Learn about the four types of secondary storage - magnetic, optical, solid-state and cloud. Also, learn about the data storage units from bit to yottabyte. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 1.4: Secondary Storage & Data Units Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 Secondary storage (also known as backing storage ) is non-volatile storage used to save and store data that can be accessed repeatedly. Secondary storage is not directly embedded on the motherboard (and possibly even external ) and therefore further away from the CPU so it is slower to access then primary storage . Storage Characteristics: CAPACITY : The maximum amount of data that can be stored. DURABILITY : The physical strength of the device, to withstand damage. PORTABILITY : How easy it is to carry the device around. ACCESS SPEED : How quickly data on the device can be read or edited . COST : The average price it costs to purchase a storage device. Magnetic Storage Optical Storage A magnetic hard disk drive (HDD ) is the most common form of secondary storage within desktop computers. A read/write head moves nanometres above the disk platter and uses the magnetic field of the platter to read or edit data. An obsolete (no longer used) type of magnetic storage is a floppy disk but these have been replaced by solid state devices such as USB sticks which are much faster and have a much higher capacity. Another type of magnetic storage that is still used is magnetic tape . Magnetic tape has a high storage capacity but data has to be accessed in order (serial access ) so it is generally only used by companies to back up or archive large amounts of data . Optical storage uses a laser to project beams of light onto a spinning disc, allowing it to read data from a CD , DVD or Blu-Ray . This makes optical storage the slowest of the four types of secondary storage. Disc drives are traditionally internal but external disc drives can be bought for devices like laptops. Magnetic Storage Characteristics: ✓ - Large CAPACITY and cheaper COST per gigabyte than solid state . X - Not DURABLE and not very PORTABLE when powered on because moving it can damage the device. X - Slow ACCESS SPEED but faster than optical storage . Optical Storage Characteristics: X - Low CAPACITY : 700 MB (CD ), 4.7 GB (DVD ), 25 GB (Blu-ray ). X - Not DURABLE because discs are very fragile and can break or scratch easily. ✓ - Discs are thin and very PORTABLE . Also very cheap to buy in bulk. X - Optical discs have the Slowest ACCESS SPEED . Magnetic Disks are spelled with a k and Optical Discs have a c. Solid State Storage Cloud Storage There are no moving parts in solid state storage. SSD s (Solid State Drives ) are replacing magnetic HDDs (Hard DIsk Drives) in modern computers and video game consoles because they are generally quieter , faster and use less power . A USB flash drive ( USB stick ) is another type of solid state storage that is used to transport files easily because of its small size. Memory cards , like the SD card in a digital camera or a Micro SD card in a smartphone , are another example of solid state storage. When you store data in 'the cloud', using services such as Google Drive or Dropbox, your data is stored on large servers owned by the hosting company . The hosting company (such as Google) is responsible for keeping the servers running and making your data accessible on the internet . Cloud storage is very convenient as it allows people to work on a file at the same time and it can be accessed from different devices. However, if the internet connection fails , or the servers are attacked then the data could become inaccessible . Solid State Characteristics: X - High CAPACITY but more expensive COST per gigabyte than magnetic . ✓ - Usually DURABLE but cheap USB sticks can snap or break . ✓ - The small size of USB sticks and memory cards mean they are very PORTABLE and can fit easily in a bag or pocket. ✓ - Solid State storage has the fastest ACCESS SPEED because they contain no moving parts . Cloud Storage Characteristics: ✓ - Huge CAPACITY and you can upgrade your subscription if you need more storage. ✓ / X - Cloud storage is difficult to rank in terms of PORTABILITY , DURABILITY and ACCESS SPEED because it depends on your internet connection. A fast connection would mean that cloud storage is very portable (can be accessed on a smartphone or tablet) but a poor connection would make access difficult . ✓ - Cloud storage is typically free for a certain amount of storage. Users can then buy a subscription to cover their needs - Dropbox allows 2 GB for free or 2 TB for £9.99 a month. Data Storage Units 0 / 1 All data in a computer system is made up of bits . A single bit is a 0 or a 1 . 4 bits (such as 0101 or 1101) is called a nibble . 1,024 bytes is called a kilobyte . A kilobyte can store a short email . A 8 bits is called a byte . A byte can store a single character . 1,024 kilobytes is called a megabyte . A megabyte can store about a minute of music . 1,024 megabytes is called a gigabyte . A gigabyte can store about 500 photos . 1,024 terabytes is called a petabyte . A petabyte can store about 1.5 million CDs . 1,024 gigabytes is called a terabyte . A terabyte can store about 500 hours of films . More data storage units: 1,024 petabytes is called a exabyte . 1,024 exabytes is called a zettabyte . 1,024 zettabytes is called a yottabyte . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.4 - Secondary Storage: 1. Rank magnetic , optical and solid-state storage in terms of capacity , durability , portability , speed and cost . For example, magnetic has the highest capacity , then solid-state, then optical. This could be completed in a table . [15 ] 2. Justify which secondary storage should be used in each scenario and why it is the most appropriate: a. Sending videos and pictures to family in Australia through the post . [ 2 ] b. Storing a presentation to take into school . [ 2 ] c. Storing project files with other members of a group to work on together . [ 2 ] d. Backing up an old computer with thousands of files to a storage device. [ 2 ] 3. Put the following data storage units in order from smallest to largest : a . kilobyte - gigabyte - byte - megabyte - nibble - bit [3 ] b. gigabyte - petabyte - kilobyte - exabyte - terabyte - megabyte [ 3 ] 1.3 - Primary Storage 1.5 - Performance Theory Topics

