main roles of an operating system: Manage the CPU A critical role of the OS is to manage the CPU so that applications and processes can be run efficiently . The CPU is effectively managed by performing three further roles: Manage Memory (RAM) The OS reserves memory space in RAM for stored programs to be copied into. The FDE cycle is executed continuously to carry out the instructions. The OS also ensures that programs are appropriately managed so that data is stored in correct memory locations and not corrupted . Manage Interrupts A interrupt is an alert signal sent to the CPU when an application or hardware device requires immediate attention . The OS must efficiently manage interrupts so that a problem can be dealt with quickly if one occurs. Manage Multi-Tasking The OS manages tasks so instructions can be executed by the CPU in turn - this is called scheduling . The OS prevents processes from interfering with others and crashing. Tasks should appear to run simultaneously even though only one process can be executed at a time. Manage Backing Store The backing store is another term for secondary storage devices such as the magnetic hard disk drive , optical drives or solid state memory sticks. The OS ensures data is stored correctly and can be efficiently retrieved from the backing store. Files are organised in a hierarchical (logical) structure . Manage Peripherals A peripheral is an external device connected to a computer system to input or output data . The OS manages the receiving of data from input devices (such as a keyboard or mouse) and the transfer of data to output devices (such as a monitor or speaker). Manage Security The OS allows users to create, manage and delete accounts with different permissions. It also permits multiple users to log in and change passwords . Antivirus and firewall software is managed by the OS as well as some data encryption processes. Manage the User Interface The final function of an operating system is to provide a user interface , allowing a human to interact with the computer system . The way in which a user can navigate a computer system is known as human-computer interaction ( HCI ). Graphical User Interface (GUI) The most common type of user interface is a graphical user interface (GUI ) which can be presented in the following ways: Icons are displayed to represent shortcuts to applications and files. Multiple windows can be opened at the same time and switched between. A folder and file system is displayed and manipulated allowing for copying , searching , sorting and deleting data. The interface can be customised , such as changing font sizes and the desktop background . The taskbar allows shortcuts to be pinned for quick access . Menus can be opened from the Start button to display files and shortcuts. System settings can be accessed such as network and hardware options . Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1 - Operating Systems: 1. Describe each role of the operating system : 1. Manage the CPU [ 2 ] 2. Manage memory [ 2 ] 3. Manage interrupts [ 2 ] 4. Manage multi-tasking [ 2 ] 5. Manage backing store [ 2 ] 6. Manage peripherals [ 2 ] 7. Manage security [ 2 ] 8. Manage the user interface [ 2 ] 2. Describe 5 different ways the operating system can provide a graphical user interface (GUI) . [5 ] 3. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of using the following types of human-computer interaction (HCI) : a. Command-Line interface [ 4 ] b. Touch-Sensitive interface [ 4 ] c. Menu-Driven interface [ 4 ] d. Voice-Driven interface [ 4 ] Command-Line Interface Other types of user interface do exist, such as a command-line interface (CLI ). This type of interface is entirely text-based and requires users to interact with the system by typing commands . This is a complicated process and mistakes could easily accidentally delete data. There are many commands to learn so only experts who have been trained t o learn this interface will be able to efficiently make use of it. Menu-Driven Interface A menu-driven interface displays data in a series of linked menus . Examples include cash machines (ATMs) and old iPods . This type of interface is generally user friendly and easy to use as commands do not need to be memorised. However it can be annoying to find specific data through a large number of menus without a search feature. Touch-Sensitive Interface Another type of user interface is a touch-sensitive interface , used with smartphones and tablets . A human interacts with the device by pressing on a touchscreen , making it very intuitive and suitable for most users without training. Touch-sensitive interfaces may not work with dirty or wet fingers and it will take longer to write text compared to using a keyboard. Voice-Driven Interface A voice-driven interface can be controlled by speaking commands aloud to a listening device. Examples include Amazon's Alexa devices, Apple's Siri technology and Google Home . This interface is intuitive , can be used hands-free and helps to speed up processes . However commands may be misheard or limited in what can be performed. 5.1 - Data Structures Theory Topics 6.2 - Utility Software