Search CSNewbs

top Python 3a - Data Types Data Types in Python If you are a Computer Science student you need to know about the different data types that are used in programming. ​ ​String – A sequence of alphanumeric characters (e.g. “Hello!” or “Toy Story 4” or “Boeing 747” ) Integer – A whole number (e.g. 1470 or 0 or -34) Float (also called Real ) – A decimal number (e.g. -32.12 or 3.14) Boolean – A logical operation (True or False) Character – A single alphanumeric character (e.g. “a” or “6” or “?”) [ Not used in Python as it would just be a string with a length of 1] Converting to Another Data Type Converting a variable from one data type to another is called casting . Casting Commands ​ str (variable_name) converts a variable to a string . ​ int (variable_name) converts a variable to a integer . ​ float (variable_name) converts a variable to a float (decimal number). An integer (or float ) value may be cast into a string so that it can be used with + as part of a sentence to avoid spaces . total = 45 print ( "You owe £" , total , "in total." ) print ( "You owe £" + str (total) , "in total." ) = You owe £ 45 in total. You owe £45 in total. When dividing an integer the answer is automatically given as a decimal number (float ), even if it is .0 (e.g. 10 / 2 would give 5.0). ​ Casting a float (also known as real) number into an integer using int() will remove the decimal . total = 100/10 print ( "The answer is" , total ) print ( "The answer is" , int(total) ) The answer is 10.0 The answer is 10 = Data Types Task 1 ( Time) Write an input line with int to ask the current hour . Write another input line with int to ask the current minute . ​ Write a print line with str() that outputs this as a clock time. Example solution: What is the hour? 12 What is the minute? 44 The time is 12:44 Data Types Task 2 ( Decimal ) Write an input line with int to ask for any number . ​ Use float() in a print line to output number as a decimal. Example solution: Enter any number: 456 456.0 ⬅ Section 2 Practice Tasks 3b - Simple Calculations ➡