Learn about the differences and characteristics of programs and applications. Resources based on Unit F160 (Fundamentals of Application Development) for the OCR Cambridge Advanced Nationals in Computing (H029 / H129) AAQ (Alternative Academic Qualification). Qualification: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) Unit: F160: Fundamentals of Application Development Certificate: Computing: Application Development (H029 / H129) 1.1 - Programs & Applications Watch on YouTube : Programs & Applications The terms 'program ' and 'application ' do not mean the same thing. A program performs individual operations while an application may use several programs together to create a functional tool for a user . For example, a program may calculate the total of a range of numbers . An example of an application is Microsoft Excel , which is spreadsheet software with a range of programs built in , including the ability to calculate totals , as well as many other functions . Programs and Applications Every topic in Unit F160 ( Fundamentals of Application Development ) comes with YouTube videos to help you learn . Some pages only have one video , while others have several . Programs Applications A program is a set of instructions that a computer can understand and execute to perform specific tasks . It is written in a programming language like Python or Java and instructs the computer how to perform individual operations . Programs can be simple (e.g. printing a message to the screen) or complex (e.g. managing a database or running a web server ). An application is a type of program designed to be user-friendly and help users complete specific tasks . Examples of applications include word processors (e.g. Microsoft Word), web browsers (e.g. Google Chrome) and mobile apps (e.g. Instagram). Applications are made up of one or more programs . Examples A program has a specific purpose , that is understood and executed by the computer . An example is a program that can sort data into alphabetical order . This may be used in an application like spreadsheet software . A video editing application may include several programs , each with a specific purpose , such as a program to import video , one to apply filters , another to edit audio and another to export the finished video . Characteristics Characteristics of a program: Programs are created using programming languages like Python or Java . They are translated into a format the computer understands and then run . Each program is designed to perform a specific function or set of functions . They may not have a user interface and may not require user interaction , such as an operating system's background processes . Programs may consist of smaller sub-programs that can be reused in different applications . Characteristics of an application: Applications are designed to meet user requirements . They are designed for specific tasks , such as editing photos or sending emails. Most have a user interface to provide a way for humans to interact with the application, e.g. menus and buttons . Applications may be designed to run on specific operating systems , such as an iPhone app designed for iOS. They may involve multiple programs working together . Devices that use Programs and Applications Every type of computer system will use programs and/or applications for different, specific purposes . Desktops and laptops run operating systems , software applications and utilities . Game consoles use applications for gaming , streaming and social features like group voice chats. Smart TVs use apps for streaming and browsing and programs for remote control . Smart speakers use programs to process voice commands , control smart home devices and play music based on user input . Smartphones and tablets use mobile apps for communication , games and productivity . AR (augmented reality ), VR (virtual reality ) and MR (mixed reality ) devices use programs to generate and manage 3D environments , track user movements and respond to inputs . Embedded systems like washing machines , smart fridges and cars use programs to manage their operations and interfaces . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.1 - Programs & Applications: 1. Explain the differences between a program and an application , using examples . [4 ] 2. Give 3 characteristics of a program and 3 features of an application . [6 ] 3. Briefly summarise how four different devices would use programs or applications . [4 ] As of 2025 , the Google Play Store has over 3.5 million apps and is close to reaching 150 billion downloads ! D id Y ou K now? Topic List 1.2 - Operating Systems

Learn about the advantages and disadvantages of different types of software including open-source, closed-source, off-the-shelf and bespoke. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification. 