Learn about laws regarding suitable data disposal of information and computer systems as well as methods including electromagnetic wipe and physical destruction. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 5.6 - Data & System Disposal Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Computer components such as circuit boards, processors and monitors contain hazardous materials that cannot be disposed of in traditional ways such as rubbish collection and landfills. For security reasons, data must also be disposed of carefully so that it is not returned to a readable format by unauthorised viewers . Legislation In recent years, the government has introduced different laws that relate to the safe disposal of computer equipment to help reduce environmental impact . Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment ( WEEE ) Directive : This provides guidance on how hazardous materials should be disposed of safely . This includes materials such as mercury (found in smartphones and newer monitors ) and toner cartridges in printers . These materials can damage the environment if not disposed of appropriately . Waste Acceptance Criteria ( WAC ): Equipment must meet these rules before it can be sent to a landfill . Hazardous materials, such as the elements in computer monitors , do not meet these criteria and should not be accepted . Hazardous Waste Directive : This ensures businesses safely store hazardous materials and use authorised businesses to dispose of the waste . Hazardous materials include mercury and hexavalent chromium . Data Protection Act ( DPA ): One principle of the DPA specifies that data should only be kept for a reasonable amount of time until it is securely deleted . Data stored on customers should be checked regularly and permanently deleted if no longer required . Methods of Data & System Disposal Overwriting is when new data is written to the hard disk drive to replace the current data - essentially resetting the data . Remember all data stored by a computer is in a binary format . Overwriting just once is usually not enough to remove all evidence of the data and the process may be repeated several times . Overwriting data causes no damage and means the drive can still be used for other purposes afterwards. Electromagnetic wiping uses a machine called a degausser , which has a very strong electromagnetic coil , to completely wipe the hard disk drive . Many large organisations use degaussers to be sure that their data is no longer on the devices they have used so it can’t be restored and accessed by unauthorised viewers . Degaussers are expensive to buy but it allows the device to be used again for other purposes afterwards as it is not physically damaged. A third option is the physical destruction of a computer system or storage device , like a hard disk drive , which guarantees the data is permanently inaccessible . However, physical destruction also renders the storage media unusable again for other purposes. Examples of physical destruction include shredding (e.g. a CD shredder ) or tools such as sledgehammers if no other option is available. Q uesto's Q uestions 5.6 - Data & System Disposal: 1. Describe the purpose of 4 different pieces of legislation relating to how data or computer systems should be disposed of safely . [8 ] 2a. State 3 methods of data and system disposal . [3 ] 2b. Describe 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of using each method you stated in 2a. [6 ] 5.5 - Digital Security Topic List

Learn about the tags that improve the layout of a web page, including how to centre content and add horizontal lines, bullet points and block quotes. 6. Organisation HTML Guide Watch on YouTube: This page explains the following tags which can be used to structure a simple page layout: Horizontal Line Centre Quote Bullet Points Numbered Points hr Horizontal Line You can add a horizontal line by simply adding to your document. There is no close tag. Add at least one horizontal line to your web page. center Centre Align This tag places the content within the tags on the centre of the page . Be careful - you need to use the American spelling - 'center ' - in your tags. Add tags to place your main heading in the centre of the page. blockquote Blockquote A blockquote is used to display a quote from another person or place. Text is indented further from the margin than the other content. It is not used very often, but can be found in some online articles and essays. Add at least one block quote to your web page. uo list Unordered List An unordered list is a set of bullet points . The tag is placed before the bullet points and afterwards. Each bullet point is placed within tags. That stands for list item . Add either an unordered or ordered list to your web page. Include at least three items in your list. o list Ordered List An ordered list will number each line . The tag is placed before the list and afterwards. Each list item is placed within tags. Add either an unordered or ordered list to your web page. Include at least three items in your list. Next it is time to add tags to the head, including a page title and metadata. 5. Images HTML Guide 7. Head Tags

