Search CSNewbs

Learn about the moral and ethical issues of computing such as computers in the workforce, automated decision making, artificial intelligence, environmental effects, censorship and the internet, monitor behaviour, analysing personal information, piracy and offensive communications, layout, colour paradigms and character sets. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level Specification: Computer Science H446 5.2 - Moral & Ethical Issues Watch on YouTube : Moral & Ethical Issues #1 Moral & Ethical Issues #2 Artifical Intelligence Technology and the internet have transformed society , bringing huge benefits but also raising new ethical , social and environmental challenges . Below are some key modern issues linked to computing and digital systems . Moral & Ethical Issues Computers in the Workforce: Computers and automation have increased productivity and created new tech-based jobs , but they have also led to job losses in areas where machines can replace human labour . This raises concerns about unemployment and retraining in many industries . Automated Decision Making: Systems such as credit checks and recruitment tools now make decisions automatically using algorithms . While this can save time and reduce human bias , it can also lead to unfair or inaccurate outcomes if the data or programming is flawed . Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI allows machines to learn and make decisions without explicit human control , improving fields like healthcare and transport . However, it also raises ethical questions about accountability , job loss and the potential misuse of intelligent systems . Environmental Effects: Computers require energy to manufacture , use and dispose of , contributing to electronic waste and carbon emissions . Recycling and energy-efficient design can help reduce the environmental impact of modern technology . Censorship and the Internet: Some governments and organisations restrict access to information online to control what people can see or share . While this can protect users from harmful content , it can also limit freedom of expression and access to knowledge . Monitoring Behaviour: Digital systems and surveillance tools can track users’ actions , such as browsing history or location . This can improve safety and security but also raises privacy concerns about who collects this data and how it’s used . Analysing Personal Information: Companies and governments can collect and analyse large amounts of personal data to improve services or target advertising . However, this creates risks of data misuse , discrimination or identity theft if information isn’t protected properly. Piracy and Offensive Communications: The internet makes it easy to copy and share content illegally , such as music , films or software , leading to lost income for creators . It can also be a platform for offensive or harmful communication , such as trolling or cyberbullying , which can have serious social effects . Layout, Colour Paradigms, and Character Sets: Design choices like layout , colour schemes and character sets affect how accessible and inclusive digital content is. Using clear design , appropriate colours and Unicode character sets helps ensure that websites and software can be used by people of all languages and abilities . YouTube video uploading soon YouTube video uploading soon YouTube video uploading soon This page is under active development. Check here for the latest progress update. Q uesto's K ey T erms Moral & Ethical Issues: moral, social, ethical, cultural, opportunities, risks, computers in the workforce, automated decision making, artificial intelligence (AI), environmental effects, censorship, the internet, monitor behaviour, analysing personal information, piracy, offensive communications, layout, colour paradigms, character sets D id Y ou K now? In 2022 , the world generated 62 million tonnes of e-waste (roughly 7.8 kg per person globally) and only 22% of it was formally collected and recycled . 5.1 - Computing Legislation A-Level Topics

Learn about the five types of primary storage - RAM, ROM, cache, flash and virtual memory. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 1.3: Primary Storage (Memory) Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + Storage in a computer system is split into two categories. Primary Storage: Very quick to access because it is attached to the motherboard . Typically smaller in storage size . Sometimes called ‘main memory’ . Secondary Storage: Slower to access because it is not directly embedded on the motherboard . Typically larger in storage size . Sometimes called ‘backing storage’ . Storage is also split into two types - volatile and non-volatile . Volatile storage is temporary - data is lost whenever the power is turned off . Example: RAM Non-volatile storage saves the data even when not being powered . Data can be stored long-term and accessed when the computer is switched on . Example: ROM Types of Primary Storage (Memory) Random Access Memory (RAM) RAM is volatile (temporary) storage that stores all programs that are currently running . RAM also stores parts of the operating system to be accessed by the CPU. RAM is made up of a large number of storage locations, each can be identified by a unique address . Read-Only Memory (ROM) Cache Memory ROM is non-volatile storage that cannot be changed . ROM stores the boot program / BIOS for when the computer is switched on. The BIOS then loads up the operating system to take over managing the computer. Cache memory is volatile (temporary) storage that stores data that is frequently accessed . It is very quick to access because it is closer to the CPU than other types of memory like RAM. The three levels of cache memory are explained in more detail in 1.5 . RAM ( R andom A ccess M emory) ROM ( R ead O nly M emory) Cache Memory Flash Memory Flash memory is editable so it can be read and written to . It is also non-volatile so it can be used for long-term data storage even when the system is not powered on. Flash memory is also used for secondary storage devices like USB sticks and solid-state drives - see 1.4 . Virtual Memory When a computer system is running slowly and RAM is near full capacity , the operating system will convert storage space on the drive into temporary memory . This virtual memory slows the system down because it takes longer to access the drive than it does to manage RAM. Transferring data between RAM and virtual memory is called paging . Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3 - Primary Storage (Memory): 1. Describe the differences between primary and secondary storage . This could be done in a table with the column headings 'access speed' , 'storage size' and 'also known as' . [ 6 ] 2. Explain the difference between volatile and non-volatile storage . State an example of both types. [ 4 ] 3. For each type of memory below, describe it and state what information is stored within it: a . Random Access Memory (RAM) [3 ] b. Read-Only Memory (ROM) [ 3 ] c. Cache memory [ 3 ] d. Flash memory [ 3 ] e. Virtual memory [ 3 ] 1.2 - FDE Cycle 1.4 - Secondary Storage Theory Topics

An explanation and introduction to the OCR Level 3 Cambridge Advanced National in Computing specification. This certificate (H029) or extended certificate (H129) is an Alternative Academic Qualification (AAQ). Level 3 Alternative Academic Qualification (AAQ) / Cambridge Advanced National In Computing Computing: Application Development Everything you need to know about this course: The Cambridge Advanced National in Computing: Application Development is a new course that began in September 2025 . It contains both exam and NEA (coursework ) units and focuses on developing software prototypes for applications such as websites , video games and even virtual reality . The video to the left explains all the key details of this new course, but remember, things can change so the OCR website will have the latest updates . Exam Units: Unit F160: Fundamentals of Application Development F160 YouTube Playlist Unit F161: Developing Application Software F161 YouTube Playlist These pages are based on content from the OCR Cambridge Advanced National in Computing (AAQ) specification .

About CSNewbs Plus (CSN+) CSN+ is a premium collection of resources made for teachers that follows the Computer Science specifications covered on the website . Currently, these resources are in development , with the Eduqas GCSE resource pack arriving first, based on the Eduqas GCSE Computer Science 2020 specification . < Free zip folder download of all resources for Eduqas GCSE topic 1.1 (The CPU) *Updated Jan 2021* Resources included for each topic: Lesson Slides Starter activity (to print) Task resources (e.g. diagrams or worksheets to print) Task answers What is included in the CSNewbs+ GCSE collection? 39 presentation slides 39 starters 39 task answer documents 19 revision activity pages 7 topic tests & answers See below for more details: + Complete presentation slides for each of the 39 theory topics in the Eduqas GCSE 2020 specification . PowerPoint and Google Slides compatible. Activity resources to print . Including diagrams , tables and worksheets for lesson tasks . All answers included for teachers to use. Starter questions that recap the previous topic. For teachers to print before the lesson. All answers included in the lesson slides. 39 starters . Comprehensive answers for all lesson tasks . 39 task answer documents containing answers for over 100 lesson tasks for teachers to use . Revision templates for students to complete, to print on A3 paper . 19 pages and 7 revision lesson slides . Exercise book headings and the driving question (lesson focus) 7 end-of-topic tests with brand new questions . All answers included for teachers. What is included on the presentation slides? The following breakdown shows the presentation slides for 1.1 (The CPU): A title slide The content covered from the Eduqas GCSE specification Exercise book headings and the driving question (lesson focus) Answers to the starter activity questions Lesson objectives An explanation of the topic Clear explanations of the content First task. Students use slides or CSNewbs to complete. All answers on separate teacher document. Task 2. Table provided in teacher resource pack to print. Further explanations of the content Further explanations of the content with diagrams. Further explanations of the content with diagrams. Task 3. Answers in the teacher document. Plenary to check the students' understanding of the lesson topics. < Free zip folder download of all resources for Eduqas GCSE topic 1.1 (The CPU) *Updated Jan 2021*