2.1: Software Types Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 1 Software refers to the programs and applications that run on a computer system. Open Source Software Source code is the software code written by programmers . If the software is open source it means that users can view and modify the code . Linux, Python and Firefox are examples of open source software. Benefits Drawbacks Because the source code is available to edit , it can be customised to the organisation's needs . Often shared in the public domain so users can work together to modify, debug and improve a product. Unwanted features can be removed to make the software run faster . There are security risks - some editors may add malicious code to the program. Open source software is often low in price and sometimes free. It may be difficult to receive support as development is often distributed between people in different locations. The code may be prone to errors as it may not have been tested fully. It requires technical skills to be able to adapt source code efficiently and to maintain the code . Closed Source Software If the software is closed source it means the code is restricted for users to view or modify . You buy the right to use the software but you don't actually own it. Microsoft Office, Fortnite and Spotify are examples of closed source software. Closed source software is also known as proprietary software because it is another company's property and protected by law. Benefits Drawbacks The code is well tested and has been professionally developed. Updates will generally be secure . Users must rely on the company to provide updates and fix issues. This might be infrequent or stop completely. The company can be held to account if it does not perform as listed in the terms and conditions upon purchase. Often not free (see Freeware below for free closed source software). Most developers will provide some form of help/support . Users cannot modify, debug or improve the code for their own benefit. Off-the-Shelf Software This is any software made for general use , with features that can be used in different ways and for different purposes . Examples include office software (e.g. Microsoft Office), video games (e.g. Minecraft) and image editors (e.g. Adobe PhotoShop). Back before internet downloads, people had to actually go to shops and buy software off the shelf and install it at home, hence the name. Benefits Drawbacks Should have been tested thoroughly so users can be confident that features will work as expected . Secure updates will be regular. It can be expensive to purchase some software , especially for a single user rather than a business. Some software, such as anti-virus protection, requires yearly licenses . It can be cheaper to purchase than bespoke software as it is not customised for a specific user or organisation. The software may contain additional features that the user / organisation doesn’t need which can reduce the performance of the system. The end users might be familiar with the software and trust the company (e.g. Microsoft Word). Bespoke Software This is any software that has been custom made for a specific organisation or user. For example, programmers might be hired by a company to create software for a specific task. Hospitals and schools use bespoke software to track and manage patients / students. It can be expensive to commission bespoke software as programmers and user interface designers need to be hired and there could be issues with rights to any created software. Benefits Drawbacks The software is built to the company's requirements , it is unique to their needs. Unwanted features can be removed to make the software run faster . Bespoke software is expensive to develop because it is tailor-made for the company. Staff may require training on using the system because it is unique . The look of the software (e.g. design & layout ) can be customised to fit the company's image. Because it has been custom-made, the original programmers may be needed to maintain the software and fix errors . Shareware This software allows the user to trial the program for a limited time before forcing them to buy the product or stop using it. For example, WinRAR is utility software that asks the user to buy the full version after 40 days. This allows the user to get a taste of what the software offers before choosing whether to buy it fully or not . Freeware This is software that is freely available to download and use . These are usually closed-source software that earn money through adverts or additional purchases. Rights to the software remain with the author despite the free access. App developers may release their app as freeware to allow users to try the software and then encourage them to purchase a full version with more features. Unlike shareware, the user should be able to keep using the product for free indefinitely, though their version may have features restricted or adverts enabled. Examples of freeware software include iTunes , Clash of Clans and Adobe Acrobat Reader (for PDFs). Embedded Software An embedded system is when a smaller computer system is installed within a larger device , such as a washing machine, traffic light or car. Embedded systems have a dedicated purpose and often run in real-time . Because of the small size, the embedded software will usually have memory and storage restrictions . Q uesto's Q uestions 2.1 - Software Types: 1. Describe the 7 types of software , listing the advantages and disadvantages of each. a. Open Source b. Closed Source c. Off-the-Shelf d. Bespoke e. Shareware f. Freeware g. Embedded [6 each ] 1.8 & 1.9 - Number Systems Topic List 2.2 - Applications Software

Learn about the tags in the head section of an HTML document including the title and meta tags. 7. Head Tags HTML Guide Watch on YouTube: Remember that all HMTL documents are split into the head and the body. The following tags must be typed inside of your head tags . title Title The title is not the main heading. The title is the page title itself that you can see at the tab at the top of your web browser. Add a title to your web page. metadata Metadata Metadata is information about the web page itself. This commonly includes data about the author, the page's contents and any keywords. Metadata will not appear on the actual web page . Add meta data tags between your head tags for author, keywords and a description. The meta tag is made up of a name and content . Author represents who created the web page. Keywords are commonly used words. Description is used for displaying search engine results (such as a Google search). Next it is time to embed YouTube videos into your web page. 6. Organisation Tags HTML Guide 8. Videos