The fourth part of a quick guide to the basics of Python aimed at Key Stage 3 students. Learn about calculations and simple mathematical operators. Python - #4 - Calculations 1. Creating Calculations To add in Python use + To subtract in Python use - To multiply in Python use * To divide in Python use / Task 1 - Create a new Python program and save the file as 4-Calculations.py Print 4 different calculations - use each operator once.(add/subtract/multiply/divide) Python is very clever, so don't be afraid to make your own calculations using larger numbers and more than one operator . 2. Using Inputs and Calculations You can ask the user to enter numbers by writing input lines. Python can then perform calculations using the numbers that the user has entered. Don't forget to add int ( and double close brackets when using numbers ! Task 2 - Copy the new code from the picture. Change the text and num1 so you are dividing by 5 not 3. Don't delete your earlier code , just add this underneath. I have cropped the images to make the new code clearer. 3. Using Calculations in a Sentence When we have printed the calculations so far, they have not been very informative! You can print calculations together with sentences so that they mean more. Use a comma ( , ) between calculations and sentences . Task 3 - Use the pictures to help you add commas and sentences to your program to be more informative. Challenge Programs Use everything that you have learned on this page to help you create these programs... Challenge Task 1 - Multiplication Create a new Python program. Save it as ' 4 -Multiplication.py ' Add a comment at the top with your name and the date. Write an input line ( don't forget int ! ) that asks the user to enter number 1. Write an input line ( don't forget int ! ) that asks the user to enter number 2. Multiply number 1 and number 2 together and print the answer. BONUS : Try to show number 1 and number 2 in the print statement (see practice task 3 to help you). Remember: Break up variables in a print line by using commas. When you run it, it could look something like this: Challenge Task 2 - Retirement Create a new Python program. Save is as ' 4-Retirement.py ' Add a comment at the top with your name and the date. Write an input line ( don't forget int ! ) that asks the user to enter their age. Print the year that they will turn 65. (This is slightly tricky. Hint : You need to know their age, and you need to know the current year. You need to subtract something, and you need to add something. Try using scrap paper to help you figure it out.) BONUS : Use only one print line. BONUS : Try to use only two lines in total . Remember: Break up variables in a print line by using commas. When you run it, it could look something like this: <<< #3 Inputs #5 Selection >>>

Learn about protocols including FTP, HTTP, POP, SMTP, SNMP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, IP and the TCP/IP stack. Resources based on Unit F161 (Developing Application Software) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (AAQ) Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) Unit: F161: Developing Application Software 3.2 - Protocols Watch on YouTube: Protocols TCP/IP Stack You need to know the role and uses of specific common protocols (FTP , HTTP , POP , SMTP , SNMP , TCP , UDP , ICMP , IP ). You also need to understand the structure , content and use of the 4-layer TCP/IP stack . What You Need to Know Common Protocols A protocol is a set of rules that determines how data is communicated between devices over a network . FTP FTP (File Transfer Protocol ) is used to transfer files between computers over a network , typically between a client and a server . It is used when uploading or downloading files from a server , such as transferring website files to a web server . HTTP HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol ) is used to request and transfer webpages and other web content between a web browser and a web server . It is used when accessing websites or when web-based applications communicate with servers . However, HTTPS is the secure , encrypted version commonly used today. POP POP (Post Office Protocol ) is used by an email client to retrieve emails from a mail server , traditionally storing them on the user's device . It is used when emails need to be downloaded from a mail server for access through an email application , particularly where local or offline access is required . SMTP SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ) is used to send and transfer email messages between email clients and mail servers and between mail servers . It is required when a user sends an email , including transferring that email between mail servers on its way to the recipient . SNMP SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol ) allows network administrators and management software to monitor and manage devices on a network to collect information about their status . It is used to monitor devices such as routers , switches , servers and printers , for example checking whether a network device is operating correctly . TCP TCP (Transmission Control Protocol ) provides reliable and ordered delivery of data packets