Exam Board: OCR 1.1b Performance Specification: A-Level 2015 The performance of a computer system is affected by four main factors: Cache Memory: Size & Levels What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . What are the 3 levels of cache memory? Level 1 cache is the smallest level (less than a megabyte ) but it is also the fastest . Level 2 cache is larger than level 1 (up to 8 megabytes ) but slightly slower. Level 3 cache is located outside of the CPU core which makes it slower than the first two levels but it is much larger (up to 50 megabytes ). How does cache memory work? ​ When the CPU searches for data , it looks first in level 1 cache, then level 2 and then level 3 . If the data has been found , this is called a 'cache hit '. If the data is not found then the CPU searches in RAM instead which takes more time - this is called a 'cache miss '. How does cache memory improve performance? Cache memory is closer to the CPU than RAM , meaning that it can provide data and instructions to the CPU at a faster rate . ​ A computer with more cache memory (e.g. 8MB instead of 4MB) should have a higher performance because repeatedly used instructions can be stored and accessed faster . ​ Larger level 1 and level 2 cache sizes will improve a computer's performance as data can be accessed extremely quickly . What is the limitation of cache memory? Cache memory is costly, so most computers only have a small amount . ​ Multiple cache misses will result in data latency (delay) as information is accessed from RAM which is further away from the CPU. Clock Speed What is clock speed? Clock speed is the measure of how quickly a CPU can process instructions . ​ Clock speed is measured in Gigahertz (GHz) . A typical desktop computer might have a clock speed of 3.5 GHz . This means it can perform 3.5 billion cycles a second . How does clock speed improve performance? ​ The faster the clock speed, the faster the computer can perform the FDE cycle resulting in better performance because more instructions can be processed each second . How does overclocking and underclocking affect performance? Typical clock speed: 3.5 GHz Underclocking Overclocking 3.9 GHz 3.1 GHz Overclocking is when the computer's clock speed is increased higher than the recommended rate. ​ This will make the computer perform faster, but it can lead to overheating and could damage the machine . Underclocking is when the computer's clock speed is decreased lower than the recommended rate. ​ This will make the computer perform slower but will increase the lifespan of the machine . Number of Cores What is a core? ​ A core is a complete set of CPU components (control unit, ALU and registers). Each core is able to perform its own FDE cycle . ​ A multi-core CPU has more than one set of components within the same CPU. How does the number of cores improve performance? ​ In theory, a single-core processor can execute one instruction at a time , a dual-core processor can execute two instructions, and a quad-core can execute four instructions simultaneously . ​ Therefore, a computer with more cores will have a higher performance because it can process more instructions at once . What are the limitations of having more cores? ​ If one core is waiting for another core to finish processing, performance may not increase at all. ​ Some software is not written to make use of multiple cores , so it will not run any quicker on a multi-core computer. Pipelining What is pipelining? ​ Pipelining efficiently uses multiple cores or processors to perform different stages of the FDE cycle at the same time . Pipelining overlaps the processing of instructions to improve performance by increasing the amount of instructions that can be fetched, decoded and executed each second . ​ The first image to the right shows a processor not using pipelining whereby one instruction can only be fetched once the previous instruction has been fetched, decoded and executed. The second image shows how pipelining can be used to process multiple instructions during the same clock cycle . For example, in clock cycle 3 instruction X can be executed while instruction Y is decoded and instruction Z fetched. A simplified example of a processor not using pipelining. A simplified example of a processor using pipelining. What is the limitation of pipelining? ​ Certain instructions may not be able to be executed until other instructions have been fetched and decoded . This wait for other instructions may impact performance . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.1b - Performance: ​ Cache Size & Levels 1a. What is cache memory ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe the three levels of cache memory , including the storage size and relative speed of each level. [ 6 ] 1c. Describe what is meant by a ' cache hit ' and a ' cache miss '. [ 2 ] 1d. Describe two ways that more c ache memory will mean performance is higher . [ 4 ] 1e. Explain why most computers only have a small amount of cache memory. [ 1 ] Clock Speed 2a. What is clock speed ? What is it measured in? [ 2 ] 2b. Explain how a higher clock speed improves performance . [ 2 ] 2c. Explain the terms 'overclocking ' and 'underclocking ' and explain the effects of both on the performance of a computer. [ 4 ] ​ Number of Cores 3a. What is a core ? [ 2 ] 3b. Explain why a quad-core processor should have a higher performance than a dual-core processor . [ 3 ] 3c. Explain two reasons why having more cores doesn't necessarily mean the performance will be better . [ 2 ] ​ Pipelining 4a. What is pipelining ? How does pipelining affect performance ? [ 4 ] 1.1a - The CPU & FDE Cycle Theory Topics 1.2 - Processors

Exam Board: OCR 1.3a: Input & Output Devices Specification: A-Level 2015 An instruction set is a list of all the instructions that a CPU can process as part of the FDE cycle . ​ CPUs can have different sets of instructions that they can perform based on their function. The two most common instruction sets are the simpler RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer ) and more complicated CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer ). Instruction Sets This page is still being updated. Graphical Processing Unit What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Multicore & Parallel Systems What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Multicore & Parallel Systems What is cache memory? ​ Cache memory is temporary storage for frequently accessed data . ​ Cache memory is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3a - Input & Output Devices: ​ 1. What is cache memory ? [ 2 ] ​ 1.2 Processors Theory Topics 1.3b - Memory & Storage

top Python 9b - Number Handling Rounding Numbers The round() command is used to round a value to a certain number of decimal places . ​ Type your variable into the round command brackets, add a comma and state the number of decimal places to round to. If you type only the variable , it will round the number to the nearest whole value . Practice Task 1 Ask the user to enter any large number. ​ Ask the user to enter another large number. ​ Divide the two numbers and print the answer to 3 decimal places. Example solution: Using Numbers as Strings The following techniques all require the integer to be converted into a string first using the str command. ​ Just like a string, you can shorten a variable to only display a certain length . Remember that Python starts at zero . You can select a specific digit in the same manner as when selecting characters in a string. If you want to use your variable as an integer again later you would need to convert it from a string to an integer using the int command. Again, reversing a number is the same as reversing a string. You can also use other string handling methods such as .startswith() or .endswith() Practice Task 2 Ask the user to enter a 10 digit number. ​ Select the 2nd and 8th digits and add them together. ​ Print the total. Example solution: ⬅ 9a - String Handling Section 9 Practice Tasks ➡