Learn how to input numbers in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 2B - Inputting Numbers Inputting Whole Numbers in Python To enter whole numbers then you must use the int command. int stands for integer (a whole number ) and is typed before input – don’t forget the double brackets at the end . age = int ( input ( "How old are you? " )) print ( "Have you really lived for " , age , "years?" ) = How old are you? 99 Have you really lived for 99 years? Inputting Numbers Task 1 ( Zoo) Type an input line (with int ) to ask the user how many times they’ve been to the zoo . Print a reply that uses the zoo variable (their answer). Example solution: How many times have you been to the zoo? 3 You've been to the zoo 3 times? I love animals! Inputting Decimal Numbers in Python Using float instead of int allows a decimal number to be entered instead. Again, don’t forget the double brackets at the end . miles = float ( input ( "How far have you walked today? " )) print ( "You really walked for " , miles , "miles? Wow!" ) = How far have you walked today? 5.6 You really walked for 5.6 miles? Wow! Inputting Numbers Task 2 ( Height ) Type an input line (with float ) to ask the user their height in metres. Print a reply that uses the height variable (their answer). Example solution: What is your height in metres? 1.82 You are 1.82 metres tall? Wow! ⬅ 2a - Inputting Text Sect ion 2 Practice Tasks ➡

Navigate between all Unit 1 (Fundamentals of IT) topics in the OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT 2016 specification. OCR Cambridge Technicals IT Level 3 Unit 1: Fundamentals of IT These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Technicals 2016 Level 3 IT specification . This website is in no way affiliated with OCR . This qualification stopped in July 2025. The pages on the site will remain for at least two years. LO1 (Computer Hardware ) 1.1 - Computer Hardware 1.2 - Computer Components 1.3 - Types of Computer System 1.4 - Connectivity 1.5 - Communication Hardware 1.6 - Hardware Troubleshooting 1.7 - Units of Measurement 1.8 & 1.9 - Number Systems & Conversion LO2 (Computer Software ) 2.1 - Types of Software 2.2 - Applications Software 2.3 - Utility Software 2.4 - Operating Systems 2.5 - Communication Methods 2.6 - Software Troubleshooting 2.7 - Protocols LO3 (Networks & Systems ) 3.1 - Server Types 3.2 - Virtualisation 3.3 - Network Characteristics 3.4 - Connection Methods 3.5 - Business Systems LO4 ( Employability & Communication ) 4.1 - Communication Skills 4.2 - Communication Technology 4.3 - Personal Attributes 4.4 - Ready for Work 4.5 - Job Roles 4.6 & 4.7 - Bodies & Certification LO5 (Issues & Security ) 5.1 - Ethical Issues 5.2 - Operational Issues 5.3 - Threats 5.4 - Physical Security 5.5 - Digital Security 5.6 - Data & System Disposal

Learn how to create and use procedures in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 7a - Procedures Subroutines A subroutine is a section of code that can be re-used several times in the same program. It is separate from the main code and has to be ‘called’ upon. Subroutines are designed to be repeated, and they have three key benefits: Subroutines make programs easier to read . They reduce the duplication of code . Complex problems are broken down into smaller chunks . There are two types of subroutines: procedures and functions . A procedure just executes commands , such as printing something a certain number of times. A function produces information by receiving data from the main program and returning a value to the main program. For example, a function could take the radius of a sphere from the main program, calculate a sphere’s area and return the value of the area to the main program. A function generally requires parameters to work – these are the values to be transferred from the main program to the subroutine. Procedures A procedure i s a type of subroutine that runs independently of the main program . A subroutine must be defined at the top of the program before the main code by typing def and the name of the subroutine . In the example below I have created a procedure to calculate the multiplication of two numbers and a separate procedure for the division. The main program starts beneath the subroutines , against the left side of the editor. I have created a while true loop that asks the user if they want to multiply, divide or stop the program. If they choose to multiply, the multiply subroutine is called . This initiates that subroutine then returns to the main program when it is complete. If they choose to divide, the divide subroutine is called instead. Typing stop will break (end) the loop. Here you can see the two parts of the program put together. Subroutines must be written first , with the rest of the program underneath. Subroutines can be called in any order . Below I have run the program and divided then multiplied before breaking the loop: Practice Tasks 1 1. Create a procedure called hello that just prints “Hello there! ”. In the main program create a for loop that calls the procedure 10 times. You must use a procedure. 2. Create a program with two procedures. The addition procedure allows the user to add two numbers together. The subtraction procedure allows the user to take a number away from another. Use a while true loop in the main program and a break to stop the loop. Example solution for #1: Local & Global Variables Programming languages use local variables and global variables . A global variable can be used anywhere in the program . A local variable can only be used in the subroutine it is created in . I have adapted the multiply / divide program below to use global variables by stating the global command and the name of the variables in each subroutine. This allows me to ask the user to enter numbers in the main program. Practice Tasks 2 1. Adapt your addition / subtraction program from the first practice task section to use global variables. 2. Create a program that asks the user to enter their name in the main program. Call a subroutine that greets the user using the name variables. You must use a procedure and a global variable . Example solution for #2: ⬅ Section 6 Practice Tasks 7b - Functions ➡