Learn about different data structures such as arrays, lists and records. Also, the difference between static and dynamic data structures and how to design files. Based on the 2020 Eduqas (WJEC) GCSE specification. 5.1: Data Structures & File Design Exam Board: Eduqas / WJEC Specification: 2020 + What is a Data Structure? A data structure is a way of efficiently organising data . There are two general forms of data structures: Static Data Structures The size of a static data structure cannot change e.g. if a data structure has 20 elements, no additional elements can be added or removed. The values of the data elements can be changed, but memory size is fixed when allocated at compile time. Because a static data structure holds a certain number of data elements they are easier to program because the size of the structure and the number of elements never change. An array is an example of a static data structure. Examples: A static data structure could be an array of teams in the Premier League. The data elements will change each year when teams are relegated and promoted but there will always be 20 teams. Dynamic Data Structures The size of a dynamic data structure can change as the program is being run , it is possible to add or remove data elements. Dynamic data structures make the most efficient use of memory but are more difficult to program , as you have to check the size of the data structure and the location of the data items each time you use the data. A list is an example of a dynamic data structure. A dynamic data structure could be a list of all teams in the Premier League that won their last match. Data elements (teams) will be added or removed across the season. Types of Data Structures List A list is a dynamic data structure that has the data elements stored in the order they were originally added to memory . Every data structure starts at 0, not 1 . Lists store data elements in the order they were added, so the first doctor is 0 and the most recent doctor is 12. An example list of the main Doctor Who actors Array An array is a static data structure that can hold a fixed number of data elements . Each data element must be of the same data type i.e. real, integer, string. The elements in an array are identified by a number that indicates their position in the array. This number is known as the index. The first element in an array always has an index of 0 . You should know how to write pseudo code that manipulates arrays to traverse, add, remove and search data. The following steps uses Python as an example. Traversing an Array To traverse (' move through ') an array a for loop can be used to display each data element in order. 'Inserting' a value In an array the size is fixed so you cannot insert new values, but you can change the value of elements that already exist. Overwriting the fourth element (Daphne) with a new value (Laura) will change it from Daphne to Laura. Example code for traversing: Example code for inserting: Output: Output: 'Deleting' a value In an array the size is fixed so you cannot delete values, but you can overwrite them as blank . Overwriting the second element (Shaggy) with a blank space makes it appear deleted. Example code for deleting: Output: Searching an Array For large arrays a for loop is needed to search through each element for a specific value . This example checks each name to see if it is equal to Velma. Example code for searching: Output: Two-Dimensional Array Often the data we want to process comes in the form of a table . The data in a two dimensional array must still all be of the same data type , but can have multiple rows and columns . The two-dimensional array to the right shows the characters from Scooby Doo along with their associated colour and their species. Each value in the array is represented by an index still, but now the index has two values . For example [3] [0] is 'Daphne'. We measure row first , then column . Searching a two-dimensional array: To print a specific data element you can just use the index number like Daphne above. To search for a specific value you will need two for loops, one for the row and another for the values of each row. The example to the right is looking for the value of 'Velma' and when it is round it prints the associated data from the whole row. Example code for printing: Output: Example code for searching: Output: Records Unlike arrays, records can store data of different data types . Each record is made up of information