between devices . It checks that packets arrive correctly and retransmits missing packets when necessary. It is used when accuracy and reliability are more important than speed , such as transferring files , loading webpages and sending emails . UDP UDP (User Datagram Protocol ) sends data quickly , although without checking that every piece has arrived or is in the correct order , reducing delays . It is used when speed is more important than perfect delivery , such as live video/audio , online gaming and voice calls . ICMP ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol ) is used to send network status , diagnostic and error messages between network devices . It is required when diagnosing network problems and checking whether another device can be reached , such as when using the ping command. IP IP (Internet Protocol ) addresses and routes data packets across networks by using IP addresses to uniquely identify devices . It is used when data needs to be sent between devices across networks , with IP helping packets travel from the source towards the correct destination using an appropriate route . TCP/IP Stack The TCP/IP stack is a four-layer model that describes how data is prepared , transmitted across networks and received by applications . When sending data , it travels down through the layers . When receiving data , it travels up through the layers . Different protocols are used at specific layers of the model. Application Layer This is the top layer , where network applications and services interact with the network . It includes protocols such as HTTP , FTP , SMTP , POP and SNMP . It determines how applications communicate and exchange specific types of data across a network . Example : A web browser uses HTTP to request content from a web server . Transport Layer This layer is responsible for transporting data between devices and includes TCP and UDP . It determines how data should be delivered , including whether reliability (using TCP ) or speed (using UDP ) is more important . Example : TCP can ensure that a downloaded file arrives completely and in the correct order , while UDP can prioritise speed during an online game . Internet Layer This layer is responsible for addressing and routing packets between networks and includes protocols such as IP and ICMP . It ensures packets can travel towards the correct destination using IP addresses . Example : IP is used to route packets across the internet to the destination device . Network Access Layer This is the lowest layer , concerned with how data is physically transmitted across the network using technologies such as Ethernet (a wired connection) and WiFi . It handles communication between a device and the network it is directly connected to . Example : A laptop could transmit data wirelessly to a local router using WiFi . Q uesto's Q uestions 3.2 - Protocols: 1. What is a network protocol , and why do you think protocols are needed when devices communicate ? [ 2 ] 2. State the role of FTP , HTTP , POP , SMTP and SNMP and give an example of when each would be used. [2 each ] 3. State the role of TCP , UDP , ICMP and IP and give an example of when each would be used. [2 each ] 4. Describe the structure and purpose of each of the four layers of the TCP/IP stack . [2 each ] 5. Explain how different protocols and layers of the TCP/IP stack can work together to transfer data across a network , such as sending an email on a wired connection . [ 4 ] Online games use UDP because receiving data quickly is often more important than receiving every single packet . A tiny amount of missing data may be preferable to the game pausing while it waits for it to be resent . D id Y ou K now? 3.1 - APIs Topic List 4.1 - Security Considerations

Learn about internet topics including web browsers, URL structure and DNS servers. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 3.7: The Internet Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 What is the internet? The internet is a global network of interconnected networks . The world wide web (WWW ) is not the same as the internet. It is a way of accessing information , using protocols such as HTTPS to view web pages . What is a web browser? A web browser is software that uses the HTTP or HTTPS protocol to access and display web pages . Popular web browsers include Google Chrome , Mozilla Firefox and Microsoft Edge . What is a URL? URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator . Web pages are accessed by typing a URL (a web address) into the address bar of a web browser . The URL is the complete address that matches an IP address where the website is stored. We use URLs because they are easier to remember than IP addresses, for example, 'twitter.com' is simpler than '199.59.149.165'. What is the structure of a URL? A URL is structured into different segments: What is a DNS Server? A DNS ( Domain Name System ) server stores a list of domain names and a list of corresponding IP addresses where the website is stored. The first thing to understand is that every web page has a domain name that is easy for humans to remember and type in (such as www.csnewbs.com ) as well as a related IP address (such as 65.14.202.32) which is a unique address for the device that the web page is stored on. The steps taken to display a web page: 1. A domain name is typed into the address bar of a browser . 