top Python 4c - Logical Operators AND Operator The AND operator is used to execute certain code if more than one thing is true . ​ AND is commonly used with account logins - both the username AND the password must be correct . ​ The example below requires both a secret word and a secret number to be correct: print ( "To enter you need the secret word and the secret number!" ) word = input ( "What is the secret word? " ) number = int ( input ( "What is the secret number? " )) if word == "solitude" and number == 2011: print ( "Correct! You may enter!" ) else : print ( "Incorrect! Get out of here!" ) If no part or only some of the if statement is true then the indented code will not run : To enter you need the secret word and the secret number! What is the secret word? solitude What is the secret number? 4503 Incorrect! Get out of here! To enter you need the secret word and the secret number! What is the secret word? windhelm What is the secret number? 1021 Incorrect! Get out of here! Only If all parts of the if statement are true will the indented code be executed : To enter you need the secret word and the secret number! What is the secret word? solitude What is the secret number? 2011 Correct! You may enter! Logical Operators Task 1 ( Three Easy Questions) Ask the user three easy questions and print a special response if they get all three correct . ​ Use the and operator to see if their answer for all each of the questions is correct. ​ You must use a unique variable nam e for each of your inputs (it can't be 'answer' for all three, for example). Example solutions: What is the capital of Germany? Berlin What is the chemical formula for water? H20 What year did World War Two end? 1945 You absolute genius! What is the capital of Germany? Vienna What is the chemical formula for water? W20 What year did World War Two end? 1945 Bit awkward, I thought you'd do better... OR Operator The OR operator is used to execute certain code if one of several statements is true . The program below is checking if either a , e , i , o or u were entered. letter = input ( "Enter a letter: " ) ​ if letter == "a" or letter == "e" or letter == "i" or letter == "o" or letter == "u" : print ( "You entered a vowel." ) else : print ( "You entered a consonant." ) Enter a letter: f You entered a consonant. Enter a letter: e You entered a vowel. It is important that you re-write the variable and operator (e.g. letter ==) each time you use 'or' . It will not work if you just write: if letter == “a” or “e” or “i” or “o” or “u”: Logical Operators Task 2 ( Twins?) Ask the user to enter their favourite colour and then ask them their age . If their favourite colour is the same as yours AND their age is the same as yours then print “Snap! Are you my twin?” . If only one of the statements is true (use the OR operator) then print “Spooky! You’re a bit like me.” . ​ Add an else statement to print “We’re not so similar, you and I.” if there's nothing in common. Example solutions: What's your favourite colour? green What's your age? 15 Snap! Are you my twin? What's your favourite colour? blue What's your age? 15 Spooky! You're a bit like me. What's your favourite colour? red What's your age? 16 We're not so similar, you and I. ⬅ 4b - Mathematical Opera tors Sectio n 4 Practice Tasks ➡

top Python 3b - Simple Calculations Simple Calculations in Python You can perform calculations on numbers in Python using the four main operators : print ( 89 + 47) print ( 89 - 47) print ( 89 * 47) print ( 89 / 47) = 136 42 4183 1.8936170212765957 For addition , use the plus sign + ​ To subtract numbers, use the dash symbol – (but not an underscore _ ) ​ For multiplication , use an asterisk * which can be made by pressing Shift and 8 on a typical keyboard. ​ To divide numbers, use a forward slash / (but not a backslash \ ) Use a string and the calculation to make the output user friendly . print ( "53 x 7 =" , 53 * 7) = 53 x 7 = 371 Simple Calculations Task 1 ( + - * /) Print four different simple calculations, using a different operator ( + - * / ) for each. ​ Make the output user friendly by also showing the calculation (not just the answer). Copy the divide symbol here using Ctrl and C : ÷ Example solution: 18 + 35 = 53 18 - 35 = -17 18 x 35 = 630 18 ÷ 35 = 0.5142857142857142 Using Variables in Calculations You can also perform calculations on variables . The example below has the values of the variables pre-written. ​ You need to store the result in a variable . The total variable has been used to store the result of the multiplication. num1 = 12 num2 = 20 total = num1 * num2 print ( "The total is" , total) = The total is 240 The example below allows the user to input values . num1 = int ( input ( "Enter number one: " )) num2 = int ( input ( "Enter number two: " )) total = num1 + num2 print ( "The to ta l is" , total) Enter number one: 21 Enter number two: 82 The total is 103 = Don't leave the user in the dark, better user interfaces are clear and explain what outputted values mean: num1 = int ( input ( "Enter number one: " )) num2 = int ( input ( "Enter number two: " )) answer = nu m1 - num2 print (num1 , "-" , n um2 , "=" , answer) Enter number one: 83 Enter number two: 29 83 - 29 = 54 = Simple Calculations Task 2 ( Divide by 3) Use an input line with int to ask the user to enter a number . ​ Divide the number by 3 and output the result . Example solution: Enter a number: 11 11 divided by 3 is 3.6666666666666665 Simple Calculations Task 3 ( Add 3 Numbers ) Make three input lines using int to ask the user to enter three numbers . ​ Add the numbers together and output the total . Example solution: Enter the first number: 45 Enter the second number: 32 Enter the third number: 19 The total is 96 ⬅ 3a - Data Types Section 3 Practice Tasks ➡