about one person or thing. Each piece of information in the record is called a field (each row name). Records should have a key field - this is unique data that identifies each record . For example Student ID is a good key field for a record on students as no two students can have the same Student ID. Data files are made up of records with the same structure. It would be most efficient for the fields in a record to be stored next to each other so that the data can be read into the record data structure in memory for processing by the CPU. In an exam you may be asked to state and design a data structure for a given scenario. If the data structure can hold values of the same data type you should draw an array , usually a 2D array for multiple rows and columns. Remember that a record is required to store values of different data types . Example questions: "A video gamer has recorded their three lap times in four Mario Kart courses." " State and design the most suitable data structure for this data." A two-dimensional array is most suitable because only one data type ( real ) is stored. "A vet surgery stores data on all dogs and cats including the animal's name, age (in years), weight (in kg) and whether or not it has been vaccinated." " State and design the most suitable data structure for this data for four animals ." A record is most suitable because the data structure requires different data types . Q uesto's Q uestions 5.1 - Data Structures: 1. Give two differences between static and dynamic data structures . [ 4 ] 2. Describe the differences between a list , array and record . [ 3 ] 3. A one-dimensional array looks like this: TigerBreeds("Sumatran","Indian","Malayan,"Amur") Write the code to: a. Print the element with the index of 3. [ 2 ] b. Change Indian to South China. [ 2 ] c. Remove the Amur element. [ 2 ] d. Search through the array for 'Malayan'. [ 2 ] 4. State and design the most suitable data structure for these scenarios: a. For each book in a bookshop, the staff need to record the title, author, number of pages and whether or not it is a signed copy. Include data for three books. [ 3 ] b. Four dieters are recording how many kilograms they have lost each month for 5 months. [ 4 ] 5. Design a file that stores the first initial, surname, age and hair colour of each member of a family. [ 8 ] Designing Data Structures Data is stored in files when it needs to be kept after the program has stopped running . To learn how to write code for file handling (e.g. opening, writing to, reading from and closing files) in Python click here . Designing a file requires more than just the field name (e.g. Name) and data values (e.g. Rebecca). The data type (e.g. string) and any validation checks (e.g. format check) should also be considered. Below is an example file design for a bakery. Designing Files 4.8 Compression Theory Topics 6.1 - Operating Systems

Learn how to create more HTML pages and link them together using the anchor tag. 10. More Pages HTML Guide Watch on YouTube: Create a New Page Create a new page by either clicking the new page icon in Notepad ++ or selecting File then New . Then you need to save your new page with an appropriate name as a HTML file . Create a new page, save it and add information to it. Your new page needs the same essential tags as your original page: Then you can add the rest of your content . Link to Other Pages The tag is used to link between pages , just like it is used to hyperlink to other websites. Make sure you type your web pages exactly as you have saved them. Make sure all of your web pages are saved in the same folder . Include links between pages on each new page. A link to the second page. Don't forget a link back to your homepage on each new page. Why not add more pages to make your website more detailed? 9. Colours & Fonts HTML Guide

Learn about programming constructs such as sequence, iteration and branching, recursion, local and global variables, modularity, functions and procedures, parameter passing by value and by reference, Integrated Development Environment (IDE) tools and object-oriented techniques. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level Specification: Computer Science H446 2.1 - Programming Techniques Watch on YouTube : Programming constructs Recursion Local & global variables Modularity Integrated development environment Object-oriented programming Programming Constructs Sequence , iteration and branching (also called selection ) are the three fundamental programming constructs used to build algorithms . Sequence means that instructions run in a specific order , one after another. Iteration is the repetition of a set of instructions , usually being count-controlled , such as for loops , or condition-controlled , such as while loops or do until loops . Branching (selection ) allows a program to choose between different actions based on a condition , using structures like if , elif , else or switch . YouTube video uploading soon Recursion Recursion is where a function calls itself to solve a problem by