2. The browser checks a local (cached) host file to check if it already holds the IP address, but if it doesn't... 3. A query is sent to the local DNS server for the corresponding IP address of the domain name . www.facebook.com 4. The local DNS server will check if it holds an IP address corresponding to that domain name. If it does it passes the IP address to your browser . 66.220.144.0 5. The browser then connects to the IP address of the server and accesses the web site . If the local DNS server does not hold the IP address then the query is passed to another DNS server at a higher level until the IP address is resolved. If the IP address is found, the address is passed on to DNS servers lower in the hierarchy until it is passed to your local DNS server and then to your browser. Q uesto's Q uestions 3.7 - The Internet: 1a. Describe the difference between the internet and the world wide web ( WWW ). [ 2 ] 1b. What is the purpose of a web browser ? [ 2 ] 1c. Why do humans use URLs instead of IP addresses? [ 1 ] 1d. Write out the following URL and label each section: https://www.skynews.co.uk/worldnews/ukstockmarket [ 6 ] 2a. What is a DNS server ? [ 2 ] 2b. Describe, using a mix of text and icons / images , how a DNS server is used to display a web page . [5 ] 2c. Describe how a DNS server searches for an IP address if it is not found on the local DNS server . [ 2 ] 3.6 - 7-Layer OSI Model Theory Topics 3.8 - Cyber Threats

Test your understanding of printing, comments and variables. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python - Section 1 Practice Tasks Task One: Weekdays Create a program that prints all 5 weekdays , with each day on a new line . Requirements for a complete program: Use only one print line - use \n . No empty space at the start of a printed line. Example solution: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Task Two: Colour & Animal Sentence Write a program that uses two variables , one for a colour and one for an animal . Print a sentence using both variables . Requirements for a complete program: Use both your variables within one print line. Include capital letters, appropriate punctuation and no irregular spacing in the printed line. Remember: Break up variables in a print line by using commas or plus signs between each part of the "sentence" . Example solutions: Have you ever seen a purple cat? A horse that was green galloped past! Three yellow ants ate my lunch. Task Three: Number, Adjective & Animal Write a program that uses three variables , a number , an adjective (descriptive word) and an animal . Print a sentence using all three variables . Requirements for a complete program: Use all three variables within one print line. Include capital letters, full stops and no irregular spacing in the printed line. Remember: Break up variables in a print line by using commas or plus signs between each part of the "sentence" . Example solutions: What? 64 sneaky elephants just ran past me! There were 12 hungry bears in the park. 85 patient spiders waited in the corner. ⬅ 1d - Using Va riables 2a - Inputting Text ➡

Learn database topics including entity relationships, keys, normalisation, capturing and exchanging data, SQL, referential integrity, transaction processing and ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability). Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level 3.2 - Databases Specification: Computer Science H446 Database Key Terms A database is an organised collection of data stored in tables , where each table represents an entity such as a customer or product . Each table is made up of records ( rows ), which store information about individual instances of that entity , and fields ( columns ), which hold specific attributes like names or prices . A primary key uniquely identifies each record , while a foreign key links records between tables to create relationships . Secondary keys use indexing to speed up searches and data retrieval . A flat file database stores all data in a single table or file , often in a simple format such as a spreadsheet or text file . It is easy to create and manage , making it suitable for small-scale applications . However, it can lead to data duplication and inconsistency because the same data may be repeated in multiple records . A relational database stores data in multiple related tables , linked together using primary and foreign keys . This design reduces data redundancy and improves data integrity by storing each piece of information only once . The main disadvantage is that relational databases are more complex to design and maintain , requiring more processing power and knowledge to manage effectively . ER Diagrams Relationships between entities are shown using an Entity–Relationship ( ER ) diagram , which illustrates connections between tables in a visual format . There are three types : many-to-many (e.g. Students to Teachers ) Capturing & Managing Data Data can be captured from sources such as forms , Optical Character