Learn how to create and use while loops in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 6B - While Loops Types of Loop The third construct of programming (after Sequence and Selection) is Iteration . If you iterate something, then you repeat it. There are two key loops to use in Python: for loops and while loops . A for loop is count controlled – e.g. “For 10 seconds I will jump up and down”. The loop will continue until the count (e.g. 10 seconds) has finished . A while loop is condition controlled – e.g. “While I am not out of breath, I will jump up and down.” The loop will continue as long as the condition remains true . Simple While Loops A while loop keeps repeating as long as the starting condition is true . If the condition of the while loop becomes false , the loop ends . In this example, the number variable is increased by 1 inside of the loop until it is no longer less than or equal to 10 . number = 1 while number <= 10: print (number) number = number + 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Comparison Operators == equal to != not equal to < less than <= less than or equal to > greater than >= greater than or equal to It is important to give the variable a value before you start the while loop . I have assigned number as 1. The last line increases the number by 1 otherwise the number would stay at 1 and the loop would repeat forever . While Loops Task 1 (Countdown from 100 ) Example solution (shortened): Create a simple while loop that starts at 100 and prints each number down to 1 . Think about the comparison operator you will need to check you have reached 1. 100 99 98 ... ... 3 2 1 Inputs Inside While Loops If you want the user to keep entering an input until they give a certain answer then you need to put the input inside the while loop : age = 0 while age < 18: print ( "Only adults allowed to the casino." ) age = int ( input ( "Enter your age: " )) print ( "Welcome and enjoy your visit." ) Only adults allowed to the casino. Enter your age: 14 Only adults allowed to the casino. Enter your age: 18 Welcome and enjoy your visit. month = " " while month != "July" : month = input ( "Guess the month I'm thinking of: " ) print ( "Correct! It was July!" ) Guess the month I'm thinking of: August Guess the month I'm thinking of: June Guess the month I'm thinking of: July Correct! It was July! Notice that the variable in the condition (age or month in these examples) has to be given a value first before it can be used in a while condition. The program will crash if the variable is not declared and assigned a value - for example, the age cannot be checked to see if it less than 18 if there is no age variable! For string variables like month in the example above then a blank default value like " " can be used. For integer variables often 0 will be used. While Loops Task 2 (Guess the Colour ) Example solution: Use a variable named colour and a while loop that allows the user to keep entering colours until a specific one (your choice) has been input. Guess the colour: blue Guess the colour: purple Guess the colour: yellow Correct! It was yellow! While Loops Task 3 (Integer Trivia ) Use a while loop to ask a question that has an integer (whole number) as an answer , such as "How many James Bond films did Daniel Craig appear in?" or "In which year did Wigan Athletic win the FA Cup?". Remember that integers do not use speech marks , e.g. year = 0 Example solution: Which year was the first Iron Man movie? 2010 Which year was the first Iron Man movie? 2009 Which year was the first Iron Man movie? 2008 Correct! It was 2008! While True Loops A while True loop will repeat indefinitely , only stopping when the break command is used to end the loop . While True loops are often preferred because you do not need to set default values for any variables before the loop begins. while True : password = input ( "Enter the password: " ) if password == "icecream21" : print ( "Correct Password!" ) break Enter the password: vanilla32 Enter the password: chocolate83 Enter the password: strawberry100 Enter the password: icecream21 Correct Password! The program below has been adapted to record the number of attempts made . The value is increased by 1 each time the loop restarts. guesses = 0 while True : guesses = guesses + 1 password = input ( "Enter the password: " ) if password == "goat7" : print ( "Correct Password! It took" ,guesses, "attempts!" ) break else : print ( "Incorrect. Try again!" ) Enter the password: sheep3 Incorrect. Try again! Enter the password: cow4 Incorrect. Try again! Enter the password: horse5 Incorrect. Try again! Enter the password: goat7 Correct Password! It took 4 attempts! The continue command will move to the next iteration (it can be considered as starting the loop again ). The program below allows numbers to be entered and keeps track of a running total. Entering 1 inputs a number, 2 displays the total and 3 stops the program. total = 0 while True : choice = input ( "\nType 1 to enter, 2 for a total and 3 to stop: " ) if choice == "1" : number = int ( input ( "Enter a number: " )) total = total + number continue elif choice == "2" : print ( "The total is" , total) continue elif choice == "3" : break print ( "\nProgram finished." ) Type 1 to enter, 2 for the total and 3 to stop: 1 Enter a number: 40 Type 1 to enter, 2 for the total and 3 to stop: 1 Enter a number: 35 Type 1 to enter, 2 for the total and 3 to stop: 2 The total is 75 Type 1 to enter, 2 for the total and 3 to stop: 3 Program finished. While Loops Task 4 (Guess the Planet ) Example solution: Use a while True loop to keep asking a user to input a planet . Keep track of the number of guesses that have been made and output the total when they input the correct planet. Use the second example in the 'While True Loops ' section above to help you. Enter a planet: Mars Incorrect guess, try again! Enter a planet: Mercury Incorrect guess, try again! Enter a planet: Neptune Correct it was Neptune! While Loops Task 5 (Up to 100 ) Create a while True loop that asks the user to enter a number . Add the number to a total variable and print it. When the total reaches 100 or more , stop the program. Don't forget to set the total variable to 0 at the start and to add the number entered by the user to the total. Example solution: Enter a number: 34 The current total is: 34 Enter a number: 29 The current total is: 63 Enter a number: 18 The current total is: 81 Enter a number: 22 The current total is: 103 Over 100! ⬅ 6a - F or Loops Section 6 Practice Tasks ➡