breaking it down into smaller , simpler versions of the same problem . Recursion is often used for tasks that naturally fit a 'divide and conquer ' structure , such as quicksort and merge sort algorithms. It is also used for depth-first tree traversals and solving mathematical problems like factorials or the Fibonacci sequence . Compared to iteration , recursion can produce clearer and more elegant solutions , but it may use more memory and can be less efficient if the recursion goes too deep or lacks a proper base case (stopping condition ) , potentially running out of memory . YouTube video uploading soon Local & Global Variables Local variables are created inside a function or block and can only be accessed there , which makes programs safer and easier to debug because changes to the variable cannot affect other parts of the program ; however, they cannot store values that need to be shared across multiple functions . Global variables are declared outside all functions and can be accessed anywhere in the program , making them useful for storing information that many parts of the program need , but they can lead to errors if different functions accidentally change them and can make the program harder to maintain . YouTube video uploading soon Modularity Modularity is the practice of breaking a program into smaller , self-contained parts so each section can be developed , tested and understood independently . Functions and procedures are modular units of code: a function returns a value , while a procedure performs a task without returning a value . When data is passed into a subroutine , it can be passed by value , where a copy of the data is sent so the original cannot be changed , or passed by reference , where the subroutine receives direct access to the original data , allowing it to be modified . YouTube video uploading soon Integrated Development Environment An Integrated Development Environment (IDE ) is software that provides the tools a programmer needs to write , test and debug code in one place . It typically includes an editor for writing and formatting code , syntax highlighting to make keywords and errors easier to spot , and auto-completion to speed up coding . For debugging , an IDE often provides error diagnostics that highlight mistakes , a run-time environment to execute the program , and tools like breakpoints and step-through execution that allow the programmer to pause the program and inspect variables to find and fix bugs more easily . YouTube video uploading soon Object-Oriented Programming Object-oriented techniques are a way of designing programs by modelling them as collections of objects , each representing something with its own data and behaviours . These objects are created from classes , which act like blueprints describing the attributes (data ) and methods (actions ) an object will have . It uses key principles such as encapsulation (keeping an object’s data and methods together and protected ), inheritance (allowing classes to share and reuse features ) and polymorphism (enabling objects to behave differently ). These techniques make large programs easier to organise , maintain and extend by encouraging reusable , modular and well-structured code . YouTube video uploading soon This page is under active development. Check here for the latest progress update. Q uesto's K ey T erms Programming Constructs: sequence, iteration, selection (branching), if / elif / else, select (switch) case Recursion & Iteration: count-controlled loop, condition-controlled loop, recursion, base case Variables: local variable, global variable Modularity: function, procedure, parameter, pass by value, pass by reference Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Object Oriented Programming (OOP): class, object, method, attribute, inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism D id Y ou K now? Roblox Studio is a free IDE for making Roblox games using the programming language Lua . With over 70m daily Roblox players , games built in Roblox Studio can reach a larger audience than many mainstream game engines . 1.1 - Computational Thinking A-Level Topics 2.2 - Computational Methods

Learn how to input strings (text) in Python. Try practice tasks and learn through text and images. Perfect for students learning GCSE Computer Science in UK schools. top Python 2a - Inputting Text Inputting Text (Strings) in Python A string is a collection of characters (letters, numbers and punctuation) such as: “Wednesday” , “Toy Story 4” or “Boeing 747” . Use the input command to ask a question and let a user input data , which is automatically stored as a string . Variable to save the answer into. Give it a suitable name based on the input. name = input ( "What is your name? " ) = What is your name? Paulina Type your answer directly into the editor and press the Enter key. Statement that is printed to the screen. Leave a space to make the output look clearer. Once an input has been saved into a variable, it can be used for other purposes, such as printing it within a