Recognition (OCR ), Optical Mark Recognition (OMR ) and sensors . These methods allow information to be collected automatically or manually and entered into a computer system for processing . Data can be selected and filtered using tools like Query By Example (QBE ) or SQL commands . This allows users to retrieve only the specific records that meet certain criteria from a database . Data management involves manipulating stored information , such as performing arithmetic functions or adding , editing and deleting records . This ensures that the data remains accurate , up to date and useful for decision-making . Data can be exchanged (shared ) between systems using common file formats such as CSV and JSON . These formats make it easier to transfer data between different software applications or platforms while maintaining structure and meaning . Database Normalisation Database normalisation is the process of organising data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity . It ensures that each piece of data is stored only once , making updates and maintenance more efficient and reducing the risk of inconsistent data . Normalisation is measured in 'forms ': First Normal Form (1NF ): Ensures that all fields contain atomic (indivisible ) values and that there are no repeating groups in a table. Each table must have a primary key . Second Normal Form (2NF ): Builds on 1NF by ensuring that all non-key attributes depend on the entire primary key , removing partial dependencies . Third Normal Form (3NF ): Builds on 2NF by removing transitive dependencies , meaning non-key attributes depend only on the primary key and not on other non-key attributes . Flat File & Relational Databases one-to-one (e.g. Students to Lockers ) one-to-many (e.g. Tutor Group to Students ) Structured Query Language (SQL) SQL ( Structured Query Language ) is used to create , manage and manipulate data in databases . It allows users to retrieve specific data using commands such as SELECT , FROM and WHERE , often combined with logical operators like AND and OR to filter results . The LIKE command and wildcards such as * and % are used to search for patterns within text data . SQL also supports data modification through commands like INSERT (to add data ), DELETE (to remove data ) and DROP (to delete entire tables ). More advanced queries can use nested SELECT statements or JOIN commands to combine data from multiple tables for more complex analysis . Referential Integrity Referential integrity ensures that relationships between tables in a relational database remain consistent . It means that a foreign key in one table must always refer to a valid primary key in another table . Referential integrity is important as it: Prevents orphan records (e.g. doctors linked to a non-existent patient). Keeps relationships between tables valid . Ensures queries and reports remain accurate . ACID Rules Transaction processing refers to the handling of a sequence of database operations (a transaction ) that must be completed fully or not at all . It ensures that databases remain accurate and consistent even if errors or system failures occur during the process . The ACID rules define the key properties of reliable transactions : Atomicity : The transaction is all or nothing - it either completes fully or not at all . Consistency : The database must remain valid before and after the transaction by following the same rules . Isolation : Transactions are independent , so one cannot interfere with another . Durability : Once completed , a transaction’s changes are permanent , even if the system crashes . Watch on YouTube : Database key terms Flat File & Relational databases Entity relationship (ER) diagrams Capturing & managing data Database normalisation SQL Referential integrity Transaction processing (ACID) Q uesto's K ey T erms Database Keys & Relationships: field, record, table, primary key, composite key, secondary key, indexing, foreign key, entity relationship (ER) diagram, one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many, flat file database, relational database Capturing & Managing Data: form, OCR, OMR, sensor, query by example, SQL, CSV, JSON, electronic and non-electronic data transfer SQL: SELECT, nested SELECT, FROM, WHERE, LIKE, AND, OR, DELETE, INSERT, DROP, JOIN, *, % Normalisation: first normal form (1NF), second normal form (2NF), third normal form ( 3NF), partial dependency, non-key dependency Referential Integrity & ACID: referential integrity, transaction processing, ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability), record locking, redundancy D id Y ou K now? In 2013 the web portal / search engine company Yahoo! was hacked , with all 3 billion user accounts in their database compromised - the largest hack in history . Personal details such as names , email addresses and hashed passwords were taken , causing major reputational and financial damage to the company . 3.1 - Compression & Encryption A-Level Topics 3.3 - Networks