top Python 7a - Procedures Subroutines A subroutine is a section of code that can be re-used several times in the same program. It is separate from the main code and has to be ‘called’ upon. Subroutines are designed to be repeated, and they have three key benefits: ​ Subroutines make programs easier to read . They reduce the duplication of code . Complex problems are broken down into smaller chunks . ​ There are two types of subroutines: procedures and functions . ​ A procedure just executes commands , such as printing something a certain number of times. A function produces information by receiving data from the main program and returning a value to the main program. For example, a function could take the radius of a sphere from the main program, calculate a sphere’s area and return the value of the area to the main program. A function generally requires parameters to work – these are the values to be transferred from the main program to the subroutine. Procedures A procedure i s a type of subroutine that runs independently of the main program . ​ A subroutine must be defined at the top of the program before the main code by typing def and the name of the subroutine . ​ In the example below I have created a procedure to calculate the multiplication of two numbers and a separate procedure for the division. The main program starts beneath the subroutines , against the left side of the editor. ​ I have created a while true loop that asks the user if they want to multiply, divide or stop the program. ​ If they choose to multiply, the multiply subroutine is called . This initiates that subroutine then returns to the main program when it is complete. ​ If they choose to divide, the divide subroutine is called instead. Typing stop will break (end) the loop. Here you can see the two parts of the program put together. ​ Subroutines must be written first , with the rest of the program underneath. Subroutines can be called in any order . Below I have run the program and divided then multiplied before breaking the loop: Practice Tasks 1 1. Create a procedure called hello that just prints “Hello there! ”. ​ In the main program create a for loop that calls the procedure 10 times. ​ You must use a procedure. 2. Create a program with two procedures. The addition procedure allows the user to add two numbers together. The subtraction procedure allows the user to take a number away from another. Use a while true loop in the main program and a break to stop the loop. Example solution for #1: Local & Global Variables Programming languages use local variables and global variables . ​ A global variable can be used anywhere in the program . ​ A local variable can only be used in the subroutine it is created in . ​ I have adapted the multiply / divide program below to use global variables by stating the global command and the name of the variables in each subroutine. This allows me to ask the user to enter numbers in the main program. Practice Tasks 2 1. Adapt your addition / subtraction program from the first practice task section to use global variables. ​ 2. Create a program that asks the user to enter their name in the main program. Call a subroutine that greets the user using the name variables. You must use a procedure and a global variable . Example solution for #2: ⬅ Section 6 Practice Tasks 7b - Functions ➡

3. Random Movement 1. Code for Random Movement Greenfoot Tutorial Watch on YouTube: Right-click on your enemy class on the main screen and select ' Open editor '. The enemy character should always be moving, so start with move(1); ​ Next we will use an if statement to start the random movement. This code generates 10 random numbers and if it is less than 1 then it will run the proceeding code. If we don't do this, the character will turn too much or too little . This code generates a random angle between 0 and 90. The - 45 part is necessary otherwise the character will always move to the right . See the diagram below for an explanation: 2. Bounce at World Edge You may have noticed that the enemy objects can get 'stuck' in the corners or when they hit the edge of the world. ​ In the act() method, below the random movement code , add the code in the red box . This code checks to see if the object is at the edge , and turns it around ( 180 degrees ) if it is. 3. Compile and Run Click the Compile button at the top of the code editor . ​ Then you can go back to the main Greenfoot window and click Run to test if your enemy objects move . Click on me if you've got an error that you're stuck with. < Part 2 - Movement with the Arrow Keys Part 4 - Remove Objects >