sentence : name = input ( "What is your name? " ) print ( "It is nice to meet you" , name) = What is your name? Jake the Dog It is nice to meet you Jake the Dog Always choose an appropriate variable name when using inputs. colour = input ( "What is your favourite colour? " ) print ( "Your favourite colour is " + colour + "? Mine is yellow." ) = What is your favourite colour? blue Your favourite colour is blue? Mine is yellow. Inputting Text Task 1 ( Holiday) Write an input line to ask the user where they last went on holiday . Write a print line that uses the holiday variable (their answer). Example solution: Where did you last go on holiday? Scotland I hope you had a nice time in Scotland Inputting Text Task 2 ( New Neighbour) Write an input line to ask the user for a title (e.g. Mr, Mrs, Dr). Write another input line for an object . Write a print line that uses both input variables (title and object ). Example solutions: Enter a title: Dr Enter an object: Fridge I think my new neighbour is Dr Fridge Enter a title: Mrs Enter an object: Armchair I think my new neighbour is Mrs Armchair Using a Variable Within an Input To use a variable you have previously assigned a value t o within the input statement you must use + (commas will not work). drink = input ( "What would you like to drink? " ) option = input ( "What would you like with your " + drink + "? " ) print ( "Getting your" , drink , "and" , option , "now...." ) = What would you like to drink? tea What would you like with your tea? biscuits Getting your tea and biscuits now... What would you like to drink? apple juice What would you like with your apple juice? cake Getting your apple juice and cake now... Inputting Text Task 3 ( Name & Game) Ask the user what their name is. Ask the user what their favourite game is. Use their name in the input statement for their game. Print a response with their name and the game they entered. Example solutions: What is your name? Rory Hi Rory, what's your favourite game? Minecraft Rory likes Minecraft? That's nice to know. What is your name? Kayleigh Hi Kayleigh, what's your favourite game? Stardew Valley Kayleigh likes Stardew Valley? That's nice to know. ⬅ Section 1 Practice Ta sks 2b - I nputting Numbers ➡

Learn about how information can be categorised for both individuals and organisations. Based on the 2016 OCR Cambridge Technicals Level 3 IT specification for Unit 2 (Global Information). 3.2 & 3.3 - Information Categories Exam Board: OCR Specification: 2016 - Unit 2 Categories of Information for Individuals Communication Texting a friend about dinner plans, sending an email to a family member in another country, ringing work because trains are delayed. Education and Training Revision textbooks, logging into a virtual learning environment to upload a completed worksheet, hand-written feedback sheets from a teacher after an exam. Planning Using a shared document to arrange meeting dates, using a webpage hosting a bus timetable, a calendar app. Financial Using a bank statement to plan holiday saving, creating a spreadsheet of expenditure this month, logging in to a secure web page to buy a present online. Entertainment Reading a film review in a magazine, listening to a podcast about trains, watching a tutorial on DIY. Research Using online encyclopedias for a school project, searching for research articles to write an essay, using a recipe book Location Dependent Find local pizza restaurants, searching for emergency dental care on holiday, Pokemon GO Categories of Information for Organisations Knowledge Management & Creation Managing information across an organisation e.g. sharing information between branches in different cities. Management Information Systems (MIS) A system that provides an overview of key information e.g. the location and contact details of each charity worker in a disaster area. A decision can be made on overall figures or individual data as appropriate. Financial Analysis & Modelling Analysing trends e.g. determining the top selling products in a year or weekly cash flow, to create models of customer/user behaviour. Contact Management Managing contact between a business and the customer e.g. tracking appointments at a doctor’s surgery. Internal and External Communication Providing a communication medium to staff and/or customers e.g. posting Christmas opening times on the website, or sending a staff email invite to the Christmas party. Big Data Any data too large or complex for traditional data analysis techniques to be used e.g health data on the population of an entire country. Marketing, Promotion & Sales Identifying patterns or trends in sales figures, so that certain products or areas can be targeted, e.g. to plan marketing campaigns. Decision Making Using available information to make decisions, e.g. a charity deciding on the amount of aid to be sent to a disaster area based on local data. Q uesto's Q uestions 3.2 & 3.3 - Information Categories: 1. Describe two examples of each category of information used by individuals : Communication Education & Training Entertainment Planning Financial Research Location Dependent [2 each ] 2. Describe two examples of each category of information used by organisations : Knowledge Management & Creation Management Information Systems (MIS) Marketing, Promotion & Sales Financial Analysis & Modelling Contact Management Decision Making Internal & External Communication Big Data [2 each ] 3.1 - Data vs. Information Topic List 3.4 - Stages of Data Analysis