The fifth part of a quick guide to the basics of Python aimed at Key Stage 3 students. Learn about how selection works and how to use if statements. Python - #5 - Selection 1. Using if Statements Using if enables your program to make a choice . There are a few things you need to remember : if is lowercase - it should turn orange. You must use double equals == You need a colon : at the end of your if line. The line below your if line must be indented . Task 1 - Create a new Python program and save the file as 5-Selection.py Use the picture to help you ask what your favourite food is . Run the program and test it works. To indent a line press the tab key on your keyboard. Indentation is important as it tells Python what is within the if statement and what isn't. 2. Using elif elif stands for 'else if '. It is used to respond in a different way depending on the input. elif works exactly the same as an if line so if you make a mistake look up at task 1 to help you. Task 2 - Write an elif line that responds differently to your favourite food question from task 1. e.g. "Yum!" if someone enters "pasta". 3. Using else It is impractical to have hundreds of elif lines to respond to different inputs. else is used to respond to anything else that has been entered in a general way. The else line works a bit differently, so look carefully at the picture . Task 3 - Write an else line that responds to anything else the user enters for your favourite food question. 4. Multiple elifs Despite what you did in task 3, programs can be expanded with more than one elif line. Underneath your first elif line but before your else line, add at least two more elif sections that respond differently depending on what is entered. Use the elif line from the task 2 picture to help you. Task 4 - Read the description above and use task 2 to help you. Challenge Programs Use everything that you have learned on this page to help you create these programs... Challenge Task 1 - Spanish Translation Create a new Python program. Save it as ' 5-Translator.py ' Add a comment at the top with your name and the date. Create a program that asks for a number between 1 and 4. Use if and elif statements to see what the user has entered and print a statement that displays the chosen number in Spanish - use the image to help you understand. BONUS : Add an else line for any numbers higher than 4. When you run it, it could look something like this: Challenge Task 2 - Able to Vote Create a new Python program. Save it as ' 5-Vote.py ' Add a comment at the top with your name and the date. Create a program that asks for their age. Use an if statement to see if the age is more than 17 (use > instead of ==). If the age is over 17, then print "You are old enough to vote!" Use an else statement to print a different message for everyone else. When you run it, it could look something like this: Challenge Task 3 - Totals Create a new Python program. Save it as ' 5-Totals.py ' Add a comment at the top with your name and the date. Use an int input line to ask the user for number 1. Use an int input line to a sk the user for number 2. Multiply the two numbers together and save it into a variable called total. If the total is over 9000, then print "It's over 9,000!!!" Use an else statement to print the total if it is less than 9000. When you run it, it could look something like this: <<< #4 Calculations #6 Turtle >>>

Learn about visual design elements of human-computer interfaces such as colours, interaction, location hierarchy, messages (help, error) and typography (style, size). Based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (H029 / H129) (AAQ - Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 5.2 - Human Computer Interface Visual Design Considerations Watch on YouTube : Visual design considerations When creating a human-computer interface , there are several visual design considerations that the development team must take into account, such as the use of colour and the style of typography . You need to know how each visual design consideration is used when designing human-computer interfaces and how these interfaces can be improved to be more effective . As with most topics, it is also vital to consider how client requirements may impact changes related to visual design , for example, using larger text for users with visual impairments . Visual Design Considerations Visual Design Considerations Colours are used to define the visual appearance of the interface . This includes background colours , button colours , icons and text . Interaction refers to how users control or respond to the system through input methods like clicking , tapping , swiping , typing or speaking . Location hierarchy is about the placement and organisation of interface elements based on importance . Messages are displayed to provide feedback , guidance or explanations - such as confirming actions , explaining errors or offering help . Typography includes the choice of font types and the size , spacing , weight (boldness) and alignment of text . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.2 - Human-Computer Interface Visual Design Considerations: 1. Explain how colours can be used effectively in human-computer interfaces . [4 ] 2. Describe what is meant by location hierarchy and why it is important to consider . [4 ] 3. Suggest specific visual design considerations an application developer should consider when making software for a primary school in Dubai . [ 5 ] Approximately 1 in 12 men and 1 in 200 women are colour-blind , meaning good designers should include text or icons rather than relying on just colour to convey meaning . D id Y ou K now? 5.1.2 - Types of Devices Topic List 5.3 - HCI Designs & Diagrams