Consider multiple extensions to increase the complexity of your Greenfoot game. Part 7 of the Greenfoot Tutorial for the Eduqas / WJEC GCSE 2016 specification. 7. Extension Ideas Greenfoot Tutorial This concludes the tutorial for a simple Greenfoot game! Try a combination of the suggestions below to add complexity to your game: 1. Make a New Class for 'Bad' Collectibles Create a new subclass in the Actor classes section for a new collectible that will lower the score if picked up. Add code to your main character to remove the collectible when they touch . Add code to decrease the counter by 1 at the same time. 2. Make the Collectibles Move Randomly Copy the code from your enemy class that makes it move randomly and bounce on edge , and paste this into your collectible class . This makes it harder to catch the collectables, especially if there are 'bad' objects to avoid. 3. Stop the Game Go to the code of your enemy and add the line underlined in red within your removal code. This will stop the game if your main character is eaten. 4. Make the Game Multiplayer Create a new subclass in the Actor classes section for a new main character that will be controlled by a second player . Add code to your new character to move it right, down, left and up . Choose different keys for each direction , such as the WASD keys or IJKL keys. If the second player touches a collectible , add code to decrease the score . Multiplayer Rules: Player 1 wins if the final score is above 0 . Player 2 wins if the final score is negative . It is a draw if it finishes on 0 . < Part 6 - The Counter

Learn about the tools of an integrated development environment (IDE) including the editor, debugger, library, trace, memory inspector and error diagnostics. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 9.1: IDE Tools Exam Board: Eduqas Specification: 2020 An IDE (Integrated Development Environment ) provides programmers with the following facilities (tools ) to help create programs : Editor The editor is software that allows a programmer to enter and edit source code . Editor features may include: Automatic formatting (e.g. automatic indentation). Automatic line numbering (this helps to identify exactly where an error has occurred). Automatic colour coding (e.g. Python turns loop commands orange and print commands purple). Statement completion (e.g. offering to auto-complete a command as the user is typing.) Libraries A library is a collection of commonly used functions and subprograms that can be linked to a program . For example, Python can import functions from its code library including random or time commands). Libraries must be linked to the main program using a linker . Linker Links together pre-compiled code from software libraries . For example, the import random command in Python links to the random library. Loader Pre-compiled code is loaded into RAM to be executed. Code Optimisation The code is optimised so it is fast , efficient and uses as little of the computer's resources as possible. Debugger Identifies errors in the code with the exact line of the error to help fix the problem . Break point The programmer selects a specific line and the program is paused once it reaches it. Variable values at that point are shown . Variable Watch cost Displays the current value of a selected variable . A variable can be watched line-by-line to see how the value changes . Trace Memory Inspector Logs the values of variables and outputs of the program a s the code is executed line by line . Displays the contents of a section of memory and how it is being used by the program . Error Diagnostics Displays information about an error when it occurs, such as the line it occurred on and the error type (e.g. syntax or runtime). This helps the programmer to fix the error . Specific errors can be detected such as a syntax error . See 10.3 . Compilers & Interpreters Both tools convert the source code written by a programmer into machine code to be executed by the CPU. A compiler converts the entire source code into executable machine code at once . After compilation, the program can be run again without having to recompile each time. An interpreter converts source code into machine code line by line . An interpreter must reinterpret the code each time the program is required to run . See 10.1 for both tools. Subroutines & Functions A subroutine is a section of code that can be re-used several times in the same program. There are two types of subroutines: A procedure just executes commands , such as printing something a certain number of times. A function can receive data from the main program (called a parameter ) and return a value upon completion. Subroutines (procedures and functions) are designed to be repeated and have three key benefits: Subroutines make programs easier to read and design . They reduce the duplication of code . Makes it is easier to debug a program. Q uesto's Q uestions 9.1 - IDE Tools: 1. Describe the purpose of each type of IDE facility : a. Editor b. Interpreter c. Compiler d. Linker e. Loader f. Debugger g. Break point h. Variable Watch i. Trace j. Memory Inspector k. Error Diagnostics [ 2 each ] 8.5 - Validation & Verification Theory Topics 10.1 - Translators