Learn how to edit code in Greenfoot to make objects move using the arrow keys. Use methods such as isKeyDown, setRotation and move. Part 2 of the Greenfoot Tutorial for the Eduqas / WJEC GCSE 2016 specification. Right-click on your main character class and select ' Open editor '. The editor allows you to write different methods - actions that the class can perform. The act() method will repeat whenever the Run button is pressed. 1. Open the Code Editor 2. Movement with the Arrow Keys Greenfoot Tutorial Watch on YouTube: 2. Copy the Code CAREFULLY You need to use an if statement to check if a certain key (like the right arrow key) is being pressed down . An if statement must be contained in standard brackets . After each if statement, the proceeding code must be typed within curly brackets - see the image on the left . Tip - If the brackets are on the same line then use the standard brackets ( and ) If the brackets are on different lines then use curly brackets { and } Your code must be perfect or it won't work. 'Greenfoot ' requires a capital G and the isKeyDown method most be written with a lowercase i but uppercase K and D . When the right arrow key is pressed the object will change its rotation to 0° which is right . It will also move 1 place in this direction. Rotations in Greenfoot: 3. Code the Other Arrow Keys Directly underneath the if statement for turning and moving right, add the code for turning and moving down . You can see in the diagram above the degrees to rotate in each of the four directions . Write the code to move in all four directions. Ensure you have the correct number of brackets or the program won't start. Remember brackets that start and end on the same line are ( ) and brackets over multiple lines are { } . 4. Compile and Run Click the Compile button at the top of the code editor . Then you can go back to the main Greenfoot window and click Run . Press the arrow keys to test your main character moves . Click on me if you've got an error that you're stuck with. < Part 1 - Setup & Populating the World Part 3 - Movement (Random) >

Learn about searching algorithms such as linear and binary search. Also learn about sorting algorithms such as merge, bubble and insertion sorts. Based on the J277 OCR GCSE Computer Science specification (first taught from 2020 onwards). 1.3: Searching & Sorting Algorithms Exam Board: OCR Specification: J277 Watch on YouTube : Linear Search Binary Search Bubble Sort Merge Sort Insertion Sort Key features of a bubble sort: Uses an outer while loop (condition controlled ) to check no swaps have been made . Uses an inner for loop (count controlled ) to repeat through the length of the data set . Uses a flag (a Boolean value ) to track if a swap has been made and uses a temporary value to help correctly swap elements . Linear Search A linear search is the most simple search algorithm. Each data item is searched in order from the first value to the last as if they were all laid out in a line . The list does not have to be in any order before it is searched . This search is also known as a sequential search because the list is searched in a sequence from start to end. For large lists , this search is not very efficient . Binary Search A binary search is a much more efficient searching algorithm as it generally searches through fewer data and is often much quicker - especially for large data sets . In a binary search, the middle point of the data is selected with each iteration and compared to the value being searched for . When the midpoint matches the target value , it as been found and the search can stop. ! ! However there is a prerequisite of using a binary search - the list of data must already be sorted . A prerequisite is a condition that must be satisfied before an algorithm will work correctly . Merge Sort Merge sort is a sorting algorithm based on the idea of ‘divide and conquer ’. A merge sort divides a list into half , again and again until each data item is separate . Then the items are combined in the same way as they were divided , but now in the correct order . When the individual lists are all merged together as one list again, then the data is in order and the algorithm will end . Bubble Sort This algorithm is based on the comparison of adjacent data elements . Data elements are swapped if they are not in the correct order . The algorithm will only stop when a complete iteration through the data is completed with no swaps made . A bubble sort is not suitable for large sets of data . Insertion Sort The list is logically split into sorted values (on the left) and unsorted values (on the