2.6 - Software Troubleshooting Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 A software error occurs when a program or process stops working as expected. ​ Software errors usually occur when programs are badly written or if a user inputs unexpected data .​ ​ Common Faults System Freeze The computer freezes and pressing keys or moving the mouse shows no response . Commonly caused by a software bug or virus . Unexpected Reboot To try and fix errors, a computer might get stuck in an endless loop of booting and rebooting. Other systems may frequently restart without warning . Stop Error This occurs after a fatal system error when the operating system stops , usually because of a driver software issue . Commonly known as the ' blue screen of death ' on Windows-based systems. Update Error While designed to fix errors, updates can sometimes bring more problems if they interfere with the current software . Troubleshooting Tools for Software Errors Event Viewer (Logs) If a software error does occur then the same characteristics as a hardware error should be logged , such as the time / date of the error, the user logged in, problem history etc. Memory Dump Copies and displays the contents of RAM at the time of a crash to help a technician discover what happened . Baselines Before After A comparison of what the system is like after a crash compared to a fixed point in time beforehand. The baseline can be used to see differences which may have caused the computer to fail. Anti-Virus Checks if malware is running on a system and using up resources and slowing the system down. It could then be quarantined and deleted by the anti-virus. Installable tools can also be downloaded to investigate the system and find the cause of the problem . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.6 - Software Troubleshooting: ​ 1. Describe each of the four common types of software error : a. System Freeze b. Stop Error c. Unexpected Reboot d. Update Error [2 each ] ​ 2. Describe each type of troubleshooting tool and explain how it can be used to discover and fix software errors. a. Event Viewer b. Memory Dump c. Baselines d. Antivirus Software e. Installable Tools [ 2 each ] 2.5 Communication Methods Topic List 2.7 - Protocols

Extended Task 2 Lottery 17 8 4 13 20 Create a program to simulate a lottery draw. ​ First, create an appropriate print line to welcome the user to your lottery draw. Then let the user enter five numbers between 1 and 20. Next, randomise five numbers between 1 and 20. Check to see how many numbers match and output an appropriate response for each scenario (e.g. “You have not matched any numbers, better luck next time!”) Once you have made the base program implement subroutines and lists . ​ Make it as efficient as possible and professional-looking. Use pauses to reveal each number one at a time like a real lottery draw to build suspense. For this task, you will need to create a document and include the following sections (with screenshots where appropriate): ​ An introduction to explain the Purpose of your program . A List of Requirements for a successful program. Screenshots of your code (with comments in your code to show understanding). Testing – Create a plan to show how you will test your program and then explanations of any errors that you found and how they were fixed . An Evaluation of what worked, what didn’t, and how you met each of your requirements from your original list. Also, discuss further improvements that you could have made to improve your program. Example solution: Helpful reminders for this task: Inputting Numbers Random Numbers Logical Operators Subroutines ⬅ Extended Task 1 (Pork Pies) Extended Task 3 (Blackjack) ➡

Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC 1.1 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) Specification: 2020 + The Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) is the most important component in any computer system. ​ The purpose of the CPU is to process data and instructions by constantly repeating the fetch - decode - execute cycle . CPU Components The control unit directs the flow of data and information into the CPU. It also controls the other parts of the CPU . ALU stands for ‘ Arithmetic and Logic Unit ’. It performs simple calculations and logical operations . The registers are temporary storage spaces for data and instructions inside the CPU. ​ The registers are used during the FDE cycle . ​ Five essential registers are explained in 1.2 . Cache memory is used to temporarily store data that is frequently accessed . ​ Cache memory is split into different levels . Level 1 and level 2 (L1 & L2) are usually within the CPU and level 3 (L3) is just outside it. See 1.3 and 1.5 for more information about cache. You should know: The control unit is also known as the controller and cache memory is sometimes called internal memory . Computer Architecture The way a computer is designed and laid out is known as its architecture . ​ The most common type of computer architecture is Von Neumann . Von Neumann Architecture The CPU is the most important component in Von Neumann architecture as it is constantly fetching and decoding instructions from RAM and controlling the other parts of the system . ​ Von Neumann architecture also stores both instructions and data in memory . Being able to store programs in memory allows computers to be re-programmed for other tasks - this enables it to multitask and run several applications at the same time. ​ Data input and output is another key feature of this architecture. ​ An alternative architecture is Harvard , which features the control unit as the most essential component. Q uesto's Q uestions 1.1 - The Central Processing Unit (CPU): ​ 1a. What does 'CPU ' stand for ? [1 ] 1b. What is the purpose of the CPU ? [ 2 ] ​ 2a. Draw a diagram of the CPU , use the same symbols as shown on this page. [ 4 ] 2b. Label the four main components of the CPU. [ 4 ] ​ 3. Describe the purpose of: a. The Control Unit [ 2 ] b. The ALU [ 2 ] c. The registers [ 2 ] d. Cache memory [ 2 ] ​ 4a. Describe the key features of Von Neumann architecture . [ 3 ] 4b. Explain why storing data in memory is important. [ 1 ] 4c . State an alternative architecture . [ 1 ] Theory Topics 1.2 - The FDE Cycle