Learn how to easily remove objects in Greenfoot in only two lines of code. Part 4 of the Greenfoot Tutorial for the Eduqas / WJEC GCSE 2016 specification. 4. Remove Objects Greenfoot Tutorial 1. Removing Objects Watch on YouTube: Open the editor for your main character . Underneath the if statements for using the arrow keys is where we type the removal code . If you have chosen a different collectible object, type the exact name of that class instead of Orange (e.g. Apples or Ants). 2. Add Danger to your Game Use the same code as you did earlier but change the class (instead of Orange. class I have chosen Sheep. class ). Time to code your main character to be removed if they are touched by the enemy objects ! Open the editor for your enemy class . The removal code is placed beneath the code you have already written. Check out the extension page if you want the game to stop when the main character is removed. < Part 3 - Random Movement Part 5 - Play Sounds >

Learn about ethical, legal, cultural, privacy and environmental impacts of digital technology. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 6.1a: Impacts of Technology Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Impacts of Technology What are the issues created by technology? As the use of computers and technological devices continues to rise every year, this increase brings with it a range of different types of issues . Categories of issues described on this page include: Cultural issues Environmental issues Ethical issues Legal & Privacy issues Cultural Issues Culture relates to society and how different parts of the world vary in terms of computer and internet usage . The Digital Divide This term relates to the gap between those people who have access to modern digital technology (such as computers and the internet) and those who have limited access . 'Limited access' could be devices at home or shared devices or having lower-performance (cheaper) computers and low-speed internet connections. The digital divide can be seen in different ways , such as: People in cities vs. People in rural areas . Younger people vs. Elderly people. Developed countries vs. Developing countries. The digital divide is an important ethical issue because digital technologies have led to numerous international benefits including boosted growth , improved product delivery , enhanced communication and increased opportunities . However, this impact is uneven and these positive impacts are mostly occurring in technologically-advanced regions such as North America , Western Europe and Japan . Regions like some nations in Africa and Central Asia have limited digital infrastructure and government instability , leading to poor internet speeds , high costs and limited resources . Discussion Points: What do you think can be done to bridge the digital divide? Whose job is it to bridge the gap? Who will pay for the technology? Changes to Work The internet , the development of new technologies such as cloud storage and increased video communication have transformed the way that many businesses operate across the world. Staff may be able to work from home or access documents collaboratively outside of the traditional workplace, such as cafes or on public transport. Some jobs have moved abroad to save costs, such as help centres for online issues. Tasks can be outsourced to freelancers in other countries where people are content to be paid less for their time and services. For example, some companies will hire temporary web developers from countries such as India to work for them for a lower salary than local workers. Another change to work that technology has brought is the loss of jobs , especially low-skilled jobs such as factory workers that have seen their roles replaced by technology and automation . However, technology has also created millions of new jobs , including installing and maintaining the machines that replace other roles. Environmental Issues Environmental issues concern the natural world and the negative effects of producing , using and discarding computer systems and devices. Energy and Material Consumption In the past 30 years, the number of technological devices has increased astronomically and thousands of new devices are manufactured each day . These devices need to be assembled using a range of materials , including plastics , metals and some rarer elements and need a considerable amount of electrical power to run. Certain systems like web servers and data centres must be powered on all day , every day, which uses a large amount of energy . Pollution and Waste Generating the electricity to power computers creates pollution - an average PC could require up to 50% more energy per year than a fridge. Computers are difficult to recycle and discarded components can lead to land, water and air pollution due to harmful materials , such as lead and mercury , leaking into the environment. Smartphone trends are also negative for the environment as new devices are released yearly , with minor upgrades that people buy to appear fashionable and up-to-date. To lessen the environmental impact, people should reuse and recycle their devices. Ethical Issues Ethics relates to what is considered right or wrong . Often this is subjective - people may have differing opinions on the issue. Drones Uses of drones: Filming and photography for television, movies and special events. Monitoring pollution levels in the atmosphere. Tracking and monitoring wildlife , such as rhino populations in Africa. Disaster zone response , such as searching for survivors following an earthquake. Delivery companies are developing drones to quickly deliver goods across cities. Drones are used by the military to target sites in other countries, such as American soldiers deploying surveillance drones in Syria. Discussion Points: Should you need a licence to buy and fly a drone? Should drones be used to monitor the public? Like flying CCTV? Should drones be used to deliver items? Like Amazon packages? If a drone hits a plane and it crashes, what should the punishment be? A drone is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV ) that is remotely operated and can be used for a wide range of purposes. Self-Driving Cars Self-driving cars (also known as autonomous vehicles ) are currently in the development and testing stage with companies like Tesla and Amazon. Benefits of self-driving cars include: In theory, driving will be safer because cars are less likely to make mistakes that humans do