right). Starting from the left, values from the unsorted part are checked and inserted at the correct position in the sorted part. This continues through all elements of the list until the last item is reached, and sorted. Insertion sorts are efficient for small data sets but would be slow to sort large sets , compared to alternatives such as a merge sort. Key features of a linear search: A loop is used to check the first value in a list and increment by 1 , checking each value for a match to the target . Reaching the last element of the list without finding a match means the value is not included . Key features of a binary search: A midpoint , lowpoint and highpoint are calculated . A while loop is used to repeatedly compare the midpoint to a target value . The upper half or lower half of the data is ignored if the midpoint does not equal the target . Key features of a merge sort: This algorithm calls itself from within the subroutine (this is known as a recursive algorithm ). It continually splits sublists into a left side and a right side until each sublist has a length of 1 . Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Watch on YouTube Key features of a insertion sort: Uses an outer for loop (count controlled ) to iterate through each value in the list . Uses an inner while loop (condition controlled ) to find the current value’s correct position in the sorted part of the list . An insertion sort moves ‘ backwards ’ to find the correct position of each value, by decreasing the index within the while loop. Watch on YouTube Q uesto's Q uestions 1.3 - Searching & Sorting Algorithms: Linear Search Explain step-by-step how the number 8 would be found in the following list using a linear search : 12, 5, 3, 2, 8, 19, 14, 6 [4 ] Binary Search Explain step-by-step how the number 2 would be found in the following list using a binary search : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 [6 ] Merge Sort Explain step-by-step how a merge sort would sort the following list of numbers: 4, 8, 5, 1, 3, 6, 7, 2 [6 ] Bubble Sort Explain step-by-step how a bubble sort would sort the following list of numbers: 3, 1, 6, 5, 2, 4 [6 ] Insertion Sort Explain step-by-step how an insertion sort would sort the following list of numbers: 5, 2, 6, 3, 1, 4 [6 ] 1.2 - Designing Algorithms Theory Topics 2.1 - Programming Fundamentals

Learn about the differences between CISC and RISC processors, GPUs and multicore and parallel systems. Based on the OCR H446 Computer Science A-Level specification. Exam Board: OCR A-Level 1.2 - Types of Processor Specification: Computer Science H446 Watch on YouTube : CISC and RISC GPUs Multicore & parallel systems Instruction Sets An instruction set is the complete list of machine code instructions a CPU is designed to execute as part of the FDE cycle . CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer ) CPUs have a large set of complex instructions , so tasks can be achieved in fewer lines of code , but some instructions take multiple clock cycles . RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer ) CPUs use a smaller set of simple instructions , each designed to execute in a single clock cycle , making execution faster but sometimes requiring more instructions overall . GPUs A GPU (Graphics Processing Unit ) is a co-processor with thousands of smaller cores designed for parallel processing . This is in contrast to the CPU , which has fewer but more powerful cores . GPUs are used for rendering images , animations and video for fast , realistic graphics in games and multimedia . Because of their ability to handle many calculations at once , GPUs are widely used for non-graphical purposes too, such as machine learning , scientific simulations , data analysis and cryptocurrency mining . Multicore & Parallel Systems A multicore processor has multiple independent cores on a single CPU chip . Each core can carry out its own FDE cycle , so tasks can be split up , enabling multitasking and faster processing . However, only software designed to use multiple cores will benefit from this increased performance . A parallel system uses multiple processors (or cores ) working together on the same problem at the same time . This may involve multiple cores within one CPU or multiple CPUs in a single machine . Parallel processing greatly improves performance for tasks that can be divided into smaller sub-tasks , such as simulations and graphics rendering . However, some problems cannot be parallelised because they must be executed sequentially . Q uesto's K ey T erms Instruction Sets: instruction set, complex instruction set computer (CISC) , reduced instruction set computer (RISC) GPUs: graphics processing unit (GPU) Multicore Systems: multicore systems, parallel processing D id Y ou K now? Sony coined the term ' GPU ' for the PlayStation (1994), making it one of the first home consoles with a dedicated graphics processor . The term was later popularised further by NVIDIA in 1999 with the GeForce 256 . 1.1 - The Processor A-Level Topics 1.3 - Input, Output & Storage