Learn how to read and search through files in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. Python 10b - Read & Search Files Reading from a File To read and print from a file you must open it in read mode by typing "r" instead of "a". If you are writing and reading in the same program, make sure you close the file in append mode before you open it in read mode . The program below uses the Customers.txt file from the last section. A simple for loop can be used to print each line of the file. The end = "" code just prevents a space between each line. Practice Task 1 Open one of the files that you used in Section 10a and print each line. Example solution: Reading Specific Lines from a File Sometimes it is necessary only to print certain lines. The following example uses a file where I have written a sentence of advice on each line. The user is asked to enter a number between 1 and 6. If they enter 1, the first line of the file is printed. If they enter 2, the second line of the file is printed etc. Remember Python starts counting everything at 0 so each line is a digit less than you would expect . Square brackets must be used to denote the line to print: [1] not (1). The end = "" code is not necessary but removes space after the line. Practice Task 2 Create a text file (saved in the same folder as your Python file) with a list of video games. Ask the user to enter a number between 1 and 10. Print the line for the number that they input. Example solution: Print a Random Line The randint command can be imported and used to print a random line from a file . The example below prints one of the 12 months . The file is opened in read mode and the readlines() command extracts each line , placing them in a list . A random number is then generated between 0 and one less than the total number of lines . This random number is then used to print a line from the extracted list of lines . Python code from random import randint file = open ( "months.txt" , "r" ) lines = file.readlines() random = randint(0,11) print (lines[random]) months.txt January February March April May June July August September October November December potential outputs March December April July If the length of the file is not fixed (e.g. new lines are being added or lines removed ) then the random number generation line can be adapted to use the len command to calculate the current number of lines . This is required to know the upper limit of the random number . random = randint(0,len(lines)-1) Searching Through Files A for loop is used to search through a file , line by line . First, an input line is used to allow the user to enter their search term . If the term that is being searched for is found, then the whole line is printed. The example below uses a variable named found to state if there is a match when the file is searched. If the search term is found, then the found variable is changed to true . If the search term is not found , the found variable remains as false, so the 'no customers found' statement is printed . Practice Task 3 You should have completed Practice Task 2 from Section 10a (the A Level task). Add extra code to that program so that you can search for specific students. Example solution: ⬅ 10a - Open & Write Files 10c - Remove & Edit Lines ➡

Learn how to use logical operators in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 4c - Logical Operators AND Operator The AND operator is used to execute certain code if more than one thing is true . AND is commonly used with account logins - both the username AND the password must be correct . The example below requires both a secret word and a secret number to be correct: print ( "To enter you need the secret word and the secret number!" ) word = input ( "What is the secret word? " ) number = int ( input ( "What is the secret number? " )) if word == "solitude" and number == 2011: print ( "Correct! You may enter!" ) else : print ( "Incorrect! Get out of here!" ) If no part or only some of the if statement is true then the indented code will not run : To enter you need the secret word and the secret number! What is the secret word? solitude What is the secret number? 4503 Incorrect! Get out of here! To enter you need the secret word and the secret number! What is the secret word? windhelm What is the secret number? 1021 Incorrect! Get out of here! Only If all parts of the if statement are true will the indented code be executed : To enter you need the secret word and the secret number! What is the secret word? solitude What is the secret number? 