and they can’t become distracted or tired . Self-driving cars should be more fuel-efficient because they take the most direct route to destinations and do not get lost. ‘Drivers’ in the car can perform other tasks instead of driving, such as work or planning. Autonomous vehicles could include trucks and vans to automate the delivery and freight industries . Trucks could drive overnight to deliver goods whereas currently, human drivers must take breaks every few hours. Drawbacks of self-driving cars include: Cars could still crash as code and software processes may fail. The technology is still in development and will be very expensive for the first few years when self-driving cars are available to purchase. Jobs may be lost such as delivery and truck drivers whose vehicles are equipped with self-driving technology. Other industries like motorway services and hotels may also be affected. Discussion Points: Would you trust a car to drive itself? Who is to blame if a self-driving car crashes? The car maker? The people in the car? The software writers? What should happen to the people whose jobs are taken by self-driving vehicles? Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (AI ) is the act of computers replacing humans to analyse data and make decisions . In recent years AI has become more common in the home and on devices like smartphones; assistants such as Siri and Alexa are prime examples of modern home AI. AI Chatbots like ChatGPT have become more popular in recent years but have lead to issues such as plagiarism , misinformation and breaking copyright laws . The weather today is cloudy. Benefits of AI include: Processes are sped up as computers can analyse large amounts of data much quicker than a human. AI can be used when a human is unavailable , such as using a symptom checker on the internet for a minor illness rather than booking and waiting for a doctor. Repetitive or time-consuming tasks can instead be completed by a computer , such as searching and sorting scientific data or generating ideas , images or audio from a prompt . Drawbacks of AI include: AI can store and process a lot of personal data , especially personal assistants like Alexa which are always listening for ‘wake words’. This data can be viewed by the company that develops it and could be hacked by attackers. AI is programmed by humans and mistakes in code could have disastrous consequences if the AI is used to make important decisions , such as military deployment. AI GPT tools like ChatGPT can give incorrect results , may use copyrighted material in their response and students may use it to submit work that is not their own . Discussion Points: If a robot harms a human who is to blame? The robot? The programmer? The manufacturer? Us? Would you trust a walking, talking robot assistant in your home? Should ChatGPT be banned in schools or can it be helpful? Should AI make decisions for us? Legal & Privacy Issues Legal and privacy issues regard laws that have been introduced by the UK government to protect data, systems and networks from unauthorised access . See 11.2 for explanations about important computing legislation in the UK. Loss of Privacy & Hacking There has been a lot of criticism in the last few years about how internet companies and governments are using personal data to invade privacy and track civilians . Facebook was involved in a scandal with using personal data for reasons that were not the original intention. In reverse, WhatsApp and Apple have been criticised for encrypting messages sent by terrorists that police have been unable to track and read. Every week a new company seems to announce that its data has been hacked . Attackers are constantly using botnets and infected systems to crack poorly secured databases and attempting to phish individuals for usernames and passwords. In the past few years, major hacking breaches include Sony, Yahoo and TalkTalk. Discussion Points: Should the UK government be able to see the websites you have visited in the last year? What should happen if a major company is hacked and bank details are stolen? Should they be fined? Pay customers? Prison? Should WhatsApp allow authorities to access encrypted messages? What if they know a terrorist is using it to communicate? Should the UK debate privacy laws before they go into place? Online Crime Unlawfully obtaining personal information and using it for identity theft or fraud . Harassment and threatening others on social media or private messages; blackmail . Cyber attacks are more common - see 3.8 for information about DOS attacks , IP spoofing , SQL injection and more. Sharing copyrighted material such as television programmes, music and video games. Distributing prohibited material such as drugs or weapons on the dark web. See 6.1b for explanations about different laws that have been created to tackle online crime . The increased popularity of the internet and the rising number of users has led to a wave of online crime , taking many different forms, including: Q uesto's Q uestions 6.1a - Impacts of Technology: Cultural Impacts 1a. What is the digital divide ? [ 2 ] 1b. Describe 2 examples of how the digital divide can be seen . [ 2 ] 2. Describe in detail 3 ways that technology has changed the way people work . [9 ] Environmental Impacts 1. Describe the different ways that the increasing use of technology negatively impacts the environment . [ 5 ] Ethical Impacts 1a. What is a drone ? [1 ] 1b. Make a list of all of the positive impacts and the negative impacts of using drones . You should have at least 3 on each side. [ 6 ] 2. Describe 2 benefits of using self-driving cars and 2 negative consequences . [4 ] 3. Describe how artificial intelligence can be used for good . [ 4 ] Legal & Privacy Impacts 1. A hack on a bank has occurred. Describe what you think the impacts would be on the following groups of people: a. The customers . b. The bank managers . c. The general public . [ 6 ] 2. Describe 4 different types of online crime . [ 8 ] 5.2 - Utility Software Theory Topics 6.1b - Legislation