Desktop Publishing (DTP) What is DTP? Desktop Publishing (DTP) software allows people to create documents with a mixture of graphics and text . Examples of desktop publishing software are Microsoft Publisher and Serif PagePlus . ​ Desktop publishers can be used to produce documents such as business cards, leaflets, brochures, newspapers, magazines and newsletters . DTP software can be cheap and printers at home are more common these days so people can design and print their own documents. Professional-looking documents can be made simply and without an extensive knowledge of graphic design. ​ The biggest advantage of using DTP is that it is frame based . Text and picture frames can be laid out on the page, and rotated, moved or resized as necessary. It is easy to import images from clip art or the web. ​ The view of the page is known as WYSIWYG (W hat Y ou S ee I s W hat Y ou G et) because the view on the computer will be very similar to what you get when it is printed. What to consider when using DTP Orientation Will your document be landscape or portrait ? Some document types are more commonly one orientation than the other. For example, business cards are generally landscape but newsletters are more often portrait. ​ Size The size of a typical piece of paper is A4. But that is too large for most DTP documents. The larger the number, the smaller the piece of paper . A5 is half the size of A4 and A3 is twice the size of A4. Documents can also be measured in millimetres, for example, an appropriate business card size is 85mm wide and 55mm high. House Style A house style is a set of rules to ensure that each document made by a person or company is part of an identity . To be consistent , each document should use the same logo, titles, colours, graphics and layout . For example, the NHS always uses a blue colour, the same logo and similar layout on each of its documents. Some companies have perfected their house style so that they are synonymous with a single colour - e.g. McDonald's use yellow and Coca-Cola use red and white . DTP Documents Business Cards A business card is a small piece of card that must be simple and stylish . The purpose of a business card is to clearly state the contact details of a person or company. Sharing your business card with other people is one way to promote your business or skills to attract new business partners or customers. A business card must be uncluttered and clearly display relevant contact information, such as an email address, phone number or physical address. Today, business cards may also state social media contacts, such as Facebook pages or Twitter accounts. Flyers A flyer is a small handout that advertises an event or new product. ​ The purpose of a flyer is to clearly and quickly promote an event . It must be eye-catching and to-the-point so that people can immediately understand what it is about. Flyers are often handed out in the street or posted through letterboxes so if it is not clear people will just ignore it. ​ A flyer should use a large title to promote the event, as well as appropriate graphics and information about the date, location and time. It should also contain contact details including a telephone number, website and email address. Posters A poster is a large piece of paper that is put up to advertise an event and display more information than a flyer . ​ Posters should promote an event by using large titles and graphics to clearly describe where the event is taking place, when it is and why people should go. Because there is much more space on a poster than a flyer, additional information can be added and some kind of persuasion to entice passers by to attend. Leaflets A leaflet is a small folded handout that provides more information about an event or new product. ​ The purpose of a leaflet is to give additional details about an event . It can be used before an event to describe the different parts, such as the different acts in a circus or different bands at a festival. It can also be used during an event, such as at a school fair to list the different stalls. Because it is folded over it can display a large amount of information, with both text and graphics . ​ The front of the leaflet should clearly display the purpose of it and the text inside must be readable with images to break up the words. There may also be contact information inside the leaflet, such as directions to a website or social media page .