2011 Correct! You may enter! Logical Operators Task 1 ( Three Easy Questions) Ask the user three easy questions and print a special response if they get all three correct . Use the and operator to see if their answer for all each of the questions is correct. You must use a unique variable nam e for each of your inputs (it can't be 'answer' for all three, for example). Example solutions: What is the capital of Germany? Berlin What is the chemical formula for water? H20 What year did World War Two end? 1945 You absolute genius! What is the capital of Germany? Vienna What is the chemical formula for water? W20 What year did World War Two end? 1945 Bit awkward, I thought you'd do better... OR Operator The OR operator is used to execute certain code if one of several statements is true . The program below is checking if either a , e , i , o or u were entered. letter = input ( "Enter a letter: " ) if letter == "a" or letter == "e" or letter == "i" or letter == "o" or letter == "u" : print ( "You entered a vowel." ) else : print ( "You entered a consonant." ) Enter a letter: f You entered a consonant. Enter a letter: e You entered a vowel. It is important that you re-write the variable and operator (e.g. letter ==) each time you use 'or' . It will not work if you just write: if letter == “a” or “e” or “i” or “o” or “u”: Logical Operators Task 2 ( Twins?) Ask the user to enter their favourite colour and then ask them their age . If their favourite colour is the same as yours AND their age is the same as yours then print “Snap! Are you my twin?” . If only one of the statements is true (use the OR operator) then print “Spooky! You’re a bit like me.” . Add an else statement to print “We’re not so similar, you and I.” if there's nothing in common. Example solutions: What's your favourite colour? green What's your age? 15 Snap! Are you my twin? What's your favourite colour? blue What's your age? 15 Spooky! You're a bit like me. What's your favourite colour? red What's your age? 16 We're not so similar, you and I. ⬅ 4b - Mathematical Opera tors Sectio n 4 Practice Tasks ➡

Learn about things to consider when trying to make a good impression at work, including written, verbal and physical considerations. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 4.1 - Communication Skills Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Communication skills are vital for anybody working within the IT industry. Employees will need to communicate with other members of their team and with those who encounter issues with their computer systems. Interpersonal Skills Communication is not just through speaking to another person, behaviour is also important. Employees should sit up straight in their chairs to show interest and eye contact should be maintained when speaking to another person or listening in a meeting. It is important to speak clearly so that others can understand what you are trying to say. Verbal Communication Employees should know when to use informal and formal language appropriately. For example, formal language should be used in meetings as it is a work environment . Employees should think carefully about when to use technical terms . Technical terminology should be used when discussing issues with technicians but simplified explanations should be given to customers who may be inexperienced with their systems. Questioning Techniques Questioning is used to uncover problems in order to solve them . Closed questions will be direct and prompt a short, often one-word answer, such as "How many times have you tried to log in?". Open questions don't have an obvious answer and may elicit an opinion , such as "Why are you using Internet Explorer instead of Google Chrome?". Avoid leading questions - where you expect a certain response from the answerer, such as "Is the system always this slow?" Written Communication Again this form of communication can be formal - such as a letter to apply for a job - or informal - like sending a text or instant message to a team member. There are a number of considerations to take before deciding whether communication should be formal or informal. For example, if the communication is between peers or external agencies (such as other companies or customers), any policies the organisation has in place and whether the communication will be legally recorded (such as saving all email correspondence). Barriers to Communication There are several reasons why communication between people may be received or understood incorrectly . For example, noise in the room , language (this could be different spoken languages or the use of difficult technical terms ) and impairments (such as a hearing or visual impairment ). Another barrier is distraction - an email may be delayed because an employee is distracted by social media or other co-workers. Phones should also be turned off or silent during meetings. Q uesto's Q uestions 4.1 - Communication Skills: 1. Describe 3 interpersonal actions that an employee should follow when speaking or listening to other team members. [ 3 ] 2. Explain when an employee should use technical terms and when they should simplify their explanations . [ 4 ] 3. Describe the difference between closed , open and leading questions , giving an example of each. [6 ] 4. Describe 3 things that should be considered when deciding between formal or informal written communication . [3 ] 5. Describe 3 different barriers to successful communication . [3 ] 3.5 - Business Systems Topic List